"PRESIDEN KENNEDY;" "I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal before this decade is out of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth." "ALDRlN:" "Picking up some dust." "NARRATOR:" "In the 1960s, an impossible dream came true when human beings walked on anotherworld." "ARMSTRONG:" "The Eagle has landed." "NARRATOR:" "In all, 24 Americans went to the moon." "But it took an unseen army of over 400,000 engineers and technicians to make it possible." "This is the story of the men and women who built the machines that took us to the moon." "During the late 1950s and early '60s, the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States took an ominous tum which shocked the American people." "PHELPS:" "Wait a minute." "They put a satellite in orbit around the Earth?" "." "I think I said something like, "Golly, gee, son of a gun."" "I didn't really say it that way, but similar." "BRlNCKA:" "A group of us actually climbed to the top railings ofthe test stands and watched Sputnik go over as a white dot going across the sky like a meteor." "PHELPS:" "And, of course, all it was doing was going," ""Beep, beep, beep, beep."" "[ Laughs ]" "But, hey, they put it up there, you know?" "." "NARRATOR:" "The new strategic high ground was space." "And the Russians continued to chalk up an impressive list offirsts." "They had launched the first man, Yuri Gagarin." "They had launched the first lady, and they were really, in all areas, way ahead of us." "And so we said, 'We'd better get crackng."" "NARRATOR:" "The Russian space program called For a response." "In May 1961, President Kennedy galvanized the American people with an audacious challenge." "To reach Forthe moon." "We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the otherthings not because they are easy but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and sklls," "because that challenge is one that we're willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one we iintend to win." "[ Cheers and applause ]" "PHELPS:" "I was so proud of him" "I was jumping out of my pants, practically." "I mean, and I was so excited because I knew I was gonna be able to be a part of it." "BlNNS:" "I didn't realize the magnitude ofthe challenge or some ofthe technical requirements, but I still Felt that, you know, we could do anything at that time." "SCHWlNGHAMER:" "We were all young." "We didn't know what failure meant, and we knewwe could do it." "LUCAS:" "Reality sets in For a moment, and we say, 'Well, how are we gonna do that?" "." "10 years?" "." "Thats a short time."" "And so it was a mixture of exhilaration and maybe even depression to think about how you're gonna do this." "NARRATOR:" "To many, Kennedy's goal seemed almost impossible." "But the president knew more than he was letting on." "The key to his confidence lay in a small town in Alabama." "LUCAS:" "In the 1950s, Huntsville was a sleepy little town." "When I first came here, the population was about 18,000 people." "Soon we newcomers outnumbered the old-timers." "It was a happy time." "NARRATOR:" "Among the newcomers was an unlikely group of people with a valuable set of skiis, German rocket engineers." "Led by Wemhervon Braun, the Germans had already mastered the basics of rocket propulsion." "During World War ll, they built the V-2, the world's first ballistic missile." "Engineer Konrad Dannenberg." "When we came to the United States, we brought with us the V-2, all the plans Forthe V-2." "The people in the United States were very impressed by the capability ofthe V-2." "This technology was very important" "Forthe growth ofthe space program." "Because these engines are more efficient, they can be controlled, and you really have a capability to workwith your engines during yourflight." "LUCAS:" "And the German people who came over were indeed very sklled people." "They were, all ofthem, dedicated to rocketry and wanted to continue that, not from the standpoint of having rockets to launch on enemies, but the whole thing behind theirthoughts was going into space, going to the moon." "NARRATOR:" "With the Russians leading the space race and America desperate to catch up, von Braun saw an opportunity to fulfill his lifelong dream." "SCHWlNGHAMER:" "Von Braun was always thinkng in the back of his head, 'We're going to the moon."" "Thats what he wanted to do." "And it infused everybodyy." "We all wanted to go to the moon." "All you had to do was talk to him five minutes, and you were ready to go." "He was very charismatic." "You know, he could sell a refrigeratorto an Eskmo." "NARRATOR:" "Von Braun tumed his persuasive sklls on the new president." "DANNENBERG:" "And that, of course, was what eventually" "led President Kennedy to announce a trip to the moon." "I'm sure he had been influenced by Wemhervon Braun." "NARRATOR:" "Even before Kennedy's announcement, von Braun's team was designing a family of rockets they called Satum." "First on the pad was the Saturn I, almost 200 Feet tall and with a thrust of 1.5 million pounds." "When it lifted off, the engineers could not suppress their excitement." "MAN:" "Ignition." "All engines running." "Thrust commence." "Launch commence." "Liftoff!" "." "Go, go, go!" "Go, man!" "Go, go!" "[ indistinct shouting ]" "NARRATOR:" "The Saturn I successfully demonstrated the key technique which would be vital in building a much larger moon rocket." "This was the concept of staging." "In effect, stackng multiple rockets one on top ofthe other." "DeMATTlA:" "Ifyou try to go to orbit with all one stage, the amount offuel and the size ofthe engines required would have to push the entire weight ofthat first stage to that full velocity." "They leamed through analysis that the best way to do it was to get to orbit using multiple stages, so that the first stage would give you a certain amount ofwhat they call delta-V, change in velocity from zero to certain speed," "and then you would drop off that whole stage, all of ;its tanks, all of ;its engines, and all the weight associated with it, so the second stage had much less mass to push." "NARRATOR:" "But to go beyond Earth's orbit would require more than two stages." "DeMATTlA:" "And when you do the calculations, the most efficient way to build a moon rocket, one to get to the moon, tumed out to be a three-stage vehicle." "NARRATOR:" "On paper, the three-stage concept" "looked like this." "Stage 1 would have a cluster offive engines, the likes ofwhich had never been built before, called the F-1." "On liftoff, each one would need to bum almost three tons offuel a second just to lift the enormous rocket offthe pad." "Stage 2 would also cluster five engines, the smaller J-2." "The third stage would use a single J-2 engine, which would have to fire more than once to place the elements ofthe Apollo spacecraft first into Earth's orbit and then on a course to the moon." "When assembled, it would be the largest flying machine the world had ever seen." "On paper, the Saturn V was capable oftakng men to the moon." "But could drawings be successfully tumed into reality?" "." "The first stage ofthe giant rocket would be the largest." "It needed to provide the initial thrust to lift the vehicle offthe pad to a height of around 35 miles." "The cluster of F-1 engines designed to do this would require a huge leap Forward in technology." "Although they'd only bum For 2 1/2 minutes, the pipes and valves would have to withstand immense pressures and temperatures." "IF successful, it would be the largest liquid-fueled engine everflown." "To oversee its production at the newly Formed" "Marshall Space Flight Ceinter in Huntsville, von Braun tumed to a young engineer called Sonny Morea." "MOREA:" "He gave me the responsibility" "For a $1-billion program " "$1 billion in those dollars, not today's dollars." "And he picked on this young guy who was 28 years old, didn't have very much experience, and gave me the challenge of being the manager ofthat program." "Greatest decision that I thinkthe man could make." "[ Laughs ]" "NARRATOR:" "Building such a large rocket engine would also require a test facility on a similar scale." "SCHWlNGHAMER:" "When you fire the first-stage engines ofthe Saturn V, you develop 7.5 million pounds ofthrust." "Thats tremendous knetic energy coming out ofthose exhausts." "And, of course, you couldn't let it project the exhaust directly in the ground because pretty soon yourtest stand would fall over." "So, insted, you use a flame bucket to catch the exhaust gases and then deflect them outward." "NARRATOR:" "The huge amounts of energy unleashed posed problems Forthose living nearby." "Under certain weather conditions, the shockwaves from the engines would become trapped close to the ground and travel a long way cross-country." "SCHWlNGHAMER:" "In fact, the first Fewfirings, we were breakng windows in downtown Huntsville, which is overthe hills to the rear here." "And we knewwe couldn't keep doing that very long orwe're gonna losethe support Forthe space program in the city ofHuntsville." "NARRATOR:" "But thetests had to continue." "And they soon revealed something unforeseen was happening asthefuel bumed in the combustion chamber." "MOREA:" "One ofthe big problems we ran across wasthe problem of combustion instability." "And by that, we were dealing with rotation ofthe flame, ofthe buming process within the thrust chamber, of like 2,000 cycles a second." "NARRATOR:" "The rapidly rotating flame could destroy the whole engine in a matter of seconds." "MOREA:" "It was a showstopper." "There was no question about it." "We had to find a way to make the engine run stable." "The thing that was so overwhelming to me was that unless we solve this problem, we would not be going to the moon with a man." "NARRATOR:" "Combustion instability tookthousands of man-hours and many agonizing months to solve." "MOREA:" "Keep in mind that back in those days, we were designing rocket engines basically with slide rules." "NARRATOR:" "The answer lay in the way the fuel was injected into the combustion chamber." "MOREA:" "The solution to the problem is shown by that series of copper baffles that you see on the face ofthe injector." "And that particular arrangement baffled the oscillation so that we now had stable combustion." "So it was a very nice, unique solution to a very serious problem that was a big showstopper in the program had it not been solved." "NARRATOR:" "With the construction ofthe first stage well underway, the building ofthe second Fell to the engineers at North American Aviation in Califomia." "BlNNS:" "Stage 2 was a technical challenge ofthe first order." "We had some unique manufacturing problems." "We had iinteresting design problems." "And it was probably the biggest challenge ofthe Saturn V." "NARRATOR:" "The main headache Forthe stage-two team was that the Apollo spacecraft, the command and lunar modules sitting on top ofthe Saturn V, kept getting heavier as their designs evolved." "That inevitably meant that the rocket belowthem had to be made lighter." "One ofthe engineers Feeling the pressure was George Phelps." "PHELPS:" "When they gave us a weight-reduction problem, we said, 'Well, we'll take some out ofthe first stage, some out ofthe third stage and the second stage."" ""No, the first stage is too far along, and so is the third stage." "And so we got to take it out ofthe second stage."" "NARRATOR:" "A radical solution was needed to shed weight from the second stage." "Normally two separate tanks stored the liquid-oxygen and liquid-hydrogen fuels with a temperature difference between them of over 120 degrees Fahrenheit." "At both ends of each tank was a strong, relatively heavy, dome-shaped bulkhead." "PHELPS:" "So to save weight, somebodyy came up with the idea to eliminate one bulkhead." "This was, I think, the biggest challenge on that stage, to have one bulkhead to separate the two fuels." "NARRATOR:" "The stage would now have only one tank, and the fuels would be separated by just one divider known as the common bulkhead." "This arrangement had a double benefit." "It got rid of one ofthe heavy, bulkheads, and it reduced the overall length ofthe stage." "But it also meant that two liquids at vastly different temperatures were right next to each other." "And we had a divider that was about that thick" "That was the most difficult problem that we had to solve, but we did it because engineers can just about do anything." "[ Laughs ]" "NARRATOR:" "But the greatest temperature problem was not keeping the iintensely cold liquid fuels insulated from each other." "It was keeping both ofthem from boiling in the hot Florida sun." "BlNNS:" "We insulated the liquid-hydrogen tank in the early days with a honeycomb insulation." "We put it on in big vacuum chambers, and we sucked the honeycomb down onto the metal, pulled it tight, and let the adhesive set." "But all through the early stages, we had problems with the honeycomb insulation popping offthe vessell." "NARRATOR:" "The engineers realized they were doing something wrong." "To fix it, they would need specialist help." "BlNNS:" "We were manufacturing the vehicle at Seal Beach in Southem Califomia." "And Seal Beach is a big surfing town." "And we Found that the surfers had been using honeycomb insulation to make their surfboards, and they were very sklled at using it." "And we finally started hiring the surfers, and they did a great job with it." "The only downside ofthose guys was that when the surfwas up, there was a big absentee problem." "They were out there doing theirtrip." "But they were a great bunch of guys, and they really brought a unique skil to the space program that I don't think we appreciated at the time until it was pretty well over." "NARRATOR:" "The Saturn V's third stage was also under construction in Califomia at the Douglas Aircraft Company." "The third stage had the job of propelling the Apollo spacecraft out of Earth orbit on a trajectory to the moon." "Among the engineers working on it was Don Brincka." "BRlNCKA:" "Well, the third stage For us at Douglas was one ofthe biggest stages we've ever made." "It was 22 Feet in diameter." "NARRATOR:" "As with every part ofthe Satum's hardware, testing was critical in ironing out the problems which had been overlooked." "BRlNCKA:" "We were preparing to test the third stage at ourfacility." "And I was the director oftest operations." "I was responsible For all testing." "I was sitting at my table in the control room, monitoring all the other events that were going on and watching For any problems and Followng the countdown." "The stage was fully tanked and fully pressurized." "We were progressed satisfactorily up until the point moments before ignition, when we had a component fail." "[ Explosion ]" "It was not hard to tell something was wrong." "The whole blockhouse shook" "Everything rattled, and the screens all went white, and so we knew there was a major calamity." "It was knd of a heart-stopping moment when that occurred, and we knew that the workwas cut out For us to get this one resolved." "NARRATOR:" "Once the fire was out, the team began a painstakng investigation." "Attention soon Focused on a metal sphere which had held pressurized helium." "BRlNCKA:" "In the process of going around and lookng in the test stand, we noticed that one ofthe spheres, we could only find a half of it." "NARRATOR:" "And that was an important clue as to what had caused the explosion." "So thats when we zeroed in on the conclusion that the sphere came apart." "So then we did a series oftests and Found that the wrong material had been used to weld the spheres together and Found that under pressure, it would come apart." "It was a real exercise Forthe engineering staff.." "It was very stressful," "long hours because you wanted to find it as soon as possible." "We had a flight-stage failure, and without that stage, you would not get to the moon." "NARRATOR:" "Douglas wasn't the only company having problems with theirwelds." "Welding was the best method For constructing the Saturn V." "It was far lighter than using rivets." "But thousands ofFeet ofwelds were needed, and welding was proving a real problem" "For engineers like Bob Schwinghamer." "SCHWlNGHAMER:" "We could not weld it." "Forweeks and weeks, we could not weld it, and they kept telling me," ""lFwe don't solve this problem, there won't be a Saturn V."" "LUCAS:" "In orderto saveweight, wevaried thethickness ofthe metal from thetopto the bottom, and sotoweld two piecestogether of differentthicknesses gives you a different heat-flow pattem." "It makesthewelding all the more difficult." "SCHWlNGHAMER:" "And whatwe had to do wastear into thewelding machines and redesign them ourselves." "You know, onething after another came up, and therewere problems you had to solve, and theywere newthings." "Thatwas unplowed ground." "Other people had never had to do that, and so we Found out and figured out ways to do it." "NARRATOR:" "With time and perseverance, the rocket engineers solved problem after problem." "However, time was a luxury the Apollo program did not have." "Early in the Apollo program," "NASA realized it would have to drastically accelerate the development ofthe Saturn V in orderto meet the deadline of placing a man on the moon by the end ofthe decade." "DANNENBERG:" "NASA headquarters had made the proposal to skp one ofthe missions that von Braun had initially proposed and to go what later on became "the all-up concept."" "And what that meant was that we take all the stages, and we take them to Cape Kennedy, we stackthem, pile them up on each other, and then we would run the test." "Well, the risk of all-up testing is that if anything failed, any part failed, we would lose the vehicle." "NARRATOR:" "November 9, 1967." "Finally, after more than half a decade oftechnological achievement, the Saturn V was poised" "For its first unmanned all-up test." "The flight would be known as Apollo 4." "PHELPS:" "Apollo 4 was a tense time because those of us who were working on the individual stages were not sure that ifwe didn't do the individual-stage tests at the time, something might go wrong." "BRlNCKA:" "Testing to date had been successful, and so we had reason to believe that everything would work" "But always there's a little something that happens you never know about." "BlNNS:" "I looked at it, and I rememberthinkng, you know," ""My God, we've done this." "We've gotten it built, and we got one ready to fly." "It's probably got a million pieces in it, and they all got to work at the same time."" "MAN:" "The hydrogen tank in the second stage now pressurizing." "T-minus 60 seconds and counting." "T-minus 60." "MOREA:" "I was in awe ofwhat was going on because I realized that not only was my F-1 engine so important, but so many other systems went through that same sort of experience." "They all had their major unknowns." "They all had theirteams that had to do theirjobs perfectly orthat vehicle would not work" "MAN:" "T-minus 50 seconds and counting." "We have transferred to iintemal power." "The transfer is satisfactory." "LUCAS:" "As it comes up to ignition point, you're trying to run over in your mind all the things that you thought might need checkng again." "You know, 'Well, I thinkthis is okay.'" "And, "Yeah, it hasto be." "We checked it so manytimes.'" "We knewthe countdown was going down." "We knewwhattime itwas supposed to launch." "Sowewere all justtransfixed on the launchpad." "MAN:" "15, 14, 13, 12, 1 1, 10, 9." "Ignition sequence start." "5, 4." "We have ignition." "All engines are running." "We have liftoff.." "We have liftoff.at 7;:00 a.m. Eastem Standard Time." "[ Cheering ]" "Thetower has been cleared." "Thetower has been cleared." "PHELPS:" "You see it move offvery slowly." ""Oh, whatswrong?" "." "It's never gonna go." "Come on." "Go, go, go, go!"" "You want to coax it, you know, "Get off ofthere.'" "I said, "My God, thats, you know, thousands oftons, and it's moving so slowly.'" "You think it's gonnafall over." "A shockwave is progressing acrossthewater, coming towards you." "It's pretty impressive, you know?" "." "BRlNCKA:" "I had neverFelt this much power and energy from that distance." "Wewere going like - the ground was shakng like an earthquake in Califomia." "It was absolutely incredible." "You thought that you were going to be knocked over with the power ofthat." "I did hearwomen saying, [ high-pitched voice ] "Oh!" "Oh!" "Oh!"" ""Ooh, ahh," and then clapping." "NARRATOR:" "ltwasthe dawn of a new era in spaceflight." "With five engines guzzling 15tons offuel a second to generate 160 million horsepower, the 6. 1 million-pound Satum rocket soared skyward." "BlNNS:" "I was, you know, so nervous when finallythe ignition was on, thefirst stagetook off." "And it fired properly, and thatwaswonderful." "And then all I'm worried about is, what arewe gonna do afterthefirst stage bums out?" "." "Is ours gonna start?" "." "And sowe'rewatching the data and we'rewatching the data and we'rewatching the data." "I don'tthink I breathed For 8 1/2 minutes." "BlNNS:" "We dropped the iinterstage, which was pretty neat, and we ignite the J-2 engines, and they all come upto thrust." "And we say, "It'sworking." "It'sworking." "It'sworking.'" "Whew." "And thatswhatwethought - 'Whew.' [ Laughs ]" "BlNNS:" "When we ran out offuel and thefuel-cutoffsensor said, 'We're out of gas,"" "and then the S4B ignited, and ittookoff." "And, to me, thatwas all over bythattime." "[ Chuckles ] My partwas done." "NARRATOR:" "Apollo 4 had been a near-perfectflight." "Suddenlythe president'ss goal seemed much closer." "Afterthe success of Apollo 4, the Saturn V's second all-uptest, Apollo 6, was set Forfive months later in April 1968." "The men who had built her Felt confident." "MAN:" "We have liftoff.." "Liftoff. at 7;:00 a.m. Eastem Standard Time." "PHELPS:" "We figured, "Let's just sit back and relax,"" "becausethere's no other problem that could occur." "I mean, weflew it, we did an all-upstest, and it flew perfectly, and so no problem." "MAN:" "Mark 1 minute, 25 seconds." "Passed through max "Q," still lookng good." "NARRATOR:" "As Apollo 6 lifted offthe pad, the mission looked like itwas going to be anothertextbook performance." "Iintermittent at thistime." "Standing by." "NARRATOR:" "But lessthan two minutes into theflight, things started to go seriouslywrong." "PHELPS:" "The engineswerefiring, and theywerevibrating." "We expected them tovibrate." "And they're attached to athrust structure." "And thethrust structurewas being excited bythe engines, and itwasvibrating." "NARRATOR:" "Within seconds, thevibrations strengthened and began to oscillate up and down the entire length ofthe rocket." "IFyou were unlucky enough to get the oscillation in thethrust chamber tuned to the oscillations in the pipe itself, then they would tend to amplify each other." "NARRATOR:" "The rocket was experiencing a phenomenon called resonance." "DeMATTlA:" "An example ofthat is the opera singer and the wineglass, where she hits a note thats exactly the same frequency that the wineglass will tingle at ifyou tink it." "And if left to its own devices, the resonance can, in essence, destroy whatever it is thats resonating." "PHELPS:" "Had all these vibrations came together all at once and created a humongous vibration that moved all the way up to the spacecraft, had there been astronauts in there, we would have had to abort the mission because ofthat vibration level." "NARRATOR:" "As the first stage finished its bum, the vibrations stopped." "But the problems with Apollo 6 were just beginning." "MAN #1 :" "Flight E-com." "MAN #2:" "Go ahead." "MAN #1 :" "The water boiler's okay, and the cabin's holding at 6." "MAN #2:" "Roger." "GNC, How are you?" "." "MAN #3:" "Oh, we're lookng pretty good" "last time we had data in flight." "NARRATOR: 4.5 minutes into the Stage 2 bum, mission control noticed a J-2 engine begin to falter." "FLOREY:" "All we knew was that the chamber pressure" "For one ofthe outboard engines was deteriorating, was dropping off." "We didn't have any idea as to the cause, but it was failing." "And the chamber pressure started to oscillate, and finally the engine shut itself down." "NARRATOR:" "Within seconds of the first engine shutting down, another J-2 engine cut out." "MAN #1 :" "Flight Booster?" "." "MAN #2:" "Go." "MAN #1 :" "We've lost, uh, engine 2 and engine 3." "MAN #2:" "You've lost the engines?" "." "Thats affirmative." "Roger." "Therefore, we had only three engines on the second stage, whereas we required five." "Propulsion guys were saying, "Goodness' sakes." "Golly, gee whiz, what happened?" "' Sort of." "MAN #1 :" "I thinkwe have two engines out." "Don't get nervous." "MAN #2:" "Roger." "I understand." "NARRATOR:" "It seemed the unthinkable was about to happen." "They were going to lose the Satum altogether." "PHELPS:" "The stage then, insted offlying its original trajectory, naturally, with two engines out, it keeled over." "And eventually, running about parallel to Earth, it righted itself as the remaining engines gimbled to try to get it righted again." "MAN #1 :" "Flight Booster Two, we seem to have good control" "at this time." "MAN #2:" "Roger." "MAN #3:" "Guidance system performing nominally, Flight." "MAN #1 :" "Roger." "Are you sure, Booster?" "." "NARRATOR:" "It was a close call, but Apollo 6 managed to limp into orbit." "MAN:" "Roger." "NARRATOR:" "lmmediately, the head-sctatching began." "FLOREY:" "We were highly disappointed and knewthat we had a lot ofworkto do to diagnosethe problem and resolve it beforethe next launch." "NARRATOR:" "The resonance effect proved relatively easy to fix." "PHELPS:" "What we did was, in the subsequent stages, we put what we call an accumulator in there, which is nothing more than a shock absorber" "like you have in your car." "So we put the accumulator in there, which is a pressure vessell, and solved that problem." "NARRATOR:" "But what about the second stage?" "." "Why had two engines suddenly failed?" "." "Sifting through the data, the fault was narrowed down to a small flexible pipe which Fed fuel to the augmented spark igniter." "The spark igniterwas a crucial part ofthe Saturn V engines." "Like a spark plug, it ignited fuel from the flexible pipe, which, in tum, lit the main engine." "During the flight of Apollo 6, the pipe Feeding fuel to the spark igniter had ruptured." "Without an ignition source, the J-2 engine began to splutter and then shut down altogether." "It was a failure the engineers had never seen before, despite all theirtests." "FLOREY;:" "When you tested it on the ground, ice would Form because the hydrogen was so cold and freeze and make the line actually be a stiff line." "LUCAS:" "But as one flies into space and eventually there is no moisture, and, therefore, there is no ice to Form and nothing to dampen the vibration ofthe spark igniter." "NARRATOR:" "The vibrations had led to the line flexing and rupturing." "FLOREY;:" "We figured out if it's rigid on the ground, it doesn't have to be flexible when we're flying." "And so we put a solid pipe in, and that solved the problem." "NARRATOR:" "But why had the second engine failed so abruptly?" "." "FLOREY:" "The fact that the second engine shut down all by itself with no other indication was a complete surprise." "We had no idea at the time it occurred that there was anything wrong with the way it was operating." "Actually, there was nothing wrong with the way it was operating." "NARRATOR:" "The reason Forthe failure was somewhat embarrassing." "PHELPS:" "The computer sensed that there was a problem with an engine." "So it commanded that engine to shut down." "NARRATOR:" "But the signal never reached the faulty engine where the pipe had ruptured." "Insted, it shut down a perfectly healthy engine." "PHELPS:" "We didn't realize, but the wiring Forthe two engines had been crossed." "NARRATOR:" "A simple mistake had almost wrecked the flight of Apollo 6." "But at least the fixwas easy." "PHELPS:" "And so what we did was we made sure that the wirings were shortened so that they couldn't cross." "So thats what we did." "NARRATOR:" "The nearfailure of Apollo 6 came at a bad time." "In 1968, the possibility of America being upstaged by the Russians was still very real." "NASA Felt they couldn't delay any further." "The third flight ofthe Saturn V would carry astronauts not to orbit the Earth, as everyone had expected, but to orbit the moon." "In December 1968, with little more than a year to the end ofthe decade, the race Forthe moon was iintensifying." "Despite the near loss of Apollo 6," "NASA was pushing ahead with Apollo 8, the third flight ofthe Saturn V and the first to carry a crew." "BRlNCKA:" "Well, Apollo 8 launch was a bold move, again, because there's always the possibility of another problem occurring." "But NASA Felt that they were ready For it." "We Felt we were ready For it." "So I believe it was a step that had to be taken ifwe were going to get to the moon." "PHELPS:" "We were determined to make the Apollo 8 flight." "And we put lots and lots and lots and lots and lots and lots of hours in in orderto make that flight." "I recall I'd leave Forwork about 6;:00 in the moming, and I'd get home at 8;:00 or 9;:00 or 10;:00 at night." "And, you know, my kds were asleep by this time." "My wife wasn't speakng to me, probably." "I think most ofthe wives Felt that we had a mistress." "And we did, and it was this launch vehicle." "NARRATOR:" "With the years oftoil and testing behind them, it was time Forthe engineers to place theirvehicle in the hands ofthe astronauts." "Frank Borman, along with Bill Anders and Jim Lovell, were the crew selected Forthe flight of Apollo 8." "Forthe engineers, now came the realization that human lives were at stake." "And For some, it was an uncomfortable prospect." "MOREA:" "When we got right up to the point of launching astronauts, then all the Fears and worries really came into existence." "You worried along the way, but you realized that no human life was at risk at that moment." "But, suddenly, when you're coming up to yourfinal flight reviewtime, you realize that there were three lives that were depending on whether you and yourteam did theirwork properly and understood what they were doing." "And I'll neverForget the one meeting that I had where Frank Borman was in the meeting with us, and I was suddenly overwhelmed by the fact that we were now committing the lives ofthese three astronauts." "And so during my presentation," "I may not have come over exactly overconfident." "And Frank Borman picked up on that." "And as we broke For lunch, he grabbed onto my shoulder going out the door ofthe room, and he said, "Sonny," he says," ""you guys have done the best job you possibly can do." "We Followed the program." "We understand whats going on." "We knowwhat the risks are, and we're prepared to take them." "Don't sweat it.' [ Laughs ]" "'We're ready to go.'" "And that made me Feel great." "That was probably the greatest moment in my life during that program." "MAN #2:" "Engines alive." "4, 3, 2, 1, 0." "We have commenced." "We have liftoff.." "Liftoff. at 7;:51 a.m. Eastem Standard Time." "MAN #1 :" "Booster says the F-1 will be the first stage of liftoff.." "[ indistinct talkng ]" "MAN #3:" "The crew confirms their progress in 50 seconds into the flight." "MAN #2:" "Apollo 8, you're lookng good." "BlNNS:" "I rememberwhen I drove away from the launch control ceinter afterthe launch, and I looked out at the pad, and it was gone." "And I actually Felt like I lost one of my kds." "It was just, you know, a tragic loss to me." "And I neverFelt that way about any ofthe subsequent launches." "But that one, a piece of me went up and went downrange and Fell in the Indian ocean somewhere." "NARRATOR:" "Afterthe first and second stages were spent, the astronauts now relied on the final third stage." "Its first taskwas to place the Apollo spacecraft in a parking orbit 215 miles above the Earth." "MAN:" "Apollo 8, Houston." "You are go." "Over." "NARRATOR:" "And then to send them to the moon." "BRlNCKA:" "As the third stage was orbiting the Earth and the checkouts were in process, the engine had to be reignited." "Thats called translunar injection." "And that was very tense because the whole program depended on that engine starting appropriately." "MOREA:" "T.L. I. was always a tense time Forthe entire team." "And yours truly certainly was in an iintense time because we were counting on that engine igniting precisely at the right time and bum precisely as long as it needed to bum to give us the precise velocities that we needed to reach the moon properly." "MAN #2:" "Apollo 8, you are go For T.L. I." "Over." "NARRATOR:" "With the translunar-injection bum successfully completed, the crew began the three-day cruise to the moon." "The job ofthe Saturn V was over." "For each two-week Apollo mission, the rocket fired For less than 15 minutes." "But Forthose involved in building it, the joumey had taken the best part of a decade, and those years would remain with them" "Forthe rest oftheir lives." "I'm 94 years old right now, but I still lookFondly about the good old days when we worked on the Apollo/Satum program with Wemhervon Braun." "It was one ofthe highlights of my career." "Some ofthe problems that we solved and solutions were so elegant, it just brings tears to your eyes sometimes when you think of, you know," ""That was the problem, and this is how we solved it.'" "And we solved it really well." "It was such an incredible thought that man could leave the planet and actually go to the moon... that man has been looking at Forthousands of years, and then you say, 'We were up there.'"