"Annenberg Media" "¶" "CAPTIONING IS MADE POSSIBLE BY THE ANNENBERG/CPB PROJECT" "KEPLER'S THREE LAWS DESCRIBE THE MOTIONS OF THE PLANETS," "BUT THEY DON'T EXPLAIN THEM." "ISAAC NEWTON'S EXPLANATION OFTHOSELAWS" "WASTHECULMINATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION." "IT'SKNOWNAS THESOLUTION TOTHEKEPLERPROBLEM." "LET ME REMIND YOU OF THE STORY WE'VE HEARD MANY TIMES." "IN 1543, COPERNICUS WROTE HIS LITTLE BOOK." "A GENERATION LATER, KEPLER DISCOVERED HIS THREE LAWS." "THEN, 150 YEARS AFTER COPERNICUS," "ISAAC NEWTON CAME ALONG AND EXPLAINED FOR US" "WHY THE UNIVERSE WORKS THE WAY IT DOES." "TODAY, WE'RE GOING TO BEGIN THE JOB OF SEEING" "EXACTLY HOW NEWTON'S LAWS EXPLAIN EVERYTHING" "THAT KEPLER FOUND IN THE HEAVENS." "THAT SOUNDS HARD-- AND IT IS" "BUT IT'S ONE OF THE CROWNING ACHIEVEMENTS" "OF WESTERN THOUGHT." "IT'S PART OF YOUR CULTURAL HERITAGE," "JUST LIKE SHAKESPEARE'S PLAYS OR BEETHOVEN'S SYMPHONIES" "OR THE CEILING OF THE SISTINE CHAPEL." "SO I'D LIKE YOU TO LEARN THIS," "NOT MERELY AS PART OF YOUR VOCATIONAL TRAINING" "AS SCIENTISTS," "BUT AS PART OF YOUR EDUCATION AS HUMAN BEINGS." "WHAT WE'RE GOING TO LEARN TODAY" "DIFFERS FROM PLAYS, SYMPHONIES, OR PAINTINGS." "A PAINTING IS THE CREATION OF A SINGLE PERSON." "IF ANYONE ELSE HAD PAINTED" "THE CEILING OF THE SISTINE CHAPEL," "IT WOULD HAVE COME OUT COMPLETELY DIFFERENTLY." "BUT WHAT WE'RE GOING TO LEARN TODAY" "IS A FACT ABOUT THE PHYSICAL UNIVERSE." "IF IT HADN'T BEEN DISCOVERED BY NEWTON," "IT WOULD HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED BY SOMEBODY ELSE." "SO WE DON'T HAVE TO DO IT THE SAME WAY THAT NEWTON DID." "WE CAN USE TRICKS THAT CAME ALONG LATER," "LIKE VECTORS AND ENERGY," "AND THAT'S WHAT WE'LL DO." "BUT ONCE IT'S DONE," "THEN IT'S SOMETHING THAT WILL BELONG TO YOU" "JUST AS IT ORIGINALLY BELONGED TO NEWTON." "IT WILL BE YOUR VERY OWN FOREVER." "THIS IS THE JOB WE'VE BEEN PREPARING FOR" "EVER SINCE WE STARTED." "ISAAC NEWTON GUESSED" "THAT THE FORCE OF GRAVITY GIVES RISE TO ELLIPTICAL ORBITS," "AND HE FOUND THE PROOF FOR THAT GUESS" "IN WORLDLY MATHEMATICS." "INTO NEWTON'S MATHEMATICS" "WENT HIS INVERSE SQUARE LAW OF GRAVITY" "AS WELL AS HIS SECOND LAW OF MOTION." "AND OUT CAME A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION" "FOR THE ORBIT WHOSE SOLUTION IS THE ALGEBRAIC EQUATION," "NOT ONLY OF AN ELLIPSE..." "BUT OF ANY CONIC SECTION." "AND THAT VISION" "ISAAC NEWTON'S ENORMOUS LEAP OF INSIGHT" "ROSE TO STAND AMONG THE GREATEST ACHIEVEMENTS" "OF WESTERN CULTURE." "IT WAS, IN ITS OWN RIGHT," "THE MATHEMATICAL EQUIVALENT OF MICHELANGELO'S CEILING" "IN THE SISTINE CHAPEL" "THE CROWNING GLORY OF THE RENAISSANCE." "MICHELANGELO'S SUBJECTS" "SEEMED TO BE IN CONSTANT MOVEMENT" "NEVER AT REST." "AND BY VIRTUE OF THIS PERSPECTIVE," "MICHELANGELO, LIKE COPERNICUS," "SEEMS TO GLORIFY THE NEVER-ENDING MOTIONS" "OF THE EARTH AND ALL ITS CREATURES." "WITH SUCH A BRILLIANT PERCEPTION," "BOTH THE SCIENTIST AND THE ARTIST" "SHARED THE UNCOMMON WORLD-VIEW" "OF THE GREATEST PLAYWRIGHT IN HISTORY." "IN CREATING HIS EXTRAORDINARY WORLD," "WHERE DID WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE PLACE THE SUN?" "BUT, SOFT!" "WHAT LIGHT THROUGH YONDER WINDOW BREAKS?" "IT IS THE EAST, AND JULIET IS THE SUN." "ARISE, FAIR SUN, AND KILL THE ENVIOUS MOON..." "SHAKESPEARE LIVED IN THE DAYS OF GALILEO AND KEPLER." "LIKE THEM, HE WORKED UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE HEAVENS" "AND OFTEN USED CELESTIAL REFERENCES." "HER EYE DISCOURSES;" "I WILL ANSWER IT" "I AM TOO BOLD, 'TIS NOT TO ME SHE SPEAKS." "TWO OF THE FAIREST STARS IN ALL THE HEAVEN," "HAVING SOME BUSINESS DO ENTREAT HER EYES" "TO TWINKLE IN THEIR SPHERES TILL THEY RETURN." "WHAT IF HER EYES WERE THERE, THEY IN HER HEAD?" "THE BRIGHTNESS OF HER CHEEK WOULD SHAME THOSE STARS," "AS DAYLIGHT DOTH A LAMP..." "SHAKESPEARE WASN'T THE ONLY CREATIVE GENIUS" "TO MAKE A POWERFUL CONNECTION" "BETWEEN THE ARTS AND THE SCIENCES." "FINDING HIS INSPIRATION TO COMPOSE ODE TO JOY" "IN THE STARS," "LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN" "SANG THE PRAISES OF THE HEAVENLY FIRMAMENT." "FINE ART," "DRAMA," "MUSIC," "MATHEMATICS, AND PHYSICS" "EACH IS A BRILLIANT GEM OF WESTERN CULTURE." "AND COLLECTIVELY," "THEY ARE THE CROWN JEWELS OF WESTERN ACHIEVEMENT." "EVEN AS A YOUNG MAN," "NEWTON REALIZED THAT GRAVITY WAS THE COMMON FORCE" "OF HEAVEN AND EARTH." "HE SAW IT AS A FUNDAMENTAL FORCE THAT CONSISTENTLY PULLS" "RATHER THAN PUSHES OR TWISTS THROUGH THE UNIVERSE." "YEARS LATER, WITH THAT IN MIND," "ISAAC NEWTON FULLY APPRECIATED THE MEANING" "OF KEPLER'S LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION." "TWISTORTORQUE CANNOT BE APPLIED BY GRAVITY." "ZEROTORQUE,TOGETHER WITHNEWTON'SSECONDLAW ," "LEADSTO ADIFFERENTIALEQUATION" "READYTOBE INTEGRATED." "WHENTHEREIS NO TORQUE," "A CERTAIN QUANTITY, Mr x v, ISCONSTANT." "THATQUANTITYIS CALLED THEANGULARMOMENTUM." "APLANETORBITING WITHCONSTANTANGULARMOMENTUM" "STAYSINASINGLEPLANE." "ITSORBITALSPEEDVARIES INA PRECISELYDETERMINEDWAY ." "THEAREASWEPTOUT" "BYITSRADIUSVECTOR" "CHANGESATACONSTANTRATE ." "THAT'SKEPLER'SSECONDLAW ." "WHEN JOHANNES KEPLER ROLLED TOWARD HIS SECOND LAW," "THE ART OF ASTROLOGY AND THE SCIENCE OF ASTRONOMY" "WERE ONE IN THE SAME." "AND WHICHEVER IT WAS CALLED" "THE TERMS WERE INTERCHANGEABLE THEN." "KEPLER, LIKE THE TYPICAL MATHEMATICIAN OF HIS DAY," "USED IT AS A MEANS OF PRODUCING INCOME." "BUT UNLIKE THE OTHERS," "KEPLER USED ASTRONOMY TO REACH A MATHEMATICAL TRUTH" "THAT HAD BEEN HIDDEN SINCE THE DAY OF CREATION." "AT THE SAME TIME," "WITH HIS POETIC INTERPRETATION OF ASTRONOMY," "SHAKESPEARE SEARCHED FOR A UNIVERSAL EQUATION" "THAT COULD EXPLAIN THE COMPLEX ACTIONS" "AND COMPLICATED EMOTIONS OF WOMEN AND MEN." "AND LIKE ISAAC NEWTON," "HIS OBSERVATIONS INFLUENCED THE WAY HUMANS PERCEIVE REALITY." "THEIR METHODS DIFFER." "NEWTON WAS HARDLY KNOWN FOR HIS SENSE OF HUMOR." "YES, INDEED, SIR." "I HAVE SPOKEN TO HIM." "I'LL GO TO SEE HIM AGAIN." "BUT LIKE SHAKESPEARE, NEWTON ASKED QUESTIONS" "THAT DEEPLY AFFECTED PERCEPTION OF HOW THE WORLD WORKS." "NEWTON'S DISCOVERY," "THAT THE ORBITS OF ALL OBJECTS IN THE HEAVENS" "OBEY THE EQUATION OF THE CONIC SECTIONS," "STARTED OUT AS A QUESTION." "WHY ARE THE PLANETARY ORBITS' ELLIPSES" "SWEEPING OUT EQUAL AREAS IN EQUAL TIMES?" "THE ANSWER IS MOST EASILY FOUND INPOLARCOORDINATES," "WHERETHERATEOFCHANGE OFAREA" "ISEQUALTO  1/2r-SQUAREDdTHETAdt." "IN TERMS OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM," "THERESULT IS A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION" "OBEYED BY ALL OBJECTS MOVING UNDER ANY CENTRAL FORCE..." "INCLUDING PLANETS MOVING IN ELLIPTICAL ORBITS" "UNDER THE FORCE OF NEWTON'S UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITY." "THE HEAVENS THEMSELVES, THE PLANETS, AND THIS CENTRE," "OBSERVE DEGREE, PRIORITY, AND PLACE." "INSISTURE, COURSE..." "IN SHAKESPEARE'S TIME, THE EARTH," "INFLUENCED BY DISORDERED AND WANDERING PLANETS," "WAS AT THE CORE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM." "YET IN TROILUS AND CRESSIDA," "HE PLACED SOL, THE SUN, AT THE CENTER OF HIS DRAMA." "...IS THE GLORIOUS PLANET SOL" "IN NOBLE EMINENCE ENTHRON'D AND SPHER'D" "AMIDST THE OTHER WHOSE MED'CINABLE EYE" "CORRECTS THE ILL ASPECTS OF PLANETS EVIL," "AND POSTS, LIKE THE COMMANDMENT OF A KING..." "WAS WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, IN FACT, A COPERNICAN?" "DID HE SHARE THE SAME WORLD-VIEW AS JOHANNES KEPLER?" "LIKE A TRAGIC CHARACTER OF ELIZABETHAN DRAMA," "KEPLER TRAVELED A PATH OF CRUEL AND IRONIC TWISTS," "SEEING PERFECT HARMONY IN THE HEAVENS," "WHILE EXPERIENCING TOTAL DISCORD ON EARTH." "AS A YOUNG BOY," "KEPLER WAS ABANDONED BY HIS FATHER," "A BRUTAL MERCENARY WHO DRIFTED FROM WAR TO WAR." "KEPLER WAS SENT TO A PROTESTANT SEMINARY" "IN THE GERMAN PROVINCES." "IT WAS A STRICT AND SPARTAN LIFE" "WITH ENDLESS HOURS OF STUDY AND PRAYER." "KEPLER WAS A FRAIL AND SICKLY LAD" "WHO HAD VIRTUALLY NO FRIENDS AND WAS STUBBORNLY INDEPENDENT." "KEPLER'S MOTHER WAS AN ECCENTRIC IN THE EXTREME," "OBSESSED WITH ASTROLOGY AND THE OCCULT." "HIS AUNT WAS BURNED AT THE STAKE." "AS HIS RELIGIOUS TRAINING PROGRESSED," "HE DESPAIRED ABOUT EVER BEING SAVED" "AND BECAME INCREASINGLY GUILTY" "ABOUT HIS MOTHER'S FASCINATION WITH THE OCCULT." "LATER, AS FOR HIS OWN FAMILY," "HE LOST HIS FIRST WIFE AND 7 OF HIS 11 CHILDREN." "A WANDERING VICTIM OF THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR," "HE CARRIED HIS PAIN FROM CITY TO CITY," "SEEKING A PORT IN THE VIOLENT STORM" "THAT FOLLOWED HIM THE LAST 12 YEARS OF HIS LIFE." "OF COURSE, THINGS COULD HAVE BEEN WORSE." "AND THEY SOON WERE." "IN 1615, KEPLER'S MOTHER WAS PUT ON TRIAL" "FOR THE FAIRLY COMMON" "BUT FORBIDDEN PRACTICE OF WITCHCRAFT." "DEVASTATED BY THE NEWS OF HIS MOTHER'S TRIAL," "KEPLER WROTE, "IT CAUSED MY HEART TO ALMOST BURST."" "THOUGH HE WAS FINALLY MAKING REAL PROGRESS" "IN HIS LIFE'S WORK," "HE STOOD BY HIS MOTHER FOR SIX LONG YEARS." "BECAUSE KEPLER HIMSELF DESCRIBED HER" "AS A STUBBORN AND QUARRELSOME GOSSIP," "KEPLER'S HEARTFELT CONCERN FOR HIS MOTHER" "SEEMS A CURIOUS FOOTNOTE." "OTHER THAN A DUTIFUL SON'S STRENGTH OF CHARACTER," "WAS THERE ANOTHER REASON" "TO OWE THE OLD WOMAN SO VERY MUCH?" "IN THE STORY OF HIS CHILDHOOD," "WHICH IS A DARK CHRONICLE OF MISERY," "KEPLER WROTE OF ONLY ONE BRIGHT MOMENT." "WHEN HE WAS 5 YEARS OLD, CURIOUS AND VERY IMPRESSIONABLE," "HIS MOTHER TOOK HIM OUT INTO THE NIGHT." "THEY CLIMBED TO THE TOP OF A NEARBY HILL," "AND TOGETHER THEY SAW A COMET." "WHILE THE REASON BEHIND HIS ACCOMPLISHMENTS" "MUST TRAIL OFF IN SPECULATION," "THE ACCOMPLISHMENTS THEMSELVES REMAIN INDELIBLE." "WHILE WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE PROBABLY WOULD HAVE OVERLOOKED" "THE MATHEMATICS THAT REFLECT KEPLER'S THIRD LAW," "SURELY HE WOULD HAVE FOUND IRONY IN THE TITLE OF KEPLER'S WORK," "THEHARMONYOF THEWORLD." "DESPITE HIS MOTHER'S ORDEAL," "HIS LOSS OF ONE CHILD AFTER ANOTHER," "HIS ONGOING CONFLICT" "BETWEEN SCIENTIFIC FACT AND RELIGIOUS DOGMA," "NOTHING COULD KEEP JOHANNES KEPLER" "FROM COMPLETING THEHARMONYOF THEWORLD." "AND YET, EVEN THOUGH HIS MIND WAS ABLE TO CROSS" "THE MOST ADVANCED FRONTIERS OF THE WORLD OF MATHEMATICS," "KEPLER HIMSELF NEVER FULLY REALIZED" "THE EXTENT OF ITS REACH." "ON THE FINAL LEG OF HIS WANDERING," "HE ALMOST CAME ACROSS THE CALCULUS." "BUT THAT WOULD BE REACHED BY LEIBNITZ AND NEWTON." "KEPLER ALSO CAME CLOSE TO THE UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITY." "BUT THAT WOULD BE THE DESTINY OF ISAAC NEWTON ALONE." "NOT ONLY DID HE DISCOVER" "THE UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION," "THE LAW ITSELF FELL INTO NEWTON'S HANDS" "AS THE KEY TO THE KEPLER PROBLEM." "WITH HIS LAW OF GRAVITY, ISAAC NEWTON UNLOCKED THE DOOR" "KEPLER HAD APPROACHED FOR A LIFETIME" "AND STEPPED ACROSS THE THRESHOLD INTO THE SECRET OF THE SKIES." "THE UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION." "THE SECOND LAW OF MOTION." "THE CONSERVATION" "OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM." "VECTORS CROSSED TOGETHER" "LIKE SHAKESPEARE'S" "STAR-CROSSED LOVERS" "IN A COMBINATION AS POTENT AS MICHELANGELO'S HAND OF GOD." "SETTING OFF A BALLET OF VECTORS" "AS SPIRITED AS A BEETHOVEN SYMPHONY." "THE EQUATIONS OF THE HEAVENS FIND THEIR SIMPLEST EXPRESSION" "IN THE ELEGANT LANGUAGE OF DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS," "INTEGRAL TO THE GRAND DESIGN AND CONSTANT IN ADDITION." "THE ELLIPSES OF THE HEAVENS ARE REVEALED AS AN EXPRESSION" "OF THE PERFECT CIRCLE OF UNDERLYING GEOMETRY." "THE PRODUCT OF THESE EVENTS," ""ONCE ORDER IS EXCHANGED AND MASS ALLOWED ITS PLAY..."" "A CURVE OF FAMILIAR ASPECT."" ""ELLIPSE, PARABOLA, AND HYPERBOLA" "ALL FIND THEIR ARCS DESCRIBED ON THE CELESTIAL TAPESTRY."" "AND SO, AS ISAAC NEWTON WAS THE FIRST TO DISCOVER," "THE FORCE OF GRAVITY MOVES ALL HEAVENLY BODIES" "ALONG CONIC SECTIONS." "AND SINCE PLANETS MOVE IN CLOSED CURVES," "THEIR ORBITS ARE ELLIPSES." "NEWTON CASUALLY SHARED THIS DISCOVERY" "WITH EDMUND HALLEY." "BUT HALLEY'S REACTION MAY HAVE SOON CHANGED" "FROM PURE JOY TO ABSOLUTE HORROR." "NOT ONLY HAD NEWTON LOST HIS CALCULATIONS" "FOR SOLVING THE KEPLER PROBLEM," "BUT HE'D EVEN FORGOTTEN" "HOW HE HAD DERIVED THE MATHEMATICAL PROOF." "HOWEVER, URGED ON BY HALLEY," "NEWTON CALMLY STARTED ONCE AGAIN TO SOLVE" "PERHAPS THE MOST COMPLEX PROBLEM IN THE SCIENTIFIC WORLD." "AND THIS TIME, HE WENT ON TO REVEAL" "THE MATHEMATICAL SECRET OF THE UNIVERSE." "CONSIDERING SUCH BEAUTIFUL LINES" "SHAKESPEARE'S DIALOGUE, BEETHOVEN'S PHRASING," "MICHELANGELO'S BRUSH STROKES," "AND THE STROKES OF GENIUS IN NEWTON AND KEPLER" "IT BECOMES INCREASINGLY CLEAR" "THAT THE GREATEST ART AND SCIENCE" "ENDURE NOT ONLY FOR THEIR ELEGANCE..." "BUT FOR THEIR TRUTH." "JOHANNES KEPLER" "LIVED THE SAME TIME AS WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE," "QUEEN ELIZABETH I, MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS," "AND OF COURSE, GALILEO." "SO FAR AS I KNOW," "NO TWO OF THOSE PEOPLE EVER MET EACH OTHER." "BUT KEPLER AND GALILEO CERTAINLY KNEW ABOUT EACH OTHER," "AND THEY EVEN EXCHANGED A FEW LETTERS." "I'D LIKE TO READ YOU FROM THOSE LETTERS." "THE FIRST ONE IS WRITTEN IN 1597." "KEPLER SENT A COPY OF A BOOK HE HAD WRITTEN TO GALILEO." "HERE IS GALILEO'S REPLY." ""YOUR BOOK, MY LEARNED DOCTOR, I RECEIVED A FEW HOURS AGO." ""I CONGRATULATE MYSELF" "ON HAVING AN ASSOCIATE IN THE STUDY OF TRUTH."" "AND TRUTH MEANT TO GALILEO" "THE COPERNICAN SYSTEM OF THE WORLD." "HE HADN'T YET ADMITTED THAT HE BELIEVED IN IT." "IN FACT, LATER ON IN THE LETTER, HE WRITES," ""I HAVE BEEN FRIGHTENED BY THE FATE OF COPERNICUS," ""WHO, THOUGH HE ACQUIRED IMMORTAL FAME WITH SOME," ""IS YET TO AN INFINITE MULTITUDE OF OTHERS" "AN OBJECT OF RIDICULE AND DERISION."" "40 YEARS LATER, GALILEO HIMSELF WAS PUT ON TRIAL" "FOR ADOPTING THE COPERNICAN SYSTEM." "THE SECOND LETTER WAS WRITTEN IN 1610." "GALILEO HAD MADE HIS DISCOVERIES WITH THE NEW TELESCOPE," "WRITTEN A BOOK CALLED THESTARRYMESSENGER," "BUT IT WAS RECEIVED WITH EITHER INDIFFERENCE OR HOSTILITY." "HE SENT A COPY TO KEPLER" "AND WAITED WITH ANXIETY FOR HIS REPLY." "KEPLER REPLIED WITH HIS CHARACTERISTIC GENEROSITY," "AND GALILEO WROTE BACK." ""I THANK YOU BECAUSE YOU ARE THE FIRST ONE" ""WHO HAS SHOWN COMPLETE FAITH IN MY ASSERTIONS" "NOT SURPRISING, SUCH IS YOUR NOBILITY AND YOUR GENIUS."" "KEPLER ASKED GALILEO HOW HE MIGHT SEE THE HEAVENS" "THROUGH A TELESCOPE LIKE GALILEO'S." "GALILEO WROTE BACK SAYING HE DIDN'T HAVE ONE, EITHER." ""INDEED MINE IS TRULY EXCELLENT." ""IT MULTIPLIES IMAGES MORE THAN 1,000 TIMES." ""IT IS NO LONGER MINE." ""THE GRAND DUKE OF TUSCANY SOUGHT IT FROM ME" ""SO THAT HE MIGHT STORE IT IN HIS TRIBUNAL," "AND THERE PRESERVE IT IN LASTING MEMORY."" "EVERY SCIENTIST TODAY" "IS FAMILIAR WITH THE RISKS AND HAZARDS" "OF WORKING UNDER GOVERNMENT PATRONAGE." "KEPLER DID PERSONALLY MEET TYCHO BRAHE," "AND THAT MEETING CHANGED THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD." "THESE WERE BAD TIMES." "IN 1597, TYCHO'S PATRON, KING FREDERICK, DIED." "HE WAS SUCCEEDED BY CHRISTIAN IV," "WHO COULDN'T STAND THE ARROGANT ASTRONOMER." "SOON, TYCHO HAD TO LEAVE DENMARK." "HE WOUND UP IN PRAGUE" "AS IMPERIAL MATHEMATICIAN TO RUDOLF II," "WHERE HIS JOB WAS TO CAST HOROSCOPES." "MEANWHILE, BACK IN AUSTRIA," "KEPLER, WHO WAS BORN A PROTESTANT," "WAS HOUNDED OUT OF THE CATHOLIC TOWN OF GRAZ." "AND SO, ON THE FIRST OF JANUARY, 1600," "HE SET OUT TO JOIN TYCHO IN PRAGUE." "IMMEDIATELY THEY BOTH REALIZED" "THAT THEY COULDN'T STAND EACH OTHER," "BUT NEITHER ONE COULD GET ALONG WITHOUT THE OTHER." "TYCHO NEEDED KEPLER'S MATHEMATICAL GENIUS" "TO ORGANIZE HIS OBSERVATIONS." "KEPLER NEEDED TYCHO'S DATA" "TO DO THE COSMOLOGY WHICH WAS HIS LIFE'S MISSION." "AND SO, FOR 18 STORMY MONTHS, THE TWO OF THEM STAYED TOGETHER," "UNABLE TO ESCAPE FROM EACH OTHER UNTIL TYCHO DIED IN 1601." "YET KEPLER WAS NOT ABLE TO TURN ALL HIS ATTENTION" "TO THE COSMOLOGY THAT HE SO BADLY WANTED TO DO" "BECAUSE FIRST HE HAD THE RESPONSIBILITY" "TO PRODUCE THIS BOOK." "THIS BOOK IS CALLED THERUDOLPHINETABLES," "AFTER EMPEROR RUDOLF, WHO PAID THE BILL." "IT'S WRITTEN BY KEPLER, PUBLISHED IN 1627." "IT IS KEPLER'S PUBLICATION OF TYCHO'S DATA." "EVEN IF KEPLER HAD NEVER DISCOVERED HIS THREE LAWS," "WE WOULD REMEMBER HIM TODAY" "BECAUSE THIS BOOK MADE ASTRONOMY 100 TIMES MORE PRECISE THAN IT HAD BEEN." "WE'LL GO ON NEXT TIME." "CAPTIONING PERFORMED BY THE NATIONAL CAPTIONING INSTITUTE, INC." "CAPTIONS COPYRIGHT 1985 CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY," "THE CORPORATION FOR COMMUNITY COLLEGE TELEVISION, AND THE ANNENBERG/CPB PROJECT" "Annenberg Media" "¶" "For information about this and other Annenberg Media programs call 1-800-LEARNER and visit us at"