"(Augustin) when did it all begin?" "It is said when lmana created this land he grew so fond of it, he returned every night to rest." "When did paradise become hell?" "From the start, even the conquest was a regrettable misunderstanding." "Europe gave the land to its conqueror." "And the King knew nothing of it." "It was never about civilisation, never about tribe or race." "It was always about greed, arrogance, and power." "And when we finally grasped the horror, it was too late." "(President Clinton) From Kibuye in the west to Kibungo in the east, people gathered, seeking refuge in churches by the thousands, in hospitals and schools." "And when they were found, the old and the sick, women and children alike, they were killed." "Killed because their identity card said they were Tutsi, or because they had a Tutsi parent, or because someone thought they looked like a Tutsi, or slain like thousands of Hutus because they protected Tutsis, or would not countenance a policy" "that sought to wipe out people, who just the day before, and for years before, had been their friends and neighbours." "It is important that the world know that these killings were not spontaneous or accidental." "It is not an African phenomenon and must never be viewed as such." "We have seen it in industrialised Europe." "We have seen it in Asia." "We must have global vigilance." "And never again must we be shy in the face of the evidence." "(Applause)" "OK." "I'm sure some of you have questions." "Yes, Venancia." "Mr Augustin, if we'd joined the army before the genocide, could it have been stopped?" "All the dying?" "That's the past." "Those bad things are in the past." "(Augustin) Maybe if some of us were more courageous." "Maybe if the world had paid more attention." "I don't know." " Yes, Albert." " What kind of soldier were you?" " A very bad one." " (Laughter)" "I'm sorry, Venancia." "I didn't answer your question." "I don't know what else we could have done." "OK." "April 7, 2004 NATIONAL DAY OF REMEMBRANCE" "(d Hip-hop)" "(Augustin) Yes, it's April again." "Every year in April, the rainy season starts." "And every year, every day in April, a haunting emptiness descends over our hearts." "Every year in April," "I remember how quickly life ends." "Every year, I remember how lucky I should feel to be alive." "Every year in April, I remember." "(Man) My dear brother, the rains are here." "It is April again." "How many years since we have spoken?" "From my prison, I am writing you this long-due letter." "I don't expect pity or love." "I know that, despite all the grief in your life, you have found something to live for." "It was not supposed to happen this way." "The war, the killings." "When I finally realised that I was an actor in this tragedy," "I chose not to live with that." "I thought my death would bring me peace." "I was wrong." "Only the truth can ease my guilt." "Dear Augustin, I must tell you what happened to Jeanne and the children." "Come to Tanzania." "Don't write me back." "Just come." "Your brother, Honoré." "Augustin?" "You should go." "No." "It's over." "What's the point?" " He's your brother." " He's nothing to me." "I just want to take care of you." " Really?" " Yes." "So, where is my wedding ring?" "(Laughs)" "So, that's it, huh?" "I see you still have yours." "You know I can't." " Jeanne, this..." " What?" "Stop." "You still can't say it, can you?" "You must go." "Not just for Honoré, but for you." "Mr Botera, you were arrested in May 1997 for inciting violence with your radio programme." "At the time, you entered a not guilty plea." "Today, you wish to change that plea?" "Yes." "I now recognise that the radio programmes I did for RTLM were criminal, and that many people were killed for it." "You were not aware of what you were doing in April 1994?" "No, not at that time." "Could you explain to this tribunal the reason for your turnabout?" "I've had a lot of time to think about my guilt here in prison, surrounded by other Rwandans accused of the same crime." "I was under a lot of pressure." " Pressure from your co-detainees?" " Yes." "Pressure to keep silent." "Could you identify these individuals?" "I prefer not to." "It's not important any more." "What I want to say is that it took time for me to realise that what I was accused of may have been true." "And that what I had participated in was genocide." "So you came to accept the fact of your guilt?" "Yes." "I became aware I was guilty." "But it took you two years to finally admit this guilt?" "Is this correct?" "Yes, that is correct." "(Man) We will stop now and resume at 9:30am on Monday morning." "I remind the defendant that he is under an oath of silence." "Do not discuss your evidence with anyone." "(d Billy Ocean:" "Caribbean Queen)" "Duke Ali." "Ali in the house." "Come on." "Let me hear it." "And now our star speaker is here." "Coming to you live is Mr Honoré Botera, here to give us another of his popular historical reviews, exclusively for Radio Mille Collines." "Before I pass the mike, people, remember... a cockroach cannot give birth to a butterfly." "A cockroach will always give birth to a cockroach." "Be vigilant." "They are among us." "Those Inyenzi, they're devils." "My young listeners, that was famous DJ Max." "As always, speaking the truth." "(Speaks Kinyarwanda)" "Now, my dear listeners." "Yesterday, we spoke about how the mzungu, the German and Belgian colonists, chose the Tutsi invaders as proxies for their dirty jobs." "Forced labour, raising of heavy taxes on those poor peasants." "And the whipping." "We Hutu, will we ever forget the whipping?" "(Radio) will we, my dear listeners?" "I beg not." "For these scars will never heal." "But the days when a Tutsi king, mwami, is imposed upon the Hutus is passed." "For we have sworn never to let them rule over us again." "Never." "Stay tuned, my dear listeners, for some more music from Radio... 106 FM." "RTLM." "Those cockroaches can't hurt us!" "We'll hunt them down wherever they are." "Come on!" "Come on!" "Louder!" "Louder!" "Not like that." "Civilian forces, my foot." "If the RPF come in from the hill, they'll kill these guys." "We are not training these Interahamwes to fight rebels." "Go, go, go!" "I have heard rumours." "There are assassinations." "Small massacres here and there in the provinces." "Things are accelerating." "That's all they are - rumours." "You think this is a rehearsal?" "These officials are here for the damn show, man." "(Chuckles)" "Hey!" "Not with a machete." "Give me this." "That's it for today, Captain." "(All sing)" "Captain Muganza, give this to the chief for me." " What chief?" " Colonel Bagosora." " What is it?" " Lists." "We must exterminate them!" "These are execution lists." "It's names and addresses." ""Traitors." That's what he called them." "There are lists coming from all districts." "It's Tutsis." "But it's also Hutus." "There are doctors on that list, professors on that list." "Anybody that might not bow down to Hutu power is on that list." "Teachers." "Teachers are registering their students by ethnicity." "See you tomorrow, and turn that music down." " What are you two plotting?" " Nothing." " Xavier was just leaving." " Have a beer with us." " The soccer match is on." " I can't." "I have an appointment." "Take care of yourself." "Bye, Jeanne." " Please, tell Felicie to come to visit us." " Yeah." " Augustin, what's going on?" " Mum." "Mum, Yves Andre was saying bad words again." "It's not true, Mum." "I was just telling him a joke." " He's lying." " Please, I've heard that before." "It's happening, isn't it?" "I knew I shouldn't have listened to you." "We should've gone a long time ago to Kenya or Senegal, I don't know, but..." "I'm in the military." "This is our home." "But tell me, how can I call this home when I'm living in constant fear, Augustin?" "I lost already most of my family in '92." " It's only us now." " I can't just get up and run." " Abandon everything?" " We should've brought Anne-Marie back." "She's safer in the countryside than here." "Come on, wake up!" "Nobody's safe in this country." "You have seen the Hutu Ten Commandments?" "Somebody put it on my desk today at the hospital." "They even underlined Number 7." ""The Rwandese Armed Forces should be exclusively Hutu." ""No member of military shall marry a Tutsi."" "Jeanne." "Jeanne." "Now I'm talking about our children's lives." " If anything happens, they will let us all die." " OK, Jeanne." "Just let me figure something out." "Call Anne-Marie and tell her to get ready." "Hey, Marcus!" "This is your brother." "I'm sorry, I'm not in the mood for it today." "Augustin, it's a small country and people talk." " So now you think I have joined the rebels?" " Not me." " But you must've done something." " I'm doing what I've always done." " You need to be on the right side." " What side is that?" "Hutu power over all?" "Your people will drag this country over the edge." "So you think the Arusha Agreement will solve all our problems?" "If the Arusha Agreements go into effect," "I will probably lose my job to a Tutsi, so either way I'm screwed." "That is why we are against the Agreement." "So that hardworking Hutus do not have to stand aside." "No." "For you, it's about power, gaining power." "Augustin, the Agreements are dead." "The President has made too many concessions under foreign pressure." "If you really want to know, my dear brother, this is a fatal mistake." " Honoré, are you talking about a coup?" " Augustin, this is war." "The same is true, brother." "Even wars have rules." "They cannot justify the slaughtering of innocent people." "Your extremist friends will drag this country into hell." "Thanks to the support of our French friends, we have Kalashnikovs from Albania." "Israel Uzis." "Czech grenades." "M-16 rifles from the USA." "Guns and ammo from Egypt." "Captain Muganza, give me a hand, please." " Machetes?" " Machetes, Captain." "From China." "You have a problem with that?" " It's not on our manifest." " So what?" "They're here." "And we have plenty of farmers out there who need to go to work." "Our people need to go to work." "Captain." "(Man) Our President has become soft." "He makes a cabinet of Inyenzisl" " we have to make them fear deathl - (Crowd cheers)" "They call us Hutu power extremists because we will not accept their dictats!" " So be itl - (Cheering)" "(Reporters) Tension is mounting despite the presence of the UN the cease-fire between the existing Hutu government and the mostly Tutsi rebel forces of the Rwandan Patriotic Front or RPF, is about to fail." "Special envoy, Assistant Secretary of State Prudence Bushnell travelled to Rwanda two weeks ago in a last effort to bring President Habyarimana to implement the Agreements, an agreement they say gives too much power to the Tutsis and the RPF." "This may also well be the last chance for peace." "(Radio) RFI, Dianne Gallio" "And so..." "Live from Tunisia for the African Soccer Cup." "Bedtime." "Come on, boys." "Lights out." "Mum?" "What?" "Why do they call us cockroaches?" "Because they don't know any better, sweetheart." "Good night." "Good night." "Dad?" "What are we?" "Hutu or Tutsi?" "Don't you know anything?" "Papa's a Hutu, Mama's a Tutsi." "It's OK, Yves Andre." "He can ask." "I am a Hutu, so you are a Hutu." "In our tradition, the father's origin decides." "So when I grow up, my ID card will say Hutu." "Yes." "But one day, I hope it will just say Rwandan." "OK." "Bedtime." "Good night." "Sweet dreams." "(TV) what a playerl what a gamel" "Here he comesl He scores!" "That's a goal to Zambial" "(Phone ringing)" "I can't see anything." "Augustin." "They've just announced that the President's plane was shot down." "Pack a few things for the kids." "We have to leave Kigali tonight." "(Man on radio) we ask all Rwandese people not to succumb to this terrible tragedy." "We ask the armed forces to stay vigilant." "We want security for all." "Do you know who I am?" " Shut up and move!" " I'm not going anywhere!" "(Machine-gun fire)" "Augustin, I can't get Anne-Marie on the phone." "Keep trying." "(Knocking)" "(Knocking continues)" " Who's there?" " It's me." "Xavier." "It's terrible." "They're shooting everybody." "There's dead people on the street." "Felicie and I were picking up some food from Nando's restaurant when we heard the explosion." "They are going house by house, pulling people out." " Augustin, let's go." " No." "There are roadblocks all over." " We'll be walking into the mouth of the lion." " Where are we now?" " We can't get trapped in Kigali." " At least the UN is here." "(Machine-gun fire)" " They're killing the neighbours." " Let's go." "Go." "Put this on." "My wife and children will feel so much safer in your house." "I would be risking the lives of my own family." "I must ask you to leave." " Please." "Just one night." " No." "(Gunfire)" "At least..." "At least take the women and the children." "Just the women and children." "One night." "(Ringing tone)" "This is all you have?" "Hello?" "Yes." "You must help me." "It's the fifth time I've called." "I must reach Anne-Marie." "Yes, I'm her father." "Then can I speak to the head priest?" "(Man) Sorry, I can't help you." "They hung up." "(Radio) Kurt Cobain's body was found in a garage apartment adjacent to his home, dead of an apparently self-inflicted shotgun wound." "...back-to-back home runs to turn a one-run deficit into a one-run lead." " Lionel, thanks for coming." "I'm sorry." " Sure." "What are you getting?" " Our intel is practically nil." " We don't have anything." "It's still night." "No one knows what's really going on." "We know for sure that a plane was shot down and the President of Rwanda is dead." "So is the President of Burundi." "What's your best guess as to who shot the plane down?" "It could be anybody, really." "Rebels, Hutu extremists, French mercenaries." "The Presidential Guard won't let anyone near the site." "They probably shot it." "This is NBC Nightly News, reported by Brian williams." "Good evening." "Fighting is going on tonight in the small African nation of Rwanda and there is growing concern about getting the Americans out." "Killings and looting have been reported following a suspicious crash." "Government ministers have been kidnapped." "...advise the UN and the press to keep well away from their war, which leaves the UN in an impossible position." "(All shout)" " They want you at UN headquarters." " I need to talk to the commanding officer." "I am the commanding officer!" "Put down your guns!" "We're gonna be lynched!" "Over!" "Shut up!" "We know the Prime Minister is here!" "Here I am." " Come with us, madam." " Take me to your commanding officer." "But, please, leave my children in peace." "That's bullshit!" "(Boy screams)" "Get everybody out!" "(Gunfire)" "(Knocking)" "See, I'm telling you." "Number 82." "(Knocking)" "(Knocking continues)" " Who is it?" " (Man) Captain Muganza?" " Who wants to know?" " Good morning, Captain." "We're securing the neighbourhood." " This neighbourhood is secure." " Could you open the gate?" "Just show us your ID card and those of everyone in the house and we'll be on our way." " I just have my service pass." " This won't do, Captain." "We need to see your national ID card." " Let me just go and..." " Wait." "Search the house." "Look over there." "What's that?" "Search everywhere." "Listen, Muganza." "You're from Gitarama?" "My father was a businessman." " A Hutu businessman." " I know." "I went to school with your cousin, François." "And I also know you married a Tutsi woman." "Nobody!" "But we found some money!" "You're gonna keep them at their little game for a little while longer." "But if I come back, and you're still here..." "I'll have no choice." "Let's go." "Check the list again." "(Radio) Good morning, everybodyl we need reinforcementsl" "The graves are not full yetl we're looking for Faustin Sano and Gérard Gakwaya." "They're said to be near Munini." "Don't let them get awayl" "This is Radio RTLM." "Don't leave the roadblock unattended." "(Machine-gun fire)" "(Machine-gun fire)" "Anne-Marie?" " Anne-Marie, can you hear me?" " Yes." "How are you, Papa?" " I'm fine." " And Mama?" "She's at the neighbour's with your brothers." "I'm scared." "Can hear the guns." "You are safe there." "You're in a Catholic school." "Nobody can go in there." "Papa, I have to go." "Many girls are waiting for the phone." "OK." " You know I love you." " I love you, too, Papa." " Bye." " Bye-bye." "(Bell ringing)" "Girls." "Girls, calm down." "Please, all of you go to your dormitory." "I need all of you to go to your dormitories now." "Please, quickly." " Quickly." " I need to speak with you." "Father, we have a school full of terrified girls." "Martine." "This is a very difficult situation." "But we must do our duty." "We cannot harbour rebels." "We have to hand them over." "Father, these are not rebels." "These are girls you have brought up as your own daughters." " Now you would put them out?" " What can I do, my child?" "We cannot protect all of them." "I do not have the power to change this situation." "We must pray." "We do not want another Mogadishu." "We don't want our boys dragged naked in the streets." "The Congress and the President won't have it." "Sir, after 48 hours, we already have reports of over 10,000 women and children already killed." "They're not just killing Tutsis, they're targeting moderate Hutus." " What is our vital interest in Rwanda?" " A crisis could destabilise the entire region." "May I?" "I appreciate the human tragedy." "Here. "If the killing starts, the best case scenario estimates 20,000 dead." ""The worst case scenario could exceed 500,000."" "This is January 25, 1994." "CIA report." "That's just nine weeks ago, sir." "I don't want to talk about any CIA report again." "Since the crash of the President's plane the situation in Rwanda has very quickly become unstable." "I just spoke with the Ambassador and he reports that the fighting is largely between the Rwandan military forces and the Rwandan Patriotic Front." "Have any Americans been hurt, or are they being targeted?" "No, Americans are not being targeted at this time." "Clearly we are very concerned with the 255 Americans that are in the region." "What about the international community?" "How many could you get out?" "Let me put this in context." "There is fighting and there is chaos." "There is no date, there is no time." "We are looking into ensuring the safety of all American citizens." "What protection is the Rwandan military giving to the US citizens?" "The Rwandan military forces are in the middle of fire fights with the Rwandan Patriotic Front, or the RPF." "It is not high on their list of priorities to take care of the American citizens." "The rebel forces, are they Tutu or Hutsi?" " Hutu and Tutsi." " Which ones are the good guys?" "(Radio) Good morning, Radio RTLM listeners." "Keep your fighting spirit." "This is the final war..." "(Honoré) Hello." "(Augustin) It's me." "Augustin?" "Christ, I've been trying to call you." "The lines are jammed." "I can't get through." "Listen, I need your help." "I'm stuck here with Xavier." "Jeanne and the kids are next door with the Belgians." "I need to get them out of the city." "You need to worry about yourself, brother." "Do you know that I've found your name on a list as a Tutsi sympathiser?" "I buried it, but it won't stay that way for long." "You should be happy I'm saving your neck." " And my family?" " I am your family." "I can do no more." "I warned you." "I know." "I know." "You were right." "Damn right I was." "So what do you want?" " Take care of your own duty, man." " Honoré." "Listen, I beg you." "Take my family, Jeanne and the boys, to the Hotel Mille Collines." "They will be protected." "You can get through the road blocks." "People know you." "I don't trust him." "We're not even sure if he's coming." "He's my brother." "Put this on." "If I can get you and the boys to the Hotel Mille Collines you will be safe." "And Anne-Marie, she will be safe at her school." "We will all be safe." "I don't know what else we can do." " Where are they?" "We need to leave now." " Brother." "Listen, the guards are getting seriously drunk at the roadblocks." " Who is this?" " Felicie, Xavier's fiancée." " You said wife and children." " She is family." "I presume she's a Tutsi, too?" " Come on, boys, get in the car." " We never asked." "What?" "Honoré won't take Felicie." " If I'm a problem..." " Everybody goes." " Listen..." " Felicie gets in this car." " You, too, Augustin." "Let's go." " Honey, I'm staying." " What?" " I'll join you later." " We have to go." " Get in this car." "I can't." "Augustin, tell her." " Listen to me." " I'm not going anywhere without you." " Listen to me." " Jeanne, his name was on a list." " Oh, my God." " Jeanne." "Jeanne." " No!" " Jeanne." "Jeanne!" " Don't worry about me." " Augustin." " They need to go now." " Please, Augustin." "You need to get back in the car." " If something happens..." " No." " It's going to be fine." " Papa, we don't want to go." "Go back in the car." "Come on, do it." " Do it!" " Augustin, we need to go." "Jeanne." "You need to get in the car." "Come on, boys, get in the car." "I know." "I know." "OK." "Go." "Papa will be fine." "I'm a soldier." "Hi, boss!" "Hey, buddy!" " How are you doing?" " We're OK, boss!" " What are you doing?" " We don't tempt the devil." " I thought everyone knew you." " I am not alone." " Hi, boss!" " It's the RTLM guy." " Shit." " What?" "That was not there before." "Stop the car." "Step out!" "Papers!" "You're a journalist?" "Yes, I work for Radio RTLM." "OK, you can go." "Hey." "Yes." "Who are these people?" "My wife, her sister and kids." "Your papers!" "I'm so silly." "We're just going to the supermarket and I left them home." "We were in such a hurry with the children and near curfew." "Listen, just give us a break, OK?" "Hey, chief!" "We've got a problem here." "The people in this jeep..." "What's going on here?" "Maybe you should check." "Everybody out." "Listen." "I am a party member." "I am authorised to take this woman to run some errands." "Let me call Colonel Sotori." "He can sort this out." " This is not good." " What is not good, Mummy?" "Nothing." "I just want your uncle to hurry up." "Yes." "This is Honoré Botera." "I'm here at the roadblock on Rue de I'HÔpital." "No, sir, they won't let me pass." "Yes, sir." "Yes, sir." "They are my family." "Yes, sir." "Of course, sir." "You know I work for the party." "For the cause, always." "He wants to talk to you." "Yes, sir." "OK, sir." "OK..." "Lock the doors!" "Stay down!" "Stop it!" "Go!" "We'll take care of the snakes." " Name?" " Augustin Muganza." " Name of detainee?" " Botera." "(Conversation in French)" "He'll be right with you." " No, I can't." " I'm sorry?" "I thought that..." "No, I can't." "He's on his way." "Why don't you tell him yourself?" "The visit would do him good." "No." "Please tell him I had to leave on emergency." "Sorry." "(Woman cries)" "(Sings) Be strong..." "Be strong, take courage..." "Damn." "(Radio) Young men of Gikondo, well done, but save your bullets..." "Cut them up with machetes... we gave out more free radios..." "You get that thing to work?" "Yeah." "So what's wrong?" "I saw a military truck heading to the French school." "They must be rounding people up for an evacuation, like in '92." "I mean..." "If we can get there, we have a chance." " There are too many roadblocks." " It's not that far." "It's a million miles, Augustin." "I say we just lay low." "This... thing can't last forever." "They said your name on the radio." "(Laughs)" "You heard my name on the radio?" "Look, we can get through the roadblocks." "They're not trained soldiers." "We don't have a choice." "You, son of a bitch!" "My God!" "No more beer!" "The roadblock on the left..." "They seem drunkest." "Shall we?" "Let's do it." "(Engine fails to start)" "Push." "Stop them!" "My God!" "(All shout)" "Go!" "Go!" "(Pleads in Kinyarwanda)" " Why can't we get in there?" " Too late!" "Too late!" "Sorry, we have orders!" "Let's go to Hotel Mille Collines!" " We're with the convoy." " Everybody out!" " Show me your papers." " Hey, hey, hey." "Calm down, calm down!" "We are with the convoy." " Ask the officer over there." "He will tell you." " Where?" "Move these obstacles away." "We have to go." "Lieutenant." "Lieutenant, he doesn't believe I'm with you." "We are in the same convoy." " What do you mean?" " Is he with you?" " The same convoy!" " Shut up!" "Let the white man talk." " Are these people with you?" " Our convoy is the Jeeps and the trucks." "I'm sorry." "I have orders." "Only expatriates." "RTLM, Rwanda, a country of milk and honey before those snakes made blood flow but they're losing the war." "Xavier Miango?" "Who is Xavier Miango?" "I am." "Aren't you the traitor Xavier Miango we've heard about on the radio?" "I don't know what you mean." "Move over with that group." "Everybody else get off." "Get off!" "What's wrong with you?" "Forget something?" "(Augustin) I can speak for this man." " He is loyal." "He is a good soldier." " The army is filled with traitors." "Then I will take him to the headquarters." "You want to help?" "You want to help?" "Listen!" " Give him a machete." " No." "We don't waste bullets on cockroach traitors." "(Xavier) Augustin." "Tell Félicie..." "I love her." "I love her." "Don't!" "No!" "Don't!" "Xavier." "Xavier." "(Speaks Kinyarwanda)" "Stand up!" "Come on, let's go." "Let's go." " It's not gonna help." "Let's go." " (Shouts)" "It's not gonna help." "He's dead." "Oui." "Colonel Bagosora, this is Assistant Secretary Bushnell." "Mrs Bushnell, what a wonderful surprise." "I regret we didn't meet during your last visit in Kigali." "Sir, I'm calling to advise you that we view the situation very seriously." "President Clinton is very concerned." "How kind of the President to be thinking of me." "We have received reports that there has been..." "The UN reports are exaggerated." "There has been some trouble and we have to defend our people." "You must take action to change the course of events." "But the rebels attacked us, and now the people have risen up to defend themselves." "We know who's perpetrating these killings." "You can see all the way from Washington?" "Mrs Bushnell, if there was a cease-fire, we might be able to do something." "But now the situation is very difficult." "Very difficult, madame." "You can't imagine." "No, you do not need a cease-fire to stop this hate radio broadcast." "Monsieur Bagosora, if you do not stop the killing, there will be consequences." "Really?" "You will send the Marines?" "We have no oil here, no diamonds." "We have nothing you need in Rwanda." " Why would you come?" " If you do not cease the killings," "I promise you, you will be held personally responsible." "I will see what we can do." "(Man) How is she?" "Father, where are my boys?" " Where are they?" " (Woman) We found you at the doorstep." "You were alone." "I have to go to find my children." "I can't stay here." "I have to look for them." " Mathilde, you have to help me please." " Of course." "Where did you last leave them?" "Oh, my God." "I don't know." "My babies." "What happened to my babies?" "I have scrutinised the words and listened to the radio tapes." "It is true that my client here admits his moral guilt." "But where is freedom of the press, or freedom of expression?" "He was a journalist, a man of letters, an intellectual." "Did anybody actually see my client butchering people?" "The prosecutor talks of criminal conspiracy." "This is not Nuremberg, Madam Prosecutor." "Is he a criminal because he stood on a political principle?" "Where is the blood on my client's hands?" "Can you play soccer?" " No." " I can teach you." "Hello, Mummy." " (Martine) So did you see Honoré?" " No." "You're not going to." "I don't think I can hear what he has to say to me." " It's not easy." " You don't understand." "This thing doesn't make sense." "They're all here." "Everybody that planned genocide is here." "I saw Bagosora here." "They get full meals, they get AZT medicine, while rape victims are dying of AIDS." " It's like a fucking health club." " I guess the killers are the stars of the show." " Is this what this is?" "A show?" "A big show?" " We need the tribunals." "I know they have their shortcomings, but it's a way to move on." "It's a way for everybody to wash their hands, so nobody has to feel bad, so we can pretend there was justice." "Where is our dignity?" "So how are we going to move forward?" "I'm fighting, too, Augustin." "I keep seeing Anne-Marie's face and the faces of all my girls." "What is it that you want me to do?" " Am I alone in this?" " No, you're not alone, Martine." "I'm trying." "I'm here and I'm trying." "Augustin..." "I got the results." "It's a boy." "(Girls singing in background)" "Does anybody recognise this man?" "His name is Ndizeye Celestin." "He is accused of killing five farmers and participating in the killing of 15 other people." "Those who can testify, please stand up." "I know this man." "He came through my yard, pushing two of the victims." "A woman named Madeleine Mukasano and a man named Dieudonné." "When he arrived at my neighbour's house... that man over there hit Dieudonné with a machete and then cut Madeleine's feet off." "I saw it with my own eyes." "I speak the truth." "(Girl) why don't you come in?" "The girls are here." "(Giggling)" " They're waiting for you." " No." "I can't." "(Girl) why don't you come?" "What's wrong with you?" " Comel" " No." "Those cockroaches can't hurt us!" "We'll hunt them down wherever they are!" "(Singing and whooping)" "(Screaming)" "Run to that dormitory." "Quickly!" "Run!" "Run, girls!" "(Screaming)" "Bring all those cockroaches here!" "I'll take them to the music room." "Quickly, girls, quickly!" "Inside." "Everybody out!" "OK, girls, listen to me." "Come, listen." "They are going to ask you for your identity cards." "They want to separate us." "They want all Tutsis to come out." "I can't do this." "I'll go, mistress." "If Isa goes..." " I'll go." " I'll go." "I'll go." "I'll go." "I'll go." "We're sisters." "We're staying together." "There are more over there." "Please do something." "They're killing everybody." "We stay together..." "We are sisters..." "We stay together." "Shh." "(Explosion)" "Do you understand the choices that you are making?" "Do you understand?" "(Screaming)" "Somebody help us!" "Hutus here, Tutsis there." "Hutu girls behind me." "All Inyenzis over there." "Now!" "I will not say it again." "We're staying together." "Please." "Think of them as your own daughters, please." "My daughter is not a cockroach." "Mistress." "Mistress." "(Girls scream)" "(Man) These are the sat photos from Kigali." "You can see here and here." "We have clear evidence of mass killing." "These are freshly dug mass graves." "At this point, honestly, our list of possible actions is pretty short." "But if we can adequately back up the remaining 400 UN troops, we can probably save some lives." "We're not going to put in any of our soldiers." "There's no political will." "Look, at the rate we've been arguing this, there won't be anybody left to save." "That's fine for you to say, but it's not Mogadishu." "Everyone here knows it's not Mogadishu." "But up on the Hill, Somalia's written all over it." "So we're talking in circles here." "If we can't get any additional UN support" " then we need some fresh ideas." " I'm on it." "What's happening with jamming Radio RTLM?" " We checked, too expensive." " Oh, come on." "Our lawyers say it's against international laws to jam radios." "Something about freedom of the press, freedom of speech." "Yes, it's against the law to jam radios but not to exhort massive slaughter." "Come on, we are talking about hate radio here." "Let's not lose our perspective." "Radios don't kill people." "People kill people." "(Man talking on radio in background)" "(Radio) we will win the war anyway." "We are the majority." "Wherever you are, join the battle." "Come to Kigali." "That's where the roaches are still hiding." "(Whistle blowing)" "(Dog barking)" "I'm going to work." "Anne-Marie, wake up." "Anne-Marie, it's over." "Wake up." "Wake up." "We have to leave." "Anne-Marie." "(Sobs) Anne-Marie." "Anne-Marie." "(Radio) Your beloved radio tells you the truth." "Trust us, we're making it happen." "We're the truth with capital T. We always told you the truth." "We told you since the beginning that those Inyenzis will never be able to take Kigali." "Victorine." "Victorine, come on!" "Come on!" "Wake up." "Wake up." "Wake up, please." "(Martine) Oh, dear God." "Oh, dear God." "Oh, dear God." "Sss." "Sss." "Quick!" "Come here." "(Whispers) Wake up." "Anne-Marie." "One more time." "Just a little bit." "One last step." "Let's go." "One last step." "Please help us." "Help her." "(Radio) Rwanda will always be ours." "Let's sing together." ""Let's rejoice, dear friends, let's rejoice." ""All is over now and God is just."" "You can stay here until it gets dark." "We have to finish them if we want our children and our children's children to live in peace." "We must finish our work." "Communal administrators, please be vigilant." "Don't leave dead bodies in the street." "Fax this to the White House, and don't forget to save comments and copies for the UN." "OK." " Any news?" " I'm very sorry, Augustin." "No news." "Nobody has seen Jeanne or the children." "We have been trying." "And we'll keep trying." "(Sobs)" "Calm down." "Don't be afraid." "Alphonse Virgina!" "Virgina, are you here?" "Don't worry." "Robingo." "Where is he?" "Robingo, come on out!" "You should get some rest." "I'm fine, Father Salomon." "I'm fine." "Robingo, Mathieu, you can come out!" "Soldier, take him out." "Out." "Hokum." "Get out!" " Who is this man?" " He's Hutu." "He's just a foolish taxi driver." "He got hurt trying to protect some Tutsi traitor in his car." "But he is Hutu." "And I need a better list." " I'll work on it." " I'll need more names." " And I need them by tomorrow, understand?" " Yes, Officer." "(Church bell ringing)" "You still can't remember?" "A big black hole." "I barely remember... roadblocks." "Militias." "I can see Honoré, their uncle." "Marcus was at the back of the car." "And?" "Nothing." "Pain." "(Machine-gun fire)" "Anne-Marie." "Anne-Marie." "Anne-Marie." "You can't stay." "You're not safe here." "I understand." "I can't move her." "She's too weak." "My husband and son-in-law are out killing." "If they come, they'll kill you too." "Anne-Marie?" "(Sobbing) No." "(Man) what's the difference between acts of genocide and genocide?" "Well, I think the..." "As you know, there's a... there's a legal definition of this." "There has been a lot of discussion about how the definition... applies under the definition of genocide contained in the 1948 Convention." "If you are looking at that as for your determination about genocide, clearly, not all of the killings that have taken place in Rwanda are killings to which you might apply that label." "But as to the distinctions between the words, we're trying to call what we have seen so far, as best as we can, and based, again, on the evidence, we have every reason to believe that acts of genocide have occurred." "(Man) How many acts of genocide does it take to make genocide?" "That's not a question that I'm in a position to answer." "(Man) what is an act of genocide, Christine?" "As defined in the 1948 Genocide Convention," ""The crime of genocide occurs when certain acts are committed" ""against members of a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group" ""with the intent of destroying that group in whole or in part." ""The relevant acts include killing," ""causing serious bodily or mental harm," ""and deliberately inflicting conditions of life" ""calculated to bring about physical destruction of the group."" "(Man) wait a minute, you said genocide..." " That is the definition in the Convention." " Of genocide." "OK, so you say genocide happens when certain acts happen, and you say that these acts have happened in Rwanda." "So why can't you say that genocide has happened?" "(Martine) Victorine." "Victorine." " The Lord is my shepherd." " (Victorine repeats prayer after Martine)" "I shall not want." "He leadeth me through green pastures" "and even as I fear to walk through the valley of the shadow of death..." "Even as I fear... to walk... through the valley... of the shadow... of death..." "As I fear..." "Victorine, come." "Even as I fear... to walk through the valley of the shadow of death..." "You people in the swamps!" "You can come out!" " (Murmurs)" " Shh." "We are the RPF!" "You people in the swamps!" "Don't be afraid!" "(Calls softly in Kinyarwanda)" "Come!" "Come here!" "Victorine, come on." "Don't be afraid." "Don't be afraid." "You're a nice boy." "Don't be afraid." "Let me help you." "Take a sip." "Are you there?" "Can you hear me?" "No." "(Slurring) Did I..." "Did I tell you that I have a wife?" "Yes." "But we..." "We're not married." "But we live together." "And er..." "And she's pregnant." "It's a..." "It's a boy." "Her name..." "Her name is Martine." "(Woman) My name is Valentine." "You're a survivor, aren't you?" "Yes." "Are you..." "Are you testifying for the tribunal?" "No." "I'm visiting somebody." "Are you testifying?" "I'm..." "I'm a secret witness." "I erm..." "I testify tomorrow." "Would you..." "Would you come?" "Yes, but you won't be able to see me." "I'll know that you're there." "(Valentine) The first one... he took my baby off my back and put it on the floor." "He penetrated me." "He kept me until he had me a second time." "Later, I don't remember exactly but... the Interahamwes held us in another room." "And they raped all the girls." "A young man threw himself on me." "When he was taking off his pants he told me there is no place for me now." "That the government had abandoned us." "After that, he did humiliating things to me." "He didn't even care that I was a mother." "I heard the young girls scream but I could not see them." "When the second man was finished, a third one came and... he forced me to lie down again." "He raped me." "At that moment..." "I just wanted to die." "Then a fourth man came and... he took me." "At that moment, I thought, "God in heaven, who are these men?"" "I'm sorry." "But can you tell us what happened next?" "The next day the Interahamwes came and they made us come back to that house." "But they had to drag me there like a dead person." "I was dead." "Where was the defendant?" "Was he in the Cultural Community Centre during this time?" "Yes." "I knew that he was the leader of the municipality." "I felt that he could have protected us but... he did nothing." "Did the defendant personally participate in the rapes?" "I never saw him rape anybody." "But... he didn't protect us." "He would tell the Interahamwes," ""Don't ever ask me any more how a Tutsi woman tastes."" "He was a coach encouraging his players." "I heard him say, and these were his exact words..." ""Tomorrow, they will be killed."" "Please, go on." "The next day, on the street, an old woman told me that all the girls who had been with me had been killed." "She told me I had to leave." "I could barely carry my baby, but I left." "I hid in a sorghum field." "May I ask... why did you make what must have been a difficult decision to come to Arusha and testify in this tribunal?" "I saw what this man did and I felt responsible to testify about this man's betrayal of the people who were entrusted to him." "When a person leads assassins he is also an assassin." "(Radio) Rebel units are tightening their grip on the government stronghold at Gitarama capturing a key military base at Nyanza, about 40 kilometres south of Gitarama, and cutting the government's supply routes." "The UN says the main government strongholds in the Rwandan capital, Kigali, have fallen to the rebel Rwanda Patriotic Front." "No matter what history will say of these unprecedented events, one must acknowledge that it is the RPF troops that ultimately stopped the genocide." "Western support has been slow to nonexistent." "The commander of the RPF, General Paul Kagame, has declared a cease-fire." "Speaking in Kigali, he said the RPF had won the war and now controlled the whole country, except for the French-patrolled area in the southwest." "He said his forces would try to avoid confrontation." "Hundreds of thousands of Hutu refugees flee the advance of the RPF troops." "These refugees have participated in the killing of a now estimated 800,000 of their countrymen." "The fleeing government forces are using them as a protective shield." "We're calling the operation "Support Hope"." "General Jack Nix will lead it from Zaire." "We have army units on the ground distributing water." " We have a half a million tents." " On the political side?" "The French are trying to save what's left of the old regime." "The UN is in full damage-control mode." "The white House is very pleased with your quick response to the refugee crisis." "Congress is rallying around the flag." "It's too bad the CNN factor didn't kick in a little sooner." " Anybody else?" " Thanks, folks." "Thank you, everybody." "Well, I guess that's it." "Prudence, our mission was not to intervene." "The system functioned perfectly." "In a few years, the President will ask for forgiveness, he'll make the promise of "never again."" "But in terms of national interest, we did everything right." "We were loyal to a policy that allowed hundreds of thousands of people to be killed." "As far as moral imperative, we did not do the right thing." "We're bureaucrats, not the political leadership." " Is it because they're Africans?" " Let's not do that, Pru." "It was Rwandans killing Rwandans." "Morning, Papa." " Good morning." " Where is everyone?" "They're all gone, son." " I am sorry." " You will live with it longer than I." "Sir, where is Sainte-Marie school?" "I don't recognise this city any more." "Forget about the school." "Forget about everything." "I must find my daughter." "It's not far." "Follow the road." "Then turn at the corner." "Some things are better left alone." "(Shouting)" "What did you do to my family?" "Where are the bodies?" "Sir, I swear, we don't know." "I'm gonna kill you." "(Gunfire)" "(Woman sobs)" " Good morning." " Good morning." "I'm looking for my daughter." "She attended." "Anne-Marie." "Anne-Marie Muganza." "(Both sob)" "(Sobs)" "Honoré." "Augustin." " How are you?" " I am fine." "I see they are treating you well." "Some say too well." "Brother, it has been a long time." "They say you were in Italy when they arrested you." "Yes." "Italy." "Zaire, Angola." "I was on the run for three years before they caught me." "I didn't know if I was going to see you again." " So why did you come?" " Because you asked me to." "Augustin, why are you here?" "Huh?" "Are you going to be like everybody else?" "They come in here to parade their good conscience around as if it's a crown." "Look around you." "There's no one here to applaud you." "I didn't..." " I didn't accuse you of anything." " I already stand accused." "I'm ready to hear what happened." " I don't think you're ready for this." " I want to hear it." "I want to hear it." "(Honoré) we managed to get through some of the roadblocks." "I knew the game." "But the military roadblock was another matter." "Yes, sir." "Colonel Sotori." "This is Honoré Botera." "I'm here at the roadblock on Hospital Road." "No, sir, they won't let me pass." "I tried to negotiate with them." "So I called Colonel Sotori." "He was under a lot of pressure." "He said to me," ""I cannot help you," and I would have to go." "And Jeanne and the kids... would have to go into custody." "When I handed the phone over to the lieutenant they were speaking a different language." "(Man) Everybody, out!" "OK..." "Lock the doors!" "Mum!" "Stay down!" "Oh... please." "Go!" "We'll take care of the snakes!" " Guys, stop it." "They're just kids." " Mummy." "She's just a woman." "You don't need to do this." "It's just a little boy." "They're Hutu children." "They're ours." "They are ours." "Shut up, you whore!" "Let the boys go." "You don't have to do this." "I'll give you money." "No!" "Mummy!" "(Honoré) Please." "Stop it!" "(Machine-gun fire)" "And Jeanne?" "They were so busy burning my car... that I think they forgot her." "So I pushed her into the ditch to hide her body." "But later that night..." "I came back... when the street was deserted." "(Sobs)" "(Sobs)" "She was still breathing." "Fucking savages." "Fucking savages." "The best I could do was a church." "The Sainte-Famille." "I thought she would be safe there." "I called." "I knocked." "But they wouldn't open." "So I left her there by the gate." "It wasn't until I was in exile that I knew of her fate." "I've got to find Augustin." "Maybe he's still at the house." "She learned that you were alive at Hotel Mille Collines and was desperate to reach you." "After a horrific night they decided to kill all the women." "Do you think I'm afraid to die?" "We should do away with them." "She was very brave." "Go!" "Jeanne, my dear, please." "Get the grenade!" "(Augustin) Yes, it's April again." "Every year in April, the rainy season starts." "Hey, that's enough." "You're gonna catch cold." " Valentine?" " Augustin?" "I'm glad you exist." "I was beginning to think I dreamt you." "I'm very real." " You leave today?" " Yes, tonight." "On the late flight." "Thank you." "Goodbye, then." "Goodbye." "Hey, say goodbye to our friend." "(Valentine) Let's go." "Come change your clothes." "(Augustin) And every year, every day in April, a haunting emptiness descends over our hearts." "Every year in April," "I remember how quickly life ends." "Every year in April," "I remember how lucky I should feel to be alive." "(Shouting in German)" "On April 121994, my wife Jeanne was killed." "In that same month of April, my sons Marcus and Yves Andre were also killed." "My friend Xavier was killed in April." "My daughter Anne-Marie was killed sometime later." "But I never asked when." "Lead us not into temptation but deliver us from evil," "for thine is the kingdom, the power and the glory, for ever and ever." "Amen." "These men are accused of having participated in the killing of 120 schoolgirls at the Sainte-Marie School." "Who recognises them?" "I do." "My name is..." "I was there." "I'm a survivor." "English SDH"