"In the countless landscapes of life on Earth, things are not always what they seem." "What appears fragile may be fierce." "What appears innocent may be calculating." "Clever illusion is more than a means of survival." "It's also a story of love." "And of the mysterious force relentlessly driving all living things to reproduce themselves." "By any means necessary." "Including deception." "I live in forests like this." "But then, I live almost everywhere." "This tropical forest appears still, but everywhere living things are following the mute commands of their genes to find mates and to ensure that their species lives on." "One might imagine that the most important life forms are large, or flashy, or smart." "But it is love among the little things that actually runs the vast machinery of life." "Some of the most important events on Earth occur quietly in small and hidden worlds." "And some species critical to the grand scheme of life are not what you expect." "This is a story about one of the most vital and ingenious of all living things." "It's my story." "I'm a flower." "I'm going to tell you, on behalf of all flowers, about life from our point of view." "You think we're just fragile wisps of beauty, unaware that beauty is our strategy." "We're more important than you know." "We've helped life prosper across the ages." "Without us, humans might not survive." "Beauty is not always what it seems." "Beauty can be a tool of survival and seduction." "Every beat of every wing in every forest is somehow keeping the great enterprise of life streaming forward." "The constant motion of life makes love connections possible." "Animals with wings and legs can search for mates." "But we plants are forever rooted in one place." "So we entice animals to us by offering rewards." "When they come, we use them to make the love connections we can't make ourselves." "In this forest in Panama, a tropical orchid bee has picked up an alluring scent and he's searching for the source." "It's me, an orchid." "And I'm one of the most cunning of all flowers." "My perfume is a trick." "The orchid bee depends on me for help with his central mission in life." "To mate with a female." "For weeks, he collects scent oils from orchids." "Eventually, he uses his mix of fragrances as a kind of orchid "cologne" to attract a female." "The scents come from me, a bucket orchid." "The bucket is part of my trick." "The bee has to climb a waxy slope to reach the scent oils cleverly hidden beneath a hood." "I've filled my bucket with a sticky fluid that makes the bee sink." "I provide only one escape route, which leads him just where I want him." "After the bee climbs out, I grip him tightly." "I glue two pollen sacs to his back, each filled with tens of thousands of pollen grains." "These are the only pollen sacs I will ever produce, so I won't let him go until the glue is dry." "I may wait an hour or more before loosening my grip." "This one bee now carries my legacy." "When he comes upon the scent of another orchid that same day, he heads right for it." "If he slips into the bucket of this second orchid, the pollen sacs on his back will come unglued." "Pollination can occur." "A new orchid generation can begin." "How nature has created such intricate strategies is a mystery of life." "Yet we can unravel some of the puzzle if we go back in time." "Back nearly 200 million years." "During the Age of Reptiles, there were no mammals larger than a mouse." "For a very long time, there were no flowers, either." "Without flowers, Earth was a drab place." "But about 135 million years ago, life began to change dramatically because of an invention." "When dinosaurs roamed forests like this, most plants spread their pollen on the wind." "If they were lucky, a few pollen grains would reach another tree, creating seeds that would become the next generation." "It still works today for pines, grasses and many other plants." "But it's not very efficient." "Most of the pollen goes to waste." "Some unknown plant in the deep past, perhaps a magnolia ancestor, produced a device that would ensure delivery of pollen directly to a mate." "It would prove to be one of the most important events in the history of life." "The device was me." "A flower." "Our blossoms act like advertising billboards." "Our perfumes and tasty rewards lure passing creatures to us." "And we load them up with pollen they will unknowingly carry to other flowers." "Beetles were among Our first "love messengers"." "Our fruit, seeds, nectar and pollen became crucial foods for millions of species." "We flourished and became a keystone life form." "Today, our pollination schemes knit together the fabric of life across the planet." "Overtime, our pollination tactics evolved." "Pollinators adapted in turn." "And life everywhere became infinitely more diverse." "There's an example in this rain forest." "Some of us began hiding our nectar in tubes." "It encouraged some pollinators to specialize, developing mutually beneficial relationships." "One of these pollinators evolved a longer beak for nectar tubes." "And wings that can beat up to 200 times a second." "With these unique aerobatic skills, hummingbirds can hover to feed and maneuver like airborne dancers." "Now, after millions of years, pollination partnerships occur almost everywhere." "In luxurious habitats like the rain forest, but also in some of the harshest places on Earth." "The Sonoran Desert of northern Mexico is a world of blistering heat." "I live here, too." "We cacti are flowering plants central to life in this arid world." "Living as long as 150 years, we help feed generation after generation of desert creatures." "We are living water tanks." "That's how we survive." "But to reproduce, we form alliances with unusual partners." "In this harsh realm, our strategy is not to deceive, but to nurture." "When pollinated, we cactus flowers turn into fruit with seeds to start a new generation." "So, on summer nights, to attract pollinators, we open a few nectar-filled flowers." "And we wait." "Elsewhere in the night, our pollinators wait, too." "When the time is right, they will leave their home on an island in the Sea of Cortez to search for the white flowers beckoning from the desert." "These nectar-feeding bats are all female." "They live apart from males while pregnant." "Most are due to give birth soon." "Some are already nursing." "They desperately need nourishment." "Pollen sticking to their faces rubs off and pollinates the flower of the next cactus." "A new mother gulps nectar so she can nurse a baby born only moments ago." "Each flower opens on only one night, its sole opportunity to spread its pollen across the desert on wings." "In billions of these brief intersections of the animal and plant worlds, life regenerates itself over and over again." "If the flowers were pollinated and fertilized, they will become nourishing fruit." "A wait begins among hungry creatures For the next gifts of the cacti." "A waiting game has also begun among very different flowers in a very different world." "The farm fields of the American Midwest." "I live here, too." "I'm a kind of wildflower growing near the crops." "Each spring, I wait for a pollinator to sweep in from far away." "I thrive across North America, but I'm considered a weed." ""Milkweed" people call me, because of my special sap." "I make a milky poison that can sicken many animals that might feed on me." "But I also produce sweet nectar that draws a kind of beautiful pollinator from a hidden retreat more than 1,000 miles away." "In a forest on a mountain in central Mexico, monarch butterflies are amassed by the tens of millions, waiting for the rising sun to energize their bodies." "In clusters so dense they can bend the trees, they rest and prepare themselves" "For the long journey northward to reach the milkweed." "Every autumn, to avoid freezing in the north, they fly here from as far away as Canada and perch in fir trees at an elevation of more than 1 1,000 feet." "It's the perfect climate to help them conserve energy through the winter." "As the morning sun warms their wings, they begin to cascade downward." "To stay alive, they must rely on stored fat they accumulated last fall." "But to turn fat into energy, they need water." "Their mission each day is to search for a drink of water." "They must maintain their strength" "For the exhausting flight from here to the southern U.S." "From there, the children and grandchildren of these monarchs" "Will journey on northward through the summer to Canada." "Their thirst quenched, the monarchs return to the trees by late afternoon." "By next autumn," "Their great-great grandchildren will return to these same forests." "Soon they will set out on the longest migration of any butterfly on Earth" "to reach a little-noticed weed half a continent away." "Not all plant and animal relationships are so exotic." "But even a familiar one, involving a common food and well-known insect, is an example of hidden beauty." "People raise this flowering plant, not for the flowers, but for what the flowers turn into." "I live here, too." "I'm a tomato flower, and I lock up my pollen tightly, so that only the most efficient pollinators can get it." "My favorite is a very hard worker." "The bumblebee, who gathers pollen for the egg-laying queen and the developing young." "Bumblebees are one of the few insects that care for their offspring." "When damage occurs in the hive, a worker quickly repairs the cell." "Honey made from flower nectar is kept in wax pots." "The adults eat it and regurgitate it into the cells to feed the young." "They need a lot of pollen and nectar, and searching for it is a constant chore." "They spot a garden nearby." "As the foragers investigate, they see things invisible to the human eye." "Because they are able to perceive ultraviolet light, bees can detect markings produced by flowers to guide pollinators directly to nectar and pollen." "The bees need more food than the garden can provide." "Ahead, they see what they're looking for." "So begins a fascinating kind of pollination." "The bee bites to hold on tight, then blasts the locked-up pollen loose by vibrating her flight muscles up to 440 times per second." "She packs the pollen into baskets on her back legs." "Her vibration rate is the same as the musical note A." "She's like a living tuning fork." "Few flowers are "buzz pollinated", but they include some favorite foods enjoyed by human beings." "The workers will keep at this until they have enough pollen to feed the colony's newly developing brood." "Such flower rewards sustain billions of creatures, sometimes in places where there is little else to eat." "Weeks have passed in the Sonoran Desert." "My cactus flowers should have turned to fruit by now." "The female bats are depending on it." "They can't continue to nurse their young without a new source of food." "The cacti may be their only hope." "From their island cave, they make a long night flight." "A round-trip of more than 60 miles." "It's a demanding journey, but a feast awaits." "The mothers need nourishment." "And so do those carrying new life within." "As they gorge on the fruit, they are also consuming seeds, which they eventually spread across the desert." "We cacti are key to Sonoran Desert life." "But we couldn't endure without the help of bats." "And the bats and their young couldn't survive without our help." "This crucial connection between plants and animals helps keep the desert alive." "There are others who depend on the cactus fruit, collecting it at night so it can be consumed fresh each day." "Their distant ancestors so adored cactus fruit that they honored the cacti as revered members of their tribes." "Today, it's a way for people to provide for their families." "As well as a sweet pleasure." "So sweet that people plant cacti seeds in their gardens." "From a flower's point of view, humans are just another species we can use for our purposes." "But a delicious reward in one place can be the cause of conflict in another." "Unlike the desert, a tropical rain forest is rich in resources and competition." "Survival favors the bold and aggressive." "Even the seemingly gentle turn out to be warriors." "And nectar-bearing flowers are territory to defend." "The winners will spread pollen that helps keep the forest lush." "One stakes his claim." "And the challengers arrive." "It's a standoff." "Then, the first move." "Even a warrior can make a mistake." "The hidden spectacles of pollination can involve a few tiny rivals." "Or hundreds of millions of voyagers." "From the high forests in Mexico, the great migration of monarch butterflies heads northward toward the middle of North America." "In their long round-trip each summer, the vast monarch population will help pollinate and sustain more than 200 kinds of flowers." "As this first leg of the migration reaches farmland, the butterflies are tiring." "It's a strenuous flight." "They need fuel." "That's where I come in." "Milkweed flowers in a variety of colors and shapes serve as refueling stations in return for a little help spreading pollen." "We milkweeds are wily." "Our flowers have narrow slits that can snag the leg of a feeding monarch and hold her in a vise-like grip." "When she tries to jerk free, she snags a cord, releasing sacs of pollen she'll unknowingly carry to the next milkweed." "As they migrate, they also mate." "This overwintering generation of monarchs may live nine months." "They're among the longest-lived butterflies on Earth." "But now their days are numbered." "They have to produce young to keep the migration going." "Sometimes another male tries to intervene." "Even in small love stories, victory goes to the most determined." "Eventually, the male sweeps her off her feet and carries her to the privacy of a tree branch." "He may keep her in his embrace for up to 16 hours." "Within two weeks, each female attaches up to 400 eggs to the underside of milkweed leaves, and only milkweed leaves." "Unlike bees, monarchs rely not on the care of their young, but quantity." "Enough eggs and some are bound to survive the onslaught of hungry insects." "The job of a monarch caterpillar is to eat relentlessly." "First, its own egg case." "Then, milkweed leaves exclusively, growing to 2,000 times its original size." "If it survives." "Fortunately, hundreds of millions survive." "Their mothers put them on milkweed for a reason." "The toxic sap settles in their bodies." "The monarchs are unaffected, but a predator who eats one is likely to become ill and soon learns to avoid them." "Eventually, each caterpillar finds a secure spot and spins silk to hold onto." "It's time to become a butterfly." "The caterpillar grips the silk with its back legs and hangs upside down." "Through contractions, the skin is loosened." "Eventually it splits, revealing a new casing beneath." "Now, a dangerous maneuver." "In a matter of seconds, as the old skin and legs fall away, she must thrust hooks from the new case into the silk." "If this delicate handoff fails, she will fall to the ground helpless and be eaten." "Within this protective shell, Her caterpillar self is fading away." "Across the ages, humans have seen in this transformation the ultimate symbol of change." "Her body begins to pump fluid that will inflate her wings." "The scales on the wings are shaped to reflect light so that it produces a bright coloration." "Contrasting orange and black are warning colors in nature." "She still carries milkweed toxins, and these colors say, "I'm not good to eat"." "This strategy is so successful that some butterflies without poison copy the monarch's colors." "We milkweeds will provide the flight fuel as this first generation of summer continues the monarch's long migration." "There is no rest for pollinators, not for butterflies and not for one very hard worker." "In a farm field, bumblebees are finishing the exhausting job of buzz pollinating." "When they're loaded with pollen, it's time for the bees to return home and store it." "The young are beginning to emerge." "They'll need the colony's treasure of pollen and honey for nourishment." "But the colony's riches can also attract danger." "A skunk will eat not only the pollen, but the bumblebees and their young." "A threat to the colony is one of the few times these passive bees will use their stingers." "With safety restored, colony life goes on." "A young bee entering the world will live on pollen and honey in a home made of wax." "All are gifts from flowers." "And within a tomato blossom, another kind of new life is beginning." "This is how I reproduce." "Pollen grains brought by bees from another tomato flower send tubes to the center of the blossom," "delivering reproductive cells to the ovary." "Forming seeds, each of which grew from one grain of pollen." "Fertilization occurs." "Gradually, a fleshy container forms around all of the seeds." "Most people don't realize that what they eat is a yellow flower that turns into a tomato." "Around the world, people depend on farming for their sustenance, as they have for thousands of years." "By growing their own food, people were able to develop civilizations and rise to dominance." "Humans consider agriculture one of their great advances." "But it was actually to our benefit." "People now take care of us and spread our seeds." "Who is in control of whom, really?" "Today, farming is a science." "This is an immense high-tech greenhouse." "Ten acres of tomatoes under one roof." "I'm here as well, and the humans cater to my every need." "People have engineered ways to grow tomatoes without even using soil." "Nutrient-rich water recycles constantly." "No pollution, no wasted water." "This operation produces one in six of all the supermarket tomatoes in the United States." "Yet, despite many tries, humans have been unable to come up with a pollination method as effective as the one engineered by nature." "The entire operation and millions of dollars a year depend on ever-reliable bumblebees." "An important food of humanity would not be grown and distributed worldwide but for an ancient partnership between a bee and a flower." "To me, all pollinators are important, but to people, one is more critical than any other." "So critical that they carry them around as precious cargo." "In many parts of the world, honeybees are so vital that hives are shipped thousands of miles from one kind of farm to another." "Travel can subject them to stress," "Poor diets, new parasites, pesticides and diseases." "But many kinds of farms would fail without honeybees, such as this almond orchard in California." "Honeybees tend to harass an invader who opens their hive." "But smoke has a calming effect." "The champion of all pollinators is ready to go to work." "Nearly 200 million bees reaching every flower in 1,700 acres of almond trees." "They return with loads of almond pollen packed on their hind legs." "The foragers share almond nectar with the other bees." "This protein-rich pollen will feed their developing youngsters." "A returning scout directs her companions to flowers she's discovered using a complex way of communicating." "As she walks and shakes her body in what's called a "waggle dance", she indicates the distance to the flowers and the direction to take according to the angle of the sun." "Across Earth, pollination by honeybees is essential to more than 1,400 crops people depend on." "Without bees, none of these foods could exist." "People forget that life begins with plants." "We not only provide shelter and medicine, but we're living solar collectors." "The only life forms that can convert sunlight into stored energy, producing fuel and food, and supporting the entire web of life." "Weeks have passed in the orchard." "Pollination has led to the growth of young almonds." "But there is an ominous sign." "Most of the honeybees in the hive have disappeared." "In recent years, some honeybee populations have plummeted." "The causes could range from diseases and parasites to a phenomenon in which hives seem normal, filled with honey and developing young, but the adult bees never return." "Are the missing bees a warning of a greater collapse to come?" "Some human activities threaten pollinators." "Farming practices can poison them and kill flowers such as milkweed." "Wild areas needed by pollinators are often cleared." "Or they're covered by houses." "Or roads." "And across the Earth, pollinators are diminishing." "Every third bite humans take is dependent on pollinators." "And if they continue to decline, life may reach a tipping point." "The pollination scheme that knits Together the fabric of life could unravel." "But there are solutions." "One of the most important is to restore lost flower habitats." "Where human construction eliminates wildflowers, human ingenuity can replace them." "I can flourish even on a rooftop." "The love stories of pollination can unfold in the millions of unused acres bordering the world's highways." "In the past, farmland left bare has been planted with grasses." "But farmers increasingly turn it into Wildflower fields to help pollinators." "People can turn a backyard into a productive flower habitat." "Neighbors are planting vacant lots with flowers and teaching their children to grow their own vegetables." "Even a six-story building can support pollinators." "Children who learn the value of pollination represent hope for the future." "The lawn of the past can become a yard filled with flowers and vegetables." "Humans simply need to remember how intimately their lives are connected with and dependent upon flowers." "People use us to express love." "To honor loved ones." "To enrich the great emotional moments of their lives." "They give flowers to congratulate." "To mark every milestone in life." "They surround themselves with flowers to bring color to their lives." "We flowers are grown and sold by the billions." "In the process, people have become one of our most important pollinators." "Like other pollinators, they feed on our rewards, and they even use our perfumes to kindle their own romance." "To people, flowers are the universal symbol of love." "After all, we embody the ultimate love story." "A love story that feeds the Earth." "Day after day, as flowers lift the human spirit, in hidden corners of the world beyond the view of people, bees are helping plants produce the world's food." "Hummingbirds are helping to spread tomorrow's flowers through the forest." "Bats are dispersing life through the vast desert." "And butterflies are making exhausting flights, including the monarchs, now setting out on a marathon journey of 2,000 miles back to Mexico." "Everywhere, pollinators are working tirelessly to keep the vast machinery of life running." "Ripped By Itzik Gur"