"pelley:" "Wemayhaveinherited" "Some of our finest qualities" "From parents and grandparents," "But like anything else, there is" "A downside-- part of that" "Inheritance could be a" "Disposition to a variety of" "Deadly diseases." "But the good news is that, since" "The mapping of the human genome," "Science has made some giant" "Leaps in detecting and treating" "Inherited conditions." "By detecting those genes, for" "Example, that predispose women" "To breast cancer, doctors can" "Offer pre-emptive treatment." "Sounds simple enough, but" "There's a catch-- a woman may" "Have that gene, but strange as" "It seems, the gene is really the" "Property of a biotech company" "That's taken out a patent on it." "So far, nearly 10,000 human" "Genes have been patented." "All of the patents are now in" "Question, based on a court" "Ruling just this past week" "Because, as morley safer" "Reports, whether you like it or" "Not, under the current law, a" "Vital part of who you are" "Actually belongs to someone" "Else." "safer:" "Lisbethcerianiand" "Genae girard were both diagnosed" "With breast cancer-- ms." "Girard" "At age 36, ms." "Ceriani at 42." "Breast cancer at a relatively" "Young age is often hereditary." "lisbethceriani:" "Becauseof" "My age and the disease was" "Already very aggressive in me," "They thought there is most" "Likely a genetic component at" "Play." "safer:" "Thewaytofind outis" "Through a test called brac" "Analysis." "It's a blood test in which lab" "Technicians at a company called" "Myriad genetics examine two" "Genes that exist in all of us." "If mutations-- irregularities" "Are found, it means the risk of" "Getting breast cancer and" "Ovarian cancer is extremely" "High:" "Breast cancer, five times" "More likely; ovarian cancer as" "Much as 40 times more likely." "Since a positive result usually" "Means the removal of ovaries" "Before cancer can develop," "Doctors told lisbeth she needed" "To get tested." "ceriani:" "I didtrytohave" "The test done several times." "safer:" "And?" "ceriani:" "Myinsurance" "Actually covers the test and" "Would pay for the test, but the" "Lab won't accept my insurance." "safer:" "Myriadgenetics" "Charges about $3,200 for the" "Test, and most insurance" "Policies do cover it." "But myriad wont accept miss" "Ceriani's plan because it won't" "Pay the full amount." "ceriani:" "I don'thavethe" "$3,200 to pay for that test, and" "I spent days trying to track" "Down what is going on." "If my insurance covers it, there" "Must be someplace else I can" "Bring this test." "I mean, it's..." "It's a simple" "Blood test." "It's not a complicated" "Procedure." "And after all the research, I" "Found out why, and learned" "Myriad is the only game in town" "And..." "And they want it all." "safer:" "Myriadgenetics" "Controls all testing on the two" "Breast cancer genes because they" "Own the genes, lock, stock, and" "Barrel." "They patented them." "No one else can legally test for" "Them, or look at them, or even" "Develop potential therapies that" "Are based on them without" "Myriad's consent." "When it comes to inherited" "Breast cancer, it's myriad or" "Nothing." "Just ask genae girard." "Since doctors suspected that her" "Cancer was also genetic, she too" "Got tested, and her results were" "Positive." "Doctors recommended that she" "Have a double mastectomy and" "Have her ovaries removed." "genaegirard:" "Whichwas a" "Very tough decision." "I mean, I'm still in my 30s, and" "This is going to change my life," "Whether or not I ever want to" "Have children." "And that..." "That was a big deal." "safer:" "Soshedid the" "Obvious-- sought a second" "Opinion, another genetic" "Sequencing from a different lab." "But her doctor told her that" "Wasn't possible." "girard:" "I thinkmyriad" "Laboratory is a very reputable" "Company, but I know for a fact" "That there's human error that" "Exists in laboratories, and I" "Would have felt a lot better" "About these decisions if I had" "That." "safer:" "So,whetheryou like" "It or not, myriad owns that gene" "That's in both of you." "girard:" "Yes." "ceriani:" "Nooneinventedmy" "Gene." "They didn't change or alter my" "Gene." "All they're doing is looking at" "It." "( laughter )" "It's crazy." "safer:" "Loriandrewsagrees." "She is a professor at chicago" "Kent college of law and has made" "A specialty of genetics." "When we think of patents, we" "Think of things like thomas" "Edison and his light bulb." "You know, guys who invented" "Things." "loriandrews:" "Well,you 're" "Right about what the patent law" "Was intended to do, which was to" "Reward inventors who brought" "Something new in the world." "But the patent on human genes" "It's as if the first surgeon who" "Took a kidney out of your body" "Then patented the kidney." "safer:" "Itallstartedin 1980, when the supreme court" "Ruled that a life form-- a" "Genetically altered bacterium" "Used to clean up oil spills" "Could be patented." "Biotech companies saw that as an" "Open door to patent another life" "Form-- human genes." "Since then, nearly 10,000 have" "Been patented, nearly a third of" "The genes in your body and mine." "Lori andrews says those patents" "Can have serious implications" "For health care." "andrews:" "A typicalgene" "Patent says, "I own the gene." "I own any mutation later found" "By anybody else." "I own any treatment based on the" "Gene later found by anybody" "Else."" "And in this case, myriad owns" "Breast cancer." "safer:" "Myriadwonafierce" "Scientific race to identify the" "First breast cancer gene in 1994." "Soon after, they patented the" "Discovery, and since then, the" "Company has maintained complete" "Control over testing and has" "Aggressively marketed its own" "Test." "Ifoundoutmyrisk through" "Brac analysis." "safer:" "Morethan400,000" "Women have been tested for the" "Gene." "But professor andrews says that" "Myriad's history of patent" "Enforcement has inhibited" "Research and is preventing" "Better detection." "andrews:" "Hereis theproblem" "With having one company own the" "Gene." "There actually is better testing" "In countries that don't patent" "The genes." "Because then, lots of different" "Pathologists and laboratories" "Can look at those genes, and" "Some find mutations that the" "Myriad tests missed." "safer:" "Andthereistheissue" "Of cost." "In most of europe and canada," "Where myriad's patents have been" "Challenged or ignored, the test" "Is given at a fraction of the" "$3,200 myriad charges." "If the breast cancer gene was in" "The public domain, how much do" "You think it would cost for a" "Woman to be tested?" "andrews:" "I thinkmaybe$300." "I've had people, geneticists," "Tell me they would be willing to" "Do it for less than that." "safer:" "Myriaddeclinedour" "Interview request, but in a" "Statement, the company says its" "Patents have greatly advanced" "Women's health, that myriad has" "Encouraged research." "And the company argues that" "There are ways for women to get" "Second opinions, but those" "Second opinions do not include a" "Full comprehensive screening." "Myriad is not the only company" "That aggressively enforces its" "Gene patents." "Dr. Aubrey milunsky, a world" "Renowned geneticist, knows that" "Firsthand." "He is the head of boston" "University's center for human" "Genetics." "dr." "Aubreymilunsky:" "The" "Detection of genes and gene" "Defects have become critically" "Important, because of the" "Massive advances in technology." "safer:" "Andyet,you 're" "Prohibited from looking at" "Certain genes." "milunsky:" "Wehavebeen" "Stopped from offering some 14" "Different tests for relatively" "Common conditions." "safer:" "Stoppedby whom?" "milunsky:" "I 'mreallynot" "Allowed to talk about them." "I'm legally muzzled about that" "Particular subject." "safer:" "Hecan'ttalkabout" "It, but we can." "Milunsky can no longer perform" "Gene tests for disorders like" "Muscular dystrophy, polycystic" "Kidney disease, and for a gene" "That can cause deafness." "That's because a company called" "Athena labs sent him a cease" "And-desist letter when it found" "Out he was testing people for" "Genes they owned." "milunsky:" "A geneis a" "Natural, living thing." "How..." "How on earth can anyone" "Allow patenting of a gene?" "safer:" "He'sparticularly" "Concerned because we've now" "Reached a point where our entire" "Genetic makeup can be examined" "In one relatively simple test." "milunsky:" "Butyoumay have" "Problems, because if there is a" "Gene within that bunch that" "Indeed has been patented, you" "Can't..." "You can't even report" "On it, actually." "And..." "And the lawyers say you" "Shouldn't even be testing it" "Because that's infringing the" "Patent." "safer:" "Butkevinnoonan" "Maintains it's those very" "Patents that are responsible for" "Scientific breakthroughs." "He's a molecular biologist and" "Patent lawyer who often defends" "The biotech industry." "kevinnoonan:" "Withoutthe" "Biotech companies, you don't" "Have the things that give you" "Better health in the first" "Place." "safer:" "Noonansaysthat" "Patents reward financial risk," "And that biotech companies would" "Not undertake the huge" "Investment necessary if there" "Were no economic payoff." "And while he can't speak for" "Myriad and their breast cancer" "Genes, he believes the price" "They charge for their test is a" "Fair one." "noonan:" "You'renotonly" "Paying that $3,000 for this" "Particular test." "But how many years did people" "Try to find this gene and not" "Succeed?" "And how many other genes have" "They looked at and not" "Succeeded?" "That costs money." "That costs investment." "safer:" "Thiswholedebateisa" "Far cry from the days of jonas" "Salk, who in 1955 announced he" "Had developed a vaccine for" "Polio." "whoownsthepatentonthe" "Vaccine?" "dr." "Jonassalk:" "Thereisno" "Patent." "Would you try to patent the sun?" "safer:" "Hesaiditwaslike" "Trying to patent the sun." "noonan:" "Yes,Iknow." "But maybe it was a slightly" "Different time." "Today, you're going to have to" "Have people to get their" "Investment back." "safer:" "Butthey'renot" "Selling cars, they're selling" "Health." "noonan:" "Whetherit 'scarsor" "Health, there has to be a profit" "For some investor to invest." "If we want to eliminate profit," "We're talking about a different" "Economic system." "safer:" "I don'tthinkpeople" "Are talking about the" "Elimination of profit; they're" "Talking about reasonable cost." "noonan:" "Again,Ithinkthat ," "Yes, I'd like the test to be" "Cheaper." "And when the patents expire," "They will be." "safer:" "Thelastofmyriad's" "Patents on the breast cancer" "Genes expires in eight years," "But if chris hansen has his way," "That could be even sooner." "He is the lead lawyer for the" "American civil liberties union" "In what could be a landmark case" "Against myriad genetics and the" "U.S. Patent office." "The case has the support of" "Nearly the entire medical" "Establishment that deals with" "Genetics." "chrishansen:" "Allofthose" "People are saying, "the patents" "In this case hurt women's" "Health."" "safer:" "Hansensaysthat" "Myriad's patents are" "Unconstitutional and should be" "Invalidated." "hansen:" "There'sa" "Longstanding patent law doctrine" "That says you can't patent the" "Laws of nature and products of" "Nature and abstract ideas." "And that's what happens when you" "Patent genes." "safer:" "Butwhatwas the" "Rationale of the patent office" "In approving this?" "hansen:" "Thatisolatingand" "Purifying the gene is so" "Transformative that it makes it" "A different thing." "safer:" "Butit 'sstillnot an" "Invention?" "hansen:" "Theywouldsay that" "By taking it out of your body" "And stripping away some of the" "Pieces, they..." "It's no longer a" "Product of nature." "It's now an invention." "We think that's nonsense." "If myriad develops a new drug, a" "New treatment, a new test, they" "Can get a patent and they should" "Be able to get a patent." "What they shouldn't be able to" "Do is get a patent over the gene" "Itself." "safer:" "Lisbethcerianiand" "Genae girard are two of the" "Plaintiffs in the lawsuit." "Since our interview, myriad" "Contacted lisbeth and said she" "Was eligible for a nonprofit" "Program for patients who cannot" "Afford the test." "She took the test and her" "Results were positive." "She had her ovaries removed a" "Few weeks ago, but the anxiety" "Caused by her genetic" "Inheritance doesn't end there." "Given your genetic history, what" "About your daughter?" "ceriani:" "Shewillhaveto" "Assume that she's at higher" "Risk, going forward." "And one way or the other, I'll" "Make sure she's tested." "safer:" "Genaegirarddid go" "Forward with the surgery to have" "Her ovaries removed on the basis" "Of the results of that single" "Test." "She still finds it hard to" "Accept that a gene inside her" "Own body is, essentially, the" "Property of a corporation." "pelley:" "Thispastweek,a" "Federal judge ruled in favor of" "The a.C.L.U. In its suit against" "Myriad genetics." "The judge wrote that the patents" "On the breast cancer genes were" "Improperly granted because the" "Genes are indeed products of" "Nature." "The ruling could have enormous" "Implications for the biotech" "Industry." "Myriad genetics is appealing the" "Decision." "reporter:" "Aspresident," "George w." "Bush did something" "Momentous that few of you may" "Know about, something so" "Momentous that it is saving" "Millions of lives and generating" "Good will for america around the" "World." "Millions of africans who had" "Been dying of aids are now" "Living with aids, thanks to the" "Bush program." "The u.S. Is providing pills to" "More than two million people" "With hiv/aids, people who could" "Never afford them and who were" "Condemned to die." "The medicine not only saves" "Their lives, it permits them to" "Live full lives." "We went to uganda, where aids" "Has ravaged the country, killing" "More than a million people, and" "Where dr." "Peter mugyenyi, a" "Pioneer against aids, told us" "How grateful he is to americans" "For saving his fellow ugandans." "dr." "Petermugyenyi:" "Wethank," "Sincerely, the american people." "They are the people who are" "Saving lives." "They are the people who can be" "Proud that lives are being saved" "On this continent." "reporter:" "Presidentbush" "Created the program in 2004 with" "The bipartisan backing of" "Congress." "Last year, congress raised the" "Funding to about $7 billion a" "Year for the next five years." "reporter:" "You'vecalledthis" "The greatest aid effort in" "Modern times." "mugyenyi:" "Absolutely." "There has never been a rescue" "Mission, a mission of mercy of" "This magnitude that has produced" "Such magnanimous results." "reporter:" "Hetoldusafricans" "Now see america differently." "mugyenyi:" "Theimpressionthat" "People in africa have of america" "Is that america is no longer the" "World's policeman." "It is now africa's friend." "What an image." "reporter:" "Andhowaboutthis" "Image?" "All of these exuberant looking" "Children-- every one of them" "Has hiv or aids." "They would all be dead or dying" "If it weren't for america." "Now, they're alive and thriving." "Viola is 13." "Her mother died of aids, and she" "Was dying from it, too, until" "She began taking those drugs" "Provided by the United States." "We met viola at her home where" "She lives with her aunt." "That's a lot of pills to swallow" "At once." "viola:" "I takethemeveryday." "reporter:" "Andyounever" "Forget?" "viola:" "I can'tforget." "reporter:" "Whatwouldhappen" "If you forgot to take your" "Pills?" "viola:" "I thinkIcan die ." "reporter:" "Violawillbefine ," "But dr." "Sabrina kitaka, a" "Pediatrician, remembers all the" "Children who died before america" "Came to the rescue six years" "Ago." "She had 2,000 children who" "Needed lifesaving drugs, but" "Only enough pills to treat 30 of" "Them." "So she sent home more than 1,900" "Hundred children with only" "Vitamins and hope-- a false" "Hope, because all but the 30" "Chosen children died." "You were, in fact, playing god." "dr." "Sabrinakitaka:" "But we" "Had no choice." "reporter:" "Nochoicebecause" "She had no pills." "Ed bradley saw that when he came" "Here ten years ago and talked to" "Dr. Mugyenyi, when the situation" "Looked hopeless." "bradley:" "Inbedafterbed," "Dr. Mugyenyi showed us patient" "After patient who couldn't" "Afford drugs, either to fight" "The virus or the diseases it" "Brings." "This man had arrived at the" "Hospital two weeks earlier." "And what would that cost to give" "Him the drugs, other patients" "The drugs that they need?" "u.S.$ 600permonth." "bradley:" "Andaman likethis ," "How much would he make a month?" "maybe$ 5,$ 10permonth." "bradley:" "Evenafterpooling" "Their resources, his family" "Didn't have the money for" "Treatments." "They decided to take him home to" "Die." "reporter:" "Buttoday,generic" "Drugs have made aids pills much" "Cheaper." "Treating one patient for a year" "Used to cost more than $7,000;" "Now, it's less than $300." "As hiv destroys a person's" "Immune system leading to aids," "Patients need these powerful" "Pills-- antiretrovirals, they're" "Called, or miracle pills." "To stop the virus, most patients" "Have to take two to six pills a" "Day." "Now, with the u.S. Paying for" "The pills, aids patients are no" "Longer doomed." "Dr. Mugyenyi can give them all" "The drugs they need and send" "Them home smiling." "mugyenyi:" "Absolutemiracle," "Because this kind of situation," "Lazarus syndrome-- people being" "Resurrected from the dead was" "Inconceivable only five years" "Ago." "reporter:" "Thelazarus" "Syndrome, rising from the" "Dead... mugyenyi:" "Risingfromthe" "Dead." "reporter:" "Butevenwith" "American aid, the battle is far" "From over." "Several sexual customs here make" "Aids hard to contain." "Polygamy is accepted in much of" "Uganda, and infidelity is so" "Widespread that the main chain" "Of transmission is someone" "Having sex outside of marriage" "And transmitting it on to their" "Spouse." "And then there are the sugar" "Daddies." "That's what ugandans call rich" "Old men with young mistresses," "Passing it on to a new" "Generation." "It is such a problem that there" "Are even billboards discouraging" "It." "For example-- "would you let" "This man be with your teenage" "Daughter?" "So why are you with his?"" "Prostitutes still find plenty of" "Customers in kampala, even" "Though half of the women are" "Infected." "All the aids and all the" "Infidelity make aids tests" "Essential." "Two million ugandans are getting" "Aids tests this year, paid for" "By america." "They stand in long lines," "Scrunched up against each other," "Thousands in one day." "Charles byamukuma and his" "Ebullient wife sarah came to get" "Tested together after three" "Years of marriage." "Are you nervous about it?" "sarahbyamukuma:" "Iamcurious" "To know the results." "reporter:" "Butyouare" "Smiling, so you are not very" "Worried?" "charlesbyamukuma:" "No ,Iam" "Not worried." "reporter:" "Remarkably,they" "Welcomed us to watch as a" "Counselor handed them their" "Results, and asked them to read" "Them to each other." "charles:" "Myresultsare" "Positive." "reporter:" "Positive,withhiv ." "And sarah?" "sarah:" "Myresultsare" "Positive." "simon:" "Bothpositive." "Stunned and deflated." "At least now, that's not a death" "Sentence." "Mary kibwakali is expecting her" "Second child in a month." "Her husband, henry, told us, "we" "Have a girl and we're hoping for" "An heir."" "As for their aids tests... henrykibwakali:" "Iamnot" "Worried." "I don't fear anything." "reporter:" "Goodlucktoyou." "But luck was not with mary." "youarehivpositive." "And the husband is hiv negative." "reporter:" "Whenhenryheard" "That his wife tested positive," "We could see him pull away from" "Her." "He did not comfort her when she" "Cried." "Mary doesn't speak english, and" "Henry made it pretty clear their" "Marriage was over." "henry:" "I fearIwillnotbe" "Very comfortable to sleep with" "Her." "simon:" "Atleast,findingout" "Now that mary is positive gives" "Doctors time to minimize the" "Chances that she will pass hiv" "On to her baby." "100,000 children alive in uganda" "Today got hiv/aids from their" "Mothers, either at birth or from" "Breast milk." "And thousands of adults are" "Still dying of aids, because," "Like dan engobi, they didn't get" "Treatment in time." "Engobi is 35 and probably won't" "See 36." "He is wracked by waves of pain," "And just sits or sleeps in his" "Hut, waiting to die." "kitaka:" "Somepeoplecomewhen" "It's too late, and even with" "Antiretroviral drugs, you may" "Not rescue them." "simon:" "Justthen,anatty" "Young gentleman caught my eye." "Hello, hello." "Do you know anything about" "This..." "This fellow here?" "hesayshe 'scalledmichael." "simon:" "Michael?" "uh-huh." "simon:" "Hello,michael." "Does he have aids?" "yes,hedoes." "simon:" "Buttheamerican" "Program will save his life." "yes." "And that, as a pediatrician, is" "My joy, to see every single" "Child grow up to full capacity" "And be a responsible citizen of" "This nation." "reporter:" "Thislittlefellow" "Could be an old man one day." "And he'll have to change his" "Suit, but other than that, he'll" "Be just the same." "exactly,yeah." "simon:" "A ugandansingernamed" "Supercharger wrote a song" "Thanking america, because he has" "Aids and pills supplied by" "America are keeping him alive." "He's paid, partly with american" "Aids money, to teach children" "How to avoid aids, while he" "Entertains them." "Uganda's campaign to stop the" "Spread of aids is called "a-b" "C":" "A for "abstinence," b for" ""be faithful to your partner,"" "And c for "condoms."" "But lately, the government has" "Stressed abstinence and" "Fidelity, with condoms running a" "Distant third." "presidentyowerimuseveni:" "It's a fallback position." "simon:" "A " fallback"--that's" "How uganda's president, yoweri" "Museveni, refers to condoms." "museveni:" "It'sbetterthan" "Being sick." "simon:" "Butyouthinkcondoms" "Are a last resort?" "museveni:" "Certainly,they're" "A last resort in our culture." "But in case you can't abstain," "You can't be faithful, then, go" "For the fallback position." "simon:" "Inthiscountry,which" "Is 80% christian, the priests" "And the president sing the same" "Song-- abstinence for singles," "Fidelity for married couples," "And condoms for those who can't" "Measure up." "pastormartinssempa:" "When" "Hiv/aids comes, we can defeat it" "With a magic bullet called" "Abstinence and faithfulness in" "Marriage." "simon:" "Pastormartinssempa," "A ugandan evangelical, tries to" "Sell abstinence to tough" "Customers-- students on the" "Campus of makere university." "The u.S. Is spending $17 million" "A year in uganda for abstinence" "Programs alone, but it's not" "Working." "The aids rate is inching back" "Up, above 6%, because now that" "Aids is no longer a death" "Sentence, people are getting" "More careless about spreading" "It." "Sadly, the solution has become" "Part of the problem." "If people are becoming" "Complacent about aids, how do" "You as a preacher put the fear" "Of god into them?" "ssempa:" "I thinkit 'sthefear" "Of aids in them." "simon:" "Butdoesn'teveryone" "Now know the risk of aids?" "ssempa:" "No." "Every year, there is a new group" "Of young people that come into" "Sexual maturity; there's a group" "Of adolescents that enter into" "Sexual experimentation." "They have never heard that aids" "Spreads." "They have never seen someone die" "From hiv/aids." "simon:" "Anddisasteris" "Looming, because in africa, a" "Million more people a year will" "Come down with hiv/aids." "The u.S. Says it simply can't" "Afford caring for anymore new" "Patients so, unless other" "Wealthy countries step up," "Millions are doomed." "For now, the u.S. Says it will" "Keep treating people already in" "The program." ""thank heaven," says" "Pediatrician sabrina kitaka." "Are you convinced or optimistic" "That the americans will go on" "Doing this?" "kitaka:" "Sometimes,Iworry" "That, supposing they stop." "Then what?" "simon:" "Theanswerissimple." "They would die, wouldn't they?" "kitaka:" "That'sthetruth." "And what would all our efforts" "Have come to?" "To zero." "I..." "I, you know, it's like" "Blackmailing the american" "People, but we hope and pray" "That they will continue to" "Support this program." "stahl:" "Withcigarettesales" "Falling, the smoking industry is" "Going smokeless." "Companies like r.J. Reynolds and" "Philip morris are introducing" "New smokeless tobacco products" "That are nothing like your" "Granddaddy's messy old chew or" "Dip." "The companies say these new" "Products-- one is called snus" "Help tide smokers over when they" "Go to places where they can't" "Light up anymore because of" "Smoking bans, like restaurants" "And offices." "Since the bans started going" "Into effect 25 years ago, more" "And more people have given up" "Cigarettes." "Today, the smoking rate is half" "What it was 40 years ago." "And so the companies are" "Investing heavily in developing" "Smokeless, and in changing its" "Image from hillbilly to hip." "Think smokeless tobacco, and you" "Probably conjure up something" "Distinctly unappealing-- a" "Bulging mouthful of wet, brown" "Goo that's smelly and spitty," "Brown and drooly." "Not anymore." "Now, there's snus." "justinbillings:" "There'sno" "Spitting or anything, so no one" "Knows you're doing it." "stahl:" "Whenhe doesit- -when" "Justin billings uses snus, he" "Tucks it-- a tiny tea bag-like" "Pouch filled with tobacco" "Discretely under his upper lip." "There's no lump in his cheek," "And no juice." "Do you snus in class?" "billings:" "Yeah." "It's great." "stahl:" "Whatdo youmean,it's" "Great?" "billings:" "I canbe in class" "And as..." "Instead of looking" "Like, "oh, there's 40 minutes" "Left in this class, I just want" "A cigarette," I can put the snus" "In and continue to pay attention" "And don't have to focus on the" "Tobacco craving." "stahl:" "Snuscurbsthe craving" "As the nicotine absorbs into his" "Gums." "billings:" "Youwanttosmell" "It?" "stahl:" "Yeah." "Billings is 31, a musician and" "College student in l.A. Who has" "Smoked since he was 16." "Kind of grassy." "billings:" "Smellsgoodtome." "stahl:" "Philipmorrisand r.J." "Reynolds have been selling their" "Brands of marlboro and camel" "Snus for about a year." "At $4 a can-- about half what a" "Pack of cigarettes usually" "Costs-- the companies say sales" "Show that snus is catching on." "billings:" "I haveacigarette" "When I get up in the morning." "stahl:" "Here'sjustinat7 :00" "A.M., smoking while he checks" "His email." "He used to dread being stuck" "Someplace where he couldn't feed" "His habit." "Now, he's buzzed on nicotine" "Practically 24/7." "As he heads off to the gym, he" "Pops in a snuns... billings:" "I 'llputthesnus" "In." "And instead of walking, I can" "Jog to the gym, because I'm not" "Carrying a cigarette." "You can't jog carrying a" "Cigarette and... stahl:" "Butyoujog withthe" "Snus." "billings:" "Yeah,Ijog with" "The snus in." "And at the gym, he snuses while" "He's working out." "billings:" "AndI'dfeelreally" "Good and healthy and in shape." "stahl:" "Laterat school,he" "Lights up before class and" "Snuses during class." "At night, there's more snusing" "When he's out with friends at a" "Bar." "And unbeknownst to me, he was" "Snusing throughout our interview" "At a smoke-free restaurant." "All told, he uses about ten" "Pouches of snus and 20" "Cigarettes a day." "You're what they call in the" "Business a dual user." "billings:" "Okay." "stahl:" "Yousmokeand you snus" "At the same time." "billings:" "Orboth" "Sometimes, I have a snus in and" "I'll smoke." "stahl:" "No." "Now, why would you do that?" "billings:( laughs)" "You seem disappointed in me?" "stahl:" "I am." "Because I think you're doubling" "The harm." "billings:" "ButIdon 't" "Understand snus to be that bad" "For you." "stahl:" "Youhaveafeeling" "It's not harmful?" "billings:" "I 've..." "I 'vedone" "As much as read the wikipedia on" "Snus." "What little I know is it's" "Better for you than smoking by a" "Quite a bit." "reporter:" "Dr.Karlfagerstrom" "Agrees that snus, which" "Originated here in his home" "Country of sweden, is nowhere" "Near as harmful as cigarettes." "He's a nicotine addiction" "Scientist who was awarded a" "Medal from the world health" "Organization for his work on" "Medications to help smokers" "Quit." "Can you put a percentage number" "On how much less harmful snus is" "Than smoking?" "dr." "Karlfagerstrom:" "There" "Has been many authorities-- the" "Royal college of physicians in" "U.K., for example-- and they say" "It's somewhere between 99% to 90% less harmful than smoking." "And I..." "And I do agree with" "That." "That's the ballpark." "stahl:" "Fagerstromsayssnus" "Is automatically less harmful" "Because there's no smoke and no" "Inhaling, the cause of most" "Tobacco-related disease." "Let's say I'm a smoker, and I" "Quit and I go to snus." "What have I eliminated in terms" "Of harm for myself?" "fagerstrom:" "Itdoesn'thave" "Any impact on the respiratory" "Airways." "It may not cause any cancer at" "All, except for a possibility" "That it might slightly increase" "The risk of pancreatic cancer," "Which is not a very common" "Cancer." "stahl:" "No,butit'sapretty" "Deadly one." "Does it create more pancreatic" "Cancer than smoking?" "fagerstrom:" "No,smokinghas a" "Higher risk." "stahl:" "It'sevenworse." "fagerstrom:" "Sostillitis," "Even on pancreatic cancer... stahl:" "Stillless." "fagerstrom:" "Itis areduced" "Risk." "stahl:" "Hesayssnus,which" "Has the same level of nicotine" "As cigarettes, may raise blood" "Pressure, but doesn't cause" "Heart disease." "What about mouth, the gums, oral" "Cancer?" "fagerstrom:" "Thefunnything" "Is that with the swedish sort of" "Snus, it hasn't been found in" "Studies that it does cause oral" "Cancer." "stahl:" "Unlikeamerican" "Chewing tobacco that does cause" "Cancer of the mouth, swedish" "Snus is regulated by the" "Government as a food product, so" "The levels of toxins and" "Carcinogens are kept to a bare" "Minimum." "That's why doctors in sweden" "Recommend snus to people who" "Simply can't stop smoking, even" "Though it's clearly an addictive" "Substance." "They're following a" "Controversial medical practice" "Called "harm reduction," and" "Groups like the royal college of" "Physicians are pushing it for" "Smokers, saying that less" "Hazardous products like snus" ""can save millions of lives."" "karlasneegas:" "At thispoint" "In time, I cannot say these" "Products are safer." "stahl:" "Butin theu.S.," "Health officials like karla" "Sneegas don't like the idea of" ""harm reduction," where you use" "Another tobacco product to fight" "Smoking." "She runs the anti-tobacco" "Program for the state of" "Indiana." "sneegas:" "I thinkthatthese" "Products are going to end up" "Leading to dual use of" "Cigarettes and smokeless tobacco" "Products, and we have no idea" "Whatsoever what is the outcome," "What's the health impact of" "Someone not quitting and using" "Both products." "stahl:" "Inotherwords,you're" "Saying if they do that, it could" "End up being more harmful." "sneegas:" "Itcouldend up" "Being more harmful." "We don't know." "stahl:" "She'salsoskeptical" "Of harm reduction, because" "Tobacco company executives" "Promote it, like susan ivey of" "R.J. Reynolds, the company that" "Makes camel snus." "susanivey:" "BecauseIdon't" "Believe that 45 million" "Americans will quit smoking" "Immediately that we should" "Pursue a harm reduction" "Strategy." "stahl:" "Butthetobacco" "Companies are not allowed to" "Advertise snus as a less-harmful" "Product." "So, the thrust of their internet" "Ads is that it's a way to get" "Around the smoking bans." "thesnusguidetoworkplace" "Boredom." "stahl:" "Thesewebvideosare" "All about snusing at the office" "Or on subways." "thesnusguidetomass" "Transit." "You can put your actual travel" "Time to good use." "stahl:" "Andmagazineads urge" "Smokers to "break free" and" ""just say no"-- not to smoking," "But to no-smoking laws, laws" "That have hurt big tobacco's" "Bottom line." "sneegas:" "Mytake-homemessage" "From that is that these products" "Have been developed for smokers" "To have a way to get their" "Nicotine fix until they can get" "To the place where they can have" "Their next cigarette." "That is not going to help people" "Stop smoking." "stahl:" "Buttheyhavehelped" "People stop in sweden, where the" "Smoking rate has dropped to the" "Lowest in europe, and fagerstrom" "Says snus played a big part," "Particularly with smokers who've" "Failed with things like the" "Nicotine patch or gum." "fagerstrom:" "Andthereason" "For that, we think, is that snus" "Is cheaper, more available." "But it also gives more nicotine," "Which is what they need." "stahl:" "Martintimelltried" "The patch and gum to stop" "Smoking, but like 90% of the" "Smokers who do that each year," "He failed." "Are you open about your snus" "Use?" "martintimell:" "Yes,of" "Course." "stahl:" "There'sno stigma" "Whatsoever?" "timell:" "No,notatall." "stahl:" "Timell,oneof" "Sweden's most popular tv hosts," "Smoked a pack a day for 15" "Years, until his mother, a" "Lifelong smoker, died of lung" "Cancer." "You said to yourself, "okay," "That's it," and you tried to" "Stop smoking without snus?" "timell:" "Yes,Itriedseveral" "Times." "And I didn't manage." "Maybe I'm a weak person, I don't" "Know." "But with snus, it was very, very" "Easy." "stahl:" "Youstartedsnusand" "Stopped smoking... timell:" "Yes." "stahl:..." "Justlikethat ?" "timell:" "Yes." "stahl:" "Becauseit satisfies" "The craving." "timell:" "Oh,yes." "stahl:" "Butnowinsteadof" "Craving cigarettes, timell" "Craves snus, so he still finds" "Himself at the tobacco store" "Every day, feeding his habit." "timell:" "Ofcourse,itwould" "Be much better if I wasn't" "Addicted to nicotine." "But I really am." "stahl:" "You'rean addict," "Period." "timell:" "Oh,yes." "stahl:" "Ofcourse,whatsweden" "Is doing or has done is traded" "One addiction for another" "Addiction." "fagerstrom:" "That'strue." "That is true." "And this is why I'm saying this" "Is not harm elimination." "They are still addicted, and" "Addiction is regarded as a" "Unnatural state." "So addiction is a problem, but" "It's less of a problem than lung" "Cancer." "stahl:" "Hesaysthat,since" "Swedes began switching from" "Cigarettes to snus 30 years ago," "There's been a dramatic drop in" "Lung cancer cases." "And now, sweden is asking the" "European union to reverse its" "Ban on snus, a ban imposed in 1992, before the latest studies" "Showing its harm reduction" "Impact." "Back in indiana, r.J. Reynolds" "Is test-marketing its latest" "Generation of smokeless" "Products, camel dissolvables" "Tobacco in the shape of little" "Brown tablets called orbs or" "Strips or sticks that literally" "Melt in your mouth." "They pack a punch of nicotine" "Equal to as much as two" "Cigarettes." "Karla sneegas thinks r.J." "Reynolds is making dissolvables" "Specifically for teenagers, a" "Charge the company denies." "You pulled together a group of" "High school students to discuss" "Orbs." "What did they tell you?" "sneegas:" "One--"itlookslike" "Candy." "And..." "And who's candy made for?" "Who..." "Who's attracted to candy?" "We are, kids."" "stahl:" "Thestudentsnoted" "That camel orbs look a lot like" "The candy tic-tacs, even have" "The same minty taste, and can be" "Used to circumvent tobacco bans" "In schools." "It's frustrating, says sneegas," "Since smoking bans have been" "Successful in getting people to" "Give up cigarettes." "sneegas:" "Moresmokersdo" "Quit." "They cut back drastically." "stahl:" "They'reshamed." "sneegas:" "Andyouknow," "Cutting back is a great first" "Step." "Sometimes, they go to the point" "Of saying, "well, I can't smoke" "At work anymore." "It's time to quit." "I want to quit anyway." "It's time to quit."" "stahl:" "Hermainworryisthat" "If smokeless catches on, people" "Will end up like justin" "Billings, smoking and snusing." "Justin billings says he may use" "The dissolvables or snus to try" "To quit cigarettes, someday." "But not now." "Now, he smokes and snuses any" "Chance he can." "And I mean, any chance." "billings:" "I canbrushmy" "Teeth." "I can eat dinner." "stahl:" "Youbrushyour" "Teeth... billings:" "Yeah." "stahl:..." "Withthatthingin" "Your mouth?" "billings:" "Itkindofdoesn't" "Make sense, but with..." "With the" "Tooth brushing... stahl:" "No." "billings:..." "It 'seither" "Because I've forgotten it's" "Already in there and I just" "Finished the tooth brushing." "( laughter ) stahl:" "You'rereally" "Addicted." "You really are." "You're an addict." "billings:" "Yeah." "pelley:" "Tonight,andyreads" "Some mail." "rooney:" "I getalot ofmail" "That I put into two piles:" "One" "Pile bad letters; they don't" "Like me." "And one pile of good letters;" "They don't like me either." "Recently, I commented on the 2010 census form and my office" "Got this from jennifer griffith," "In durham, north carolina:" "I mentioned recently how I felt" "About unemployment, and I guess" "I shouldn't have said it because" "I got a lot of negative mail." "Paul davis writes:" "Timothy rowlands from seattle," "Washington, writes:" "Melanie hamilton from lyman, new" "Hampshire, also took exception" "To my unemployment piece." "She writes:" "Good letter, melanie, but most" "People don't go to college to" "Learn how to do something; they" "Go to college to get educated." "I have two favorite letters" "Scott pomerantz writes:" "Well, thanks scott." "I'd hate that, but thanks" "Anyway." "And jude cher-aime from" "Stranahan high school in ft." "Lauderdale writes:" "Jude, you get an "a" in letters." "pelley:" "I 'mscottpelley." "We'll be back next week with" "Another edition of "60 minutes.""