"We're eating more food than at any point in our planet's history and that amount is increasing every year, as there are more and more mouths to feed." "The population of Britain has increased by ten million in the last four decades." "Over the same period, the world's population has more than doubled, to nearly seven billion." "It's not just that there are many more people on the planet - what they want to eat is also changing." "Our richer, more varied Western- style diet is being adopted by more and more people around the world and that's putting a greater strain on global food supplies." "In this programme, I look at how we're plundering the seas of Africa, having already decimated our own fish stocks." "I travel to Kenya to find out why that country is supplying us with lots of food while its own people are going hungry." "And I investigate whether the search for new fuels to power our cars is pushing food prices up and driving people off their land." "And I want to find out what all this could mean for us here in the UK." "I'm on one of the last fishing boats working out of Grimsby harbour." "If we'd been here 30 years ago, there'd have been something like 6,000 fishermen working these seas around here and about 40,000 jobs back on land." "In many ways they were the glory days." "It's very, very different now." "Paul Walker, who skippers the Hunter, is one of the last fishermen based in Grimsby." "He's out fishing for crabs and lobster." "If you and I were going out, say, 20 years ago, what would these seas have been like?" "How many boats would there have been out here?" "Oh, you'd have boats queuing up to get in and out of Grimsby to land fish." "I can remember my dad taking me to Grimsby to buy the fish for a Friday for fish and chips and seeing all the big Ross boats moored up on the north wall, all the Seine nets over on the west quay." "I am not an old man or anything and I can remember that." "And what's happened to all those boats, all those fishermen?" "They've all been deregistered, decommissioned and scrapped, basically." "And the men?" "I suppose they're down the Jobcentre with everybody else." "It's, er..." "Nowadays, the fishing industry is just near enough non-existent." "This is a rare event in Grimsby now - a UK trawler unloading its own catch here on the dockside." "The UK is increasingly reliant on fish imports." "Grimsby, once the pride of British fishing, is now mainly a distribution and processing centre for other countries' fish." "AUCTIONEER CALLS OUT PRICES" "Each weekday morning there's a fish market." "25,000 tonnes are sold here each year." "But that's nothing compared to some 60 years ago, when the Grimsby fishing fleet alone landed 200,000 tonnes of fish over twelve months." "Callum Roberts is one of the UK's leading marine conservationists." "We're catching just a fraction of what we used to catch and that's because there simply aren't the fish out there to catch any more." "Callum has been monitoring the fish stocks' fall." "When a trawler would bring up a net that was almost bursting, sometimes they couldn't actually haul it into the vessel and so they had to scoop fish out or... it would burst at the side of the boat and they'd lose the entire catch." "And out at sea, how big were the shoals?" "Well, some of them were enormous." "There were reports in the 19th century of haddock shoals which were 150 miles long." "How much would that - God that's about 10kgs." "That's right." "This was the average cod in the middle of the 19th century so what we see today..." "This was average, but for today this is exceptional, do you think?" "This is exceptional for today, yes - most of the cod in this market are half or a third of this size." "We're fishing too intensively and we've been fishing very intensively for the last 150 years." "Does that mean we're catching them when they're younger, is that..." "That is exactly it, yes." "And in fact a lot of the fish that you see in a market like this have not even reached sexual maturity." "So they haven't had a chance to reproduce yet." "And as fishing pressure has risen, so the amount of fish in the sea has dwindled and their sizes have got much smaller." "More than 80% of UK fish species are under threat." "We now land fifteen times less fish than in 1920." "Some experts claim that the domestic fishing industry will die out, unless the UK catch is cut by half and fishing banned in a third of our seas." "In Grimsby, they'll tell you they invented fish and chips and the fish finger." "But how much longer will they be able to serve them?" "Beef burgers and chicken tikkas may have made inroads into our national diet, but fish and chips is probably still the nation's favourite meal." "There are about 10,000 fish and chip shops around the UK and we're eating more fish than ever before." "In fact, the whole seafood market in the UK is worth about £5.5 billion every year." "I've been talking to some experts on fish stocks and they say that twenty, thirty, forty years from now, there might not be any fish." "Well, if I'm still around then, I'll worry about it then." "It's one of them things - who knows what's going to happen." "I think by then everything will be fish farmed." "Fish farmed?" "Fish farming is not a bad thing but it's...if they can cope with the demand." "That will be the problem." "Dave, like so many of us, is just hoping for the best." "But fish farming is not some miracle answer." "Over a third of fish taken from the seas are turned into animal feed or fed to farmed fish." "Here you are - you can drop two jumbos in." "Which is the..." "Right, there's the tail." "Quite difficult to tell." "Make sure it's all covered." "So all the way in, just flick it in." "Just hold it there and just sort of throw it back a bit and it'll spike the batter." "That's it, that's perfect." "Is it?" "Yeah, you can have a job now." "Hardly any of the fish traded in Grimsby comes off local boats like this." "In fact, across the UK, fish imports have gone up by some 50%m and what's happening is that having run out of our own fish stocks, we're now paying poorer countries to fish in their waters." "Even from countries that have their own food shortages." "I'm off to Senegal to see how the people there are affected by this." "The next time you eat fish just think - it might have come from the waters off Senegal, one of the poorest countries in the world." "It's early morning at the beach here in Dakar and I'm joining Pap N'Doye and his crew - he calls them his garcons - we're going to go out and see what we can catch." "People have been fishing in these boats - pirogues, they call them - for centuries." "The only real change is the motor at the back." "About 200,000 people work in the fishing industry - it's their livelihood." "Now these fishermen haven't got these waters entirely to themselves." "For years now, trawlers from around the world have fished these waters, some illegally, some with the agreement of the Senegalese government." "About 25,000 tonnes of fish is exported to the EU from here each year." "Pap." "How do you feel about the European boats that fish in these waters?" "TRANSLATION:" "Last year, the EU paid developing countries £125 million to allow modern European fleets to fish their waters." "These deals proved controversial." "The EU used to have an arrangement like this with Senegal but it ended over complaints that too many fish were being taken." "Down at Dakar harbour, though, the quaysides are jam-packed with modern industrial trawlers." "I wanted to find out who was operating them and where the catch was going." "The Carvisa Dos had just docked." "It's a Spanish name and I'm told its senior crew are also from Spain, though not Amilcar Rodrigues, who took me on board." "So how many tonnes of fish do you think you've got on this trip?" "65 tonnes." "You were out in the Atlantic for three weeks and you've got between 60 and 70 tonnes of fish?" "Yeah." "You know, yesterday I was out with one of the small pirogues with the Senegalese fisherman." "Yeah." "And they were just getting maybe two or three buckets of fish." "But you say the ship is Senegalese, but the fish is going to Spain, and the captain is Spanish." "It's basically Spanish, isn't it?" "Yeah, yeah." "The name of the fishing company is Spanish, but the flag of the ship of Senegalese." "It's Senegalese, OK." "So with or without an EU deal, it's still open season off Senegal's coast." "That's hardly surprising - there's big money at stake." "The global fishing industry is said to be worth nearly 100 billion pounds a year." "Moussa Faye from the charity Action Aid campaigns against over-fishing." "I went down to the harbour earlier today and I noticed many of the big trawlers are actually flying Senegalese flags." "These are, I'm told, Senegalese ships." "They are cheating Senegalese government and Senegalese people." "That is a very strong word, cheating." "Yes, they are cheating because they are actually European enterprises who come for our resources and who export the fish and also the profit they make." "I think that this resource should serve the Senegalese people, serve the poor people here." "So it should be a source of livelihood for these people." "There is no serious limitation also about the number of trawlers authorised to fish." "We rely mainly on fish as a source of animal protein in Senegal." "Which means we have less animal protein available for people who cannot afford to buy meat, for instance." "The result, of course would be malnutrition." "And when you look at the price of fish, how does that price now compare with other alternatives, I mean meat or chicken?" "Now fish is more expensive than meat in Senegal." "That's astonishing, isn't it?" "In a coastal country, the price of fish is now more than the meat." "You can check now." "You can go to the market and see." "Fish is actually expensive." "Each year, more and more Senegalese fisherman walk away from the sea, turning their back on centuries of tradition." "Talking to Pap over a barbecue that evening, I wondered if he might be next." "These sardines are the ones that you and I caught today?" "Oh, yes." "So it's good." "We did some work and we get a meal out of it as well." "Three-quarters of global fish stocks are now over-exploited." "If we carry on as we are, all global fisheries could collapse by the middle of the century, with dire consequences for the billion people on the planet who rely on fish as their main source of animal protein." "The collapse in global fish stocks will mean different things in different places." "Here in Senegal, because so many eat fish and so many make a living out of it, people could go hungry." "Back in Britain there might be less choice in the supermarket." "You could argue that we could change our diet, switch to more meat or dairy, but just how good an alternative would either of those actually be?" "I travelled to India, where meat and dairy consumption are on the rise." "Maddening as it might seem to us, these cows get free passage, even on the busiest of streets." "Traditionally, the cows were seen as a life giver." "There's the milk and all the dairy products, fertiliser from the cow dung, and even the cow's urine is thought to have medicinal properties." "There are more cows in India than any other country, and a total of one and a half billion worldwide." "But here they're more than just farm animals." "Here they're sacred." "This ceremony is called arati." "It happens several times a day and I'm told it coincides with meal times for the gods." "In this particular temple, they remember Lord Krishna." "He was thought to be from these parts and was in fact a cow herd." "He's also known as the protector of cows." "The temple and its outhouses are a mixture of the spiritual and the surprising." "These different..." "are they medicines?" "Yeah, these medicines, they are basically made from the butter, cow dung and cow urine." "Cow urine?" "Cow urine, yes." "This can cure as many as 80 diseases." "Specially obesity." "People are getting too big, too fat." "Do you think this cow urine product can help?" "Yeah..." "Do you mind if I smell it?" "Yeah, yeah, you can smell it." "You have to take in the morning, one teaspoon in one glass of water and you get the result every time." "It does, it does smell like urine." "No, no, but it is completely purified." "But it's" "But it's the more conventional uses of cattle that are driving a livestock revolution here." "While meat consumption is only increasing slowly in India, people here have become huge consumers of milk, making the country the world's largest dairy producer." "Doctor Iain Wright, a Scotsman based in India, has been following this dramatic transformation." "What do we know about changing food patterns, diets here in India?" "In India, like most developing countries, as incomes rise, people get slightly richer, have more disposable income, then they start consuming more animal products, meat, milk especially here in India." "There's a big increase in milk consumption." "How much more milk are Indians consuming then, do you think?" "Well, in the last 30 or 40 years or so, milk consumption in India has gone up by almost sixfold." "That's been driven by both the increase in population but also by an increase in milk consumption per head." "Milk consumption per person has doubled in India in the last 40 years or so." "So at what point does this increase in milk consumption, what point is that triggered?" "Well, if you look at food patterns, particularly milk consumption patterns, you find people who are living on less than two US dollars a day tend not to consume much milk." "As they move from two dollars to five dollars a day, then they begin to have slightly more disposable income." "They begin to consume significantly more milk and milk products." "What's true for India is also true for the rest of the world." "Global meat and milk production is expected to double by 2050." "The explosion of wealth in China has meant that in the last decade alone, meat consumption per person has doubled." "And that trend is likely to continue as the middle classes in China and India keep expanding." "There are more than 50 million of them in India now, but it could reach half a billion in twenty years." "So there's a huge, perhaps historic, change in eating habits around the developing world - a shift to more dairy and meat products, and that trend is likely to continue as people earn more money, which is what everybody wants." "Add to that the way we consume meat in the rich world, in countries like the UK, and the food chain is fit to break." "Something has got to give." "Might we have to start eating less meat?" "Here in the UK and in other richer countries, people are still eating far more meat than those in the developing world." "The non-vegetarians amongst us in the UK are getting through 70 kg of meat a year." "Over 17 kg of this is beef." "But Americans each work their way through over 90 kg every year." "United Nations says that the world can't cope with this level of meat consumption, especially beef." "It's a wasteful way of trying to feed people." "Rajendra Pachauri is a Nobel Prize winner, and he wants us, in the rich world, to rethink our diets." "Which aspects of food consumption do you think we need to change, in order to meet the challenge of food production?" "I believe one area where we need urgent change is essentially in reducing our consumption of animal proteins." "In other words, eating less meat." "Because I'm afraid with increasing incomes, meat consumption has gone up substantially." "You know cattle these days are fed all kinds of inputs for their growth and a large part of it is essentially grains, so you know, you're diverting a large quantity of food production that perhaps could be" "used directly for human consumption and now is being provided for conversion to animal protein." "A lot of cereal is used to produce the meat on our plate." "It takes 23 kg of grain to produce a kilo of lamb." "15 kg of grain produces a kilo of beef." "Around six kg makes a kilo of pork and 2.3 kg a kilo of chicken." "Now imagine you were in a position to whisper into the ear of a man who is sitting down in a steak house in London about to tuck into a piece of meat, what would that message be?" "I would say it loudly, I wouldn't whisper to him, and so that everybody around hears it also!" "And I would tell him. "Look, this huge steak that you're eating" ""can feed about 40 people if you were not consuming this."" "And I'm not saying that this translates immediately into satisfying the hunger of 40 people, but the equivalent of a steak would be somewhere close to that number of people being deprived of food." "That's a controversial argument, but livestock production does use a phenomenal amount of the world's resources, including a third of the world's free land." "Around 700 million tonnes of cereals are fed each year to cows." "Livestock farming accounts for about 10% of water used annually." "And cows aren't very good for climate change either." "Cows and the cattle business are responsible for nearly a fifth of global greenhouse gas emissions." "Some scientists and activists want to set a global target for our daily intake of meat." "In the UK, that would mean each of us cutting the amount of meat we eat by half, giving those in the developing world the chance to eat more." "Dr Pachauri supports this idea." "I would go to those families which are gorging themselves with meat to cut down on their consumption because I think it would be unethical and certainly inequitable for those who've been consuming huge quantities of meat to say we'll continue eating the same quantities." "But you guys who've been so poor and have never been able to afford meat had better stay away from it, even if you had more money." "If our actions in terms of eating more and more meat are going to result in catastrophe of global proportions, then we as responsible human beings need to take heed of that." "One alternative is to change the way we rear cattle." "That's what's happening here in the uplands of England." "It could be a model for the future." "Critically, it doesn't rely on vast amounts of cereal." "One of the challenges of livestock farming is how you feed the cattle." "Now I'm here in the Yorkshire Dales to look at a model of farming - cattle are reared on land that is good for nothing else but grass." "It turns out British farming is something of an exception." "Over 80% of our cows are fed mainly on grass, and not fattened up on corn in the last six months of their lives, as many American and Brazilian cows are." "On this farm in the Yorkshire Dales, a rare breed called Link has been introduced." "They can survive longer out in the fields, so they eat more grass and need less feed stock." "They mature more slowly and produce less meat than corn-fed cows but, and this is important, they graze on land that can't be used for crops." "Doctor Evan Fraser believes this type of cattle farming, rather than the American system, is the way forward." "So what's unique, what's different, what's important about what we're seeing here?" "The cows and the sheep eat that small amount of grass and turn it into something we need, and in doing so they're fertilising the next generation of grass, they're keeping the landscape neat and tidy, they're maintaining" "the cultural landscape that we have associated with the uplands of England so it's brilliantly clever." "In America, the last six to eight months of a cow's life are spent on feed lots, which means that they're on concrete pens in somewhere between 10,000 and 100,000 animals fed intensive grain diets, that are augmented with growth hormones and antibiotics." "And it's in that period of time they will essentially double their weight." "At the end of the day the American system is focussed on the amount of kilos of beef they can get for dollar invested." "And that's it." "This system really looks at the animal much more as part of an ecosystem." "It's a seductive argument." "But there's a catch." "If this type of cattle farming became commonplace, the amount of beef on sale would tumble and of course prices would rise." "We can forget about cheap mince and bargain burgers." "In my opinion, this is as sustainable a form of protein that we can get as exists." "Except that this kind of cattle rearing means that some people are going to have to go without because when it gets from this pasture to the plate, it's expensive." "Yep." "So how do you square that?" "Because there are other sources of protein." "There's tons of different kinds of protein and there's a lot of protein in eating corn, there's a lot of protein in other foodstuffs." "We don't all have to eat the same quantity of beef." "Evan Fraser says it's not just about being better for the environment." "He says grass-fed beef tastes better than the corn-fed variety." "Only one way to test that - a blind tasting." "How do you like it?" "Oh, pretty rare." "All right." "Will Evan be able to tell which steak is which?" "I don't have as much flavour to that one and it's a lot easier to chew." "Melts in the mouth as it were." "Whereas this one requires a bit more, a bit more chewing but I'm getting a little more flavour out of it." "So my guess is that this is the grain-fed and this is the grass-fed." "Well, you are... absolutely... right." "No you're right, you're right." "So we're all eating too much beef and that's putting a huge strain on resources, on the environment and it's potentially affecting our health, contributing to such things as diabetes, heart disease, obesity and even cancer." "What we ought to be doing is eating more vegetables." "But then the question becomes - are we producing enough of them?" "It's just after seven in the morning and I'm at New Covent Garden." "It's the UK's largest fresh produce market and the people here call it London's Larder." "But actually the produce comes from all over the world, in fact 90% of the fruit we eat and 40% of the veg is imported." "Paul Bishop is one of the stall holders." "He's been working here for 20 years." "Well, originally our parents, everything was" "English produce and now, for example, we've got apples here from Chile." "My parents in their day wouldn't know what mangetout or fine beans were." "I get onions from Tasmania, takes six weeks to get here." "Onions from Tasmania?" "We've got on them on the stand at the minute, yeah." "British onions are now finished." "We get garlic from anywhere." "We get Chinese garlic." "The Chinese do the best garlic." "It's like having a kind of geography lesson, isn't it?" "Absolutely." "In the UK, we're eating just over two kg of fruit and veg a week." "This amounts to 3.7 portions of fruit and veg per person per day." "Less than the recommended five we keep hearing about." "We need to eat more." "And Paul Bishop thinks it should be home grown." "I believe that stuff should be seasonal." "We should be getting our stuff from England, predominately." "And when it comes in, and when it comes in at the right time for the season, it eats better and tastes a lot better as well." "Everyone's waiting with anticipation." "They know it's going to eat well, they look forward to it." "It's short supply, so there's a high demand." "People want it." "The problem is, if you're giving, if you're giving people something in abundance for 52 weeks of the year, you can get fed up with it." "Predominately I would like to be selling English produce, I would like to be supporting our English farmers." "In fact, a lot of our fruit farmers have gone bust in the last few decades." "And for those who stuck it out, it's still pretty tough." "I'm driving through the Kent countryside." "This all used to be known as the "Garden of England"." "Today it symbolises the decline in Britain's fruit farming industry, in particular its apples." "We're certainly eating plenty of apples - in fact more than ever before." "But we're importing two-thirds of the apples that we actually eat." "I'm on my way to meet a fruit farmer to find out why we're importing so much of the fruit we can grow and always have grown in the UK." "Clive Baxter farms 350 acres of fruit trees." "He grows apples, pears, cherries, plums and raspberries." "They're packed and sent off direct to the major supermarkets from his farm." "This is a great part of the UK for growing conference pears." "It's not just me that says English apples taste better than other ones." "All our supermarket customers tell us that English Gala are better than virtually any other Gala in the world." "So England is a country that could be growing a lot of fruit?" "Yes." "In fact 30, 40 years ago, there was a huge area of fruit here and we used to produce more than 50% of the fruit that was eaten in the this country." "Describe for me what it's like to be a third generation fruit farmer." "To have the sense that you know your family is a part of this." "I have always enjoyed being a fruit grower." "It's a lovely way of life." "You can't get away from that." "But as I keep telling people, it's such a roller coaster ride and in fact, it's certainly more volatile now than it was back in my father's day." "When I go into the supermarket, I see more and more fruit of all sorts from other countries." "How have those imports affected you and other farmers?" "Well, we used to have a situation where the imports complemented our market." "Things have changed." "They tend to compete." "Sometimes they compete at a time when we are right in the heart of our season." "And we're then having to store our product so that it doesn't clash with imported product when we've just picked it." "Before last Christmas, Clive was being paid ten pence less than what it cost to grow his apples." "Prices have since gone back up, but because of the uncertainty, he's only planted a fifth of the new trees he normally would." "When you get to a situation where you are not covering your costs even, how do you react, what do you do?" "I look at all the orchards and which ones are not making money and we usually grub those out." "You just dig up all the plants?" "The high cost of replanting orchards when they've been dug up means few farmers ever do so." "Once they're gone, they're gone for good." "I imagine when I came to Britain about 40 years or so ago as a child, what we ate was whatever was in season." "But today those winter staples like cabbages and cauliflower, well, they've gone right out of fashion." "Try serving some of this to your kids." "Today it's all courgettes and of course French beans." "And we want it all year round." "I travelled to Kenya, which provided us with £115-million-worth of fruit and veg last year." "It's still exporting food to us, even though it's currently in the middle of a food crisis partly caused by drought, which many attribute to climate change." "The food shortage here in Kenya has got so bad that the government has declared a national disaster." "But that hasn't stopped the country from exporting food." "I'm going to meet a farmer who supplies some of Britain's major supermarkets." "Less than a fifth of Kenya's land is suitable for farming." "I'm heading up into one of the most fertile parts of the country which, even in this time of need, is being used to feed us rather than Kenyans." "It's kept green through expensive irrigation, which is watering our vegetables." "Michael Cunnington, who's British, runs a large farm employing 550 people." "French beans, garden peas, what else?" "Behind that we've got baby corn, which again is off to the UK." "We also grow chillies, we grow green and red chillies." "We grow broccoli and we grow courgettes, baby courgettes and these are all for the European market." "All I can say is, I mean I eat all those things, I've probably got a bit of Kenyan in me actually." "I think a lot of people have, I mean this is where they come from." "365 days of the year, you can find them on the shelves." "The crops being picked today can be flown out and on our supermarket shelves within 36 hours." "But not all of it makes it onto the planes." "Some consignments are rejected." "In the week we were there, half a tonne of these beans were returned by the exporters because they were soiled." "It ended up as cattle feed." "It tastes all right." "It's a bean." "Can imagine it in a salad tonight." "But the problem is it's not perfect." "Not good enough for the great British shopper." "There's nothing wrong with them." "There's a bit of a scar, there's a bit of a bend, there's a bit of whatever." "There's nothing wrong." "There is no chemical residue, there is no pollutant of any type on them, they're perfectly good beans." "Big problem... where are we standing we are stood in a field full of soil, and when it rains it splashes the beans." "When you get dirt on the beans, if you can rub it off gently like that, you're fine." "But if we can't wash it off, we can't sell it." "So you know, it depends." "I mean, if we get a really bad day when it's rained a lot we can't pick or we have to throw everything away." "Because it's got soil on it?" "Oh, yeah." "A plant has got soil on it." "Oh, my God." "Now we're getting higher rejections." "The market is demanding a better quality, a much better quality bean so our rejections maybe have gone from 10% to 25% at times." "These farm workers and their families are the lucky ones." "They've got enough to eat while millions of others go hungry each day." "It seemed perverse to me that so much time and effort were going into feeding us rather than crops for the Kenyan market." "There is another way, isn't there?" "You could just forget about these exports." "You could say "I'm going to feed Kenyans"." "We're creating jobs." "We're adding to this country's economy." "What else are we going to do in Kenya?" "Now at the moment, we don't have industry." "80% plus of the population is employed in agriculture." "So we have to use the resources, whether it's soil, water, the climate, the people, whatever, to produce crops." "If we didn't do that, you know, the people would go hungrier than maybe they are at the moment." "The brutal truth is that most Kenyans couldn't afford the food from these commercial farms." "And producing food for us here is using up large amounts of Kenya's scarce resources, particularly its water." "But if water is in short supply, so is money." "The economic benefits of exports are important." "Horticulture is Kenya's second biggest export earner." "And it's not just Kenya." "Across Africa, 1.5 million jobs depend on supplying the UK with agricultural produce." "I know it seems like madness to be growing French beans and exporting them to Brits back home when Kenyans are going hungry." "But you've got to look at it from these workers' points of view." "For them these jobs are precious and the last thing they want is to lose them." "I wish these things were clear cut, but they're not." "This is the other end of the chain - from tropical Kenyan fields to air-conditioned supermarkets like this." "We now buy more than three-quarters of our food from just four supermarket chains and their market share is rising all the time." "In fact, together, they wield a huge amount of power in the food business." "I'm here in Cambridgeshire to talk to Sainsbury's boss, Justin King." "Sainsbury's has been in the food business for 140 years." "Like other supermarket bosses, Justin King plays a pivotal role in the food chain." "In a world of increased competition for food, the supermarkets can be as influential as governments." "Sainsbury's serves around 19 million customers every week." "Would you accept that there's a conflict for a supermarket boss, between always wanting to sell more and more and a planet that needs us to consume less and less?" "No, I don't think there's a conflict because we don't have an agenda to force our customers to eat more than is good for them." "So I don't see any disconnect at all for our business in helping educate our customers about healthier diets, helping educate our customers about more sustainable diets, because often those are one and the same thing - that's good business for us." "Now this display here really is typical of the Western diet." "Loads of meat, good produce." "Do you accept that there's going to be a problem if millions, hundreds of millions of Chinese, hundreds of millions of Indians also wanted to eat this way?" "We'd actually run out." "Well, that's a key trend." "And indeed some of the changes that we've seen in the prices of important wealth commodities in recent years have been driven by that changing diet in the developing world." "What happens is is that when things get more expensive, people buy less of them." "So I think it's very likely that we'll see people's diets changed by that dynamic because the relativity of prices will change." "Beef is more expensive today than it was two or three years ago." "A lot of that has been driven by the changing world commodity for grain, for animal feed and that's driven beef prices up." "And so we're selling less beef." "But at the same time of course we are importing from around the world..." "I wanted to ask Justin King about those quality standards that the farmer in Kenya had found so infuriating." "Still coming in from Kenya." "I'd like us to talk about these Kenyan beans." "Now the farmer showed me some French beans and they looked perfectly all right to me." "But he said half a tonne of them had gone waste because supermarket bosses like you were saying oh, they are either too gnarled or they've got little brown spots heaven forbid they've got some soil on them." "I mean that can't be right." "Well, we have to set standards because ultimately that's what our customers demand." "But we absolutely have to take responsibility for the fact that we don't want to create waste." "But we have to make sure that sometimes when product is a little bit less good, we can sell it and you might have seen quite recently there's been some change in European legislation that allows us to sell less good fruit and veg." "So we may at least be given the option to choose unusual- looking fruit and veg." "And hopefully in the future, more of it may be home grown." "We will also see people rediscover seasonality." "Why wouldn't you buy more of what's in season being grown close to home?" "So what that'll do is accelerate the trends that we're already seeing in seasonal eating and local produce." "Two of the mackerels?" "The truth is that a lot of our fish stocks, British fish stocks, are in danger." "Is it just a case, though, of switching what kind of fish you eat?" "Isn't it more about reducing the total amount of fish that we all want to eat?" "I think that's true" " I mean, fish is something that when you and I were growing up was a luxury and I suspect when our grandchildren are growing up is going to be considered a luxury again." "So our eating habits are likely to change." "We'll have to start thinking harder about what we put on our plates." "But for too many people around the world, there'll still be a much starker proposition." "They will wonder if there's anything at all to put in their bowls." "The number of hungry people in the world is increasing all the time." "It's gone up by 100 million to nearly one billion in the last five years alone." "Now we're often moved by the sight of suffering on our TV screens we send food aid around the world but despite the celebrity appeals, the wrist bands and the fund raising concerts, a child still dies from hunger every six seconds." "In fact, 25,000 people die every day." "It raises a troubling question." "Could food aid actually be a part of the problem?" "I'm in Kenya to see how they're coping with the food crisis." "Kibera is the largest slum in Africa." "Its million people are crammed into an area the size of 350 football pitches." "I'm going to see a World Food Programme project where they're giving out meals to school kids." "This UN initiative is feeding three and a half million people." "At Kibera school, the dinner ladies are preparing lunch provided by the UN." "It's pretty basic fare, a pot of peas and maize mixed with some oil and salt." "I'm told there won't be any leftovers." "Number of pupils - 370." "The 370 pupils, they'll get one meal today?" "Yeah." "OK, are they getting food at home?" "Some." "Some of them." "They come from poor families." "You think it's ready?" "No, it's not ready." "Are you sure?" "Can I taste a bit?" "Only maize." "I think it's ready." "Over one million kids are receiving food aid in Kenya at the moment." "You know, I've lost count of the number of times I must have watched food distribution like this all over Africa, but in the past it's always been times of crisis, but this is Kenya, one of Africa's most successful countries, and yet last year it was" "the fourth largest recipient of food aid." "Only Ethiopia, Sudan and Zimbabwe got more." "Gabrielle Menezes works for the World Food Programme." "The organisation hopes to feed over 100 million people in 74 countries this year, but it's so far only managed to raise a quarter of the funds to buy the necessary food." "So how important is the school feeding programme that we've just seen?" "Well, at this time in Kenya, school feeding is vital." "People in parts of the country are suffering because of drought, so they haven't been able to grow food." "And in other parts of the country, like the slums, here in Kibera for instance, people just can't afford to buy food." "Food prices have gone up dramatically in Kenya in the past year." "Ranging from 50 to 120% depending on what people are buying, so for many of these kids at school, this is the only food they are going to eat in a day." "32 countries in the world are currently suffering a food emergency." "Food prices in developing countries remain high." "In some cases they're at record levels." "Back in London, I wanted to find out whether food aid was helpful or harmful." "I put that question to one of Britain's leading charities, Oxfam, which regularly runs food aid programmes around the world." "Oxfam's head of research is Duncan Green." "Not all food aid is wrong, some food aid saves lives but if you actually take a large lump of, say, wheat or maize from America and you try and ship it, which is what happens with a lot of food aid, ship it to a poor country," "it often arrives too late, just as farmers are planting and suddenly, the food aid comes in, drives prices down." "And the farmers lose their market so actually it can be a deterrent to recovery if it's done in the wrong way." "If food aid is a part of the problem, where does that leave people like Oxfam?" "I mean you are always, in the public eye anyway, always asking for more." "Giving people food isn't always the right response." "We've found in many cases, the best thing is to give them money." "People prefer it because it gives them choices and dignity." "And if they have the money they then spend it on locally produced food because usually there is food, they just can't afford it, and that actually stimulates the local agriculture, the local economy." "Dumping the surpluses from Europe or America is often a very bad idea." "What is the biggest challenge do you think there is in trying to feed a hungry world?" "You've actually got to spend a lot more money helping small farmers in particular improve their yields, get their food to market, make a living." "Make a decent living and that might slow down this mass migration to the cities because farmers are giving up farming and moving en masse to the cities." "And urban hunger is becoming an increasing problem." "When world leaders gathered for the food summit about ten years ago, they set a target to halve the number of malnourished people around the world by 2015." "But the recent rise in food prices has made achieving that goal much more difficult, and the finger of blame is being pointed at us here in the rich world." "We're being accused of creating even more hunger." "In 2008, people in poorer countries across the world started taking to the streets." "They had a common cause." "Food prices were rising so fast that millions of people could no longer afford the food on their shop shelves." "I'm in India to find out what was pushing prices up." "The huge surge in food prices in 2007 and the riots that followed were a kind of dress rehearsal for the instability some experts were already predicting." "I suppose it's worse to see food in the shops and not to be able to buy it." "Instead of resignation, you get rage." "Here in India, just a 10% rise in the cost of food means an extra 40 million people are pushed into poverty." "Several factors were blamed for the increase in food prices." "One of them was the enthusiasm for biofuels." "As oil prices went up and climate change fears grew, farmers around the world switched to crops that could be used to produce low-carbon fuel." "But they did so on land that would otherwise have grown food." "An estimated one quarter of the US maize crop will go to produce fuel this year." "This field is planted with jatropha." "There's quite a buzz around it in environmental circles." "It's seen as the latest renewable alternative to fossil fuel." "It's being grown in Chattisgarh in central India, an area now dubbed India's biofuel state." "Before jatropha was planted, 18 families used to get food from this field, which was regarded as common land." "The local farmers had their crops uprooted by the authorities - they are now relying on food handouts." "When our crew arrived, the villagers had gathered to discuss the next stage in their resistance to the planting of jatropha." "The villagers have ripped up some of the jatropha, but it's been replanted." "Ajiit Ekka has been jailed for her resistance." "She and other villagers vow to fight on." "India wants 20% of the nation's diesel fuel to come from crops in just eight years' time." "This would require an additional 14 million hectares of land." "The Indian government says that land used to feed the population should not be used to grow crops for fuel." "But there've been many reported cases of farmers around the developing world being thrown off their land." "Vandana Shiva is one of the leading voices in India who's questioning the fervour for biofuels." "The problem with industrial biofuels is that they are very, very large scale and very centralised and they're talking about millions of hectares diverted out of food production." "You can predict there's going to be more malnutrition, more hunger." "How does that translate on the ground in a small farming community?" "Well, on the ground first and foremost it's leading to a massive land grab worldwide and a massive displacement of the people who could produce food for themselves as well as for others in their community and their country." "So it's literally a case of taking food from the mouths of the poor and putting it into cars, if I can put it that way?" "That's how I see it, that's how a lot of people see it." "Driving through the British countryside, you might think all these crops out there were headed in one way or another onto our dinner plates." "In fact, an increasing amount of land is diverted not to growing food, but to growing crops for fuel." "Sugar beet and oilseed rape are the UK's largest biofuel crops and together, last year for example, they provided 60 million litres of fuel." "I'm heading off to look at one of the UK's few biofuel plants." "This is British Sugar's Wissington plant, the largest sugar refinery in Europe." "But sugar beet here doesn't only go to make sugar." "It also makes biofuel." "Government regulations introduced last year mean that 2.5% of fuel sold in our petrol stations in the UK must come from renewable sources like biofuels." "Over a billion litres of biofuels were used in the UK last year." "And in line with European Union policy, the proportion of biofuels we burn in our vehicles must reach at least 6% by 2020." "Dr Jeremy Woods is one of Britain's top experts on biofuels." "Basically you're taking a plant, sugar beet, and you're ending up with something that can go in my car, if I had the right kind of car." "In fact, if you have a petrol car, you probably already have a little bit of this, a bit of Brazilian sugar cane ethanol in it already, so up to a certain per cent, up to a certain blend," "any car can run on this, but if you want to have a higher blend, if you wanted to just run on that, you would need a new vehicle with a different sort of engine." "What do you say to those people who say we're at a historic juncture right now?" "This is the only time in history where food and fuel have competed with each other." "In part it's likely that biofuels were responsible for part of the increase in the food prices." "But in fact that's been really quite substantially exaggerated and that argument I think has clouded out the potential benefits that biofuels and bioenergy could bring to a future world where oil and gas are becoming constrained." "Can we have a world moving towards biofuels and a world that is also well fed?" "The answer I believe is an emphatic yes." "But we have to do it properly." "We have to think again about how we manage that world in the future." "And that world will have bioenergy and biofuels I believe at the heart of it and that should be done in a way that allows us to manage this balance of supply and demand so we get back to a situation where we" "have surplus food, but that surplus food is being used productively, i.e. for bioenergy, for biofuels." "If the experience of the last few years is anything to go by, funding that balance will be difficult." "There'll have to be some way to ensure that biofuel for the rich doesn't come at the expense of food for the poor." "It's as much a political problem as a practical one." "Well, after my journey, I'm not really left in any doubt about the challenges we face." "An expanding population and growing wealth means that diets are changing, there is more consumption, and there's a huge strain on our precious resources." "The depletion of fish stocks is probably the most glaring example of that." "And then there's increased competition for cereal crops between people, cattle and now cars." "We face some stark choices and some tough personal decisions." "The one thing we can't do is go on as if it's business as usual." "On the next stage of my journey, I'll be visiting Havana to see how they're using every scrap of spare land to grow their way out of the food crisis." "I'll find out about the Africans who fear their farm land will be used to feed people thousands of miles away." "And I'll investigate the scientific solutions to our food security problems, from cutting edge growing technology to the great GM controversy." "Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd" "E-mail subtitling@bbc.co.uk"