"NARRATOR:" "There is a crisis in forensic science." "The most trusted crime fighting tools responsible for hundreds of thousands of convictions, may not be as bulletproof as once thought." "There's a laundry list of forensic techniques that are now scrutinized." "NARRATOR:" "Fingerprints may not be as unique as we thought." "Nobody's ever questioned fingerprints before." "NARRATOR:" "And decades-old techniques like blood spatter analysis and bite mark comparisons are being exposed as more art than science." "Killers are walking free, and innocent people are going to prison." "I don't belong here." "I'm innocent." "NARRATOR:" "Can new technologies help put the science back in forensic science?" "Now, researchers and crime scene investigators venture into the not-so-distant future where avatar detectives enter murder scenes to witness the moment of death." "We can see the body on the floor." "NARRATOR:" "Forensic engineers make identifications from fingerints of glass." "And coroners conduct virtual autopsies, peeling back layers of 3D victims, exposing once undetectable evidence of murder." "Now, NOVA puts forensics under the microscope to see how good science can go bad and how to make getting away with murder a thing of the past." "Right now on NOVA-- "Forensics on Trial."" "♪ NOVA 40x02 ♪ Forensics on Trial Original Air Date on October 17, 2012" "== sync, corrected by elderman ==" "Major funding for NOVA is provided by the following..." "NARRATOR:" "March 11, 2004." "7:30 a.m." "Rush hour." "Ten bombs rip through Madrid's crowded commuter trains." "191 people are killed, more than 1,800 wounded." "It is the worst terror attack in Spain's history and bears the hallmarks of Al Qaeda." "REPORTER:" "The scale of these attacks has horrified Spain." "Soft targets chosen, no warnings given." "NARRATOR:" "The international manhunt that follows triggers a crisis in forensic science that will shake it to its very foundation." "REPORTER: ...knew about the shoddy work of the FBI special agent." "NARRATOR:" "Forensic techniques trusted by police for over 100 years are shown to be dangerously flawed." "REPORTER:" "...served 18 years in prison for a murder he did not commit." "NARRATOR:" "Killers are walking free while innocent people are sent to prison, and even death row." "MAN:" "This was a gross perversion of justice." "NARRATOR:" "The investigation to find the Madrid bomber sends shockwaves through the forensic community." "And it all starts here." "In a commuter parking lot ten stations away from where the bomb went off, Spanish police find a van." "Inside is a blue plastic bag containing bomb-making materials." "It could be a huge break." "It's possible fingerprints have been left behind on the bag itself." "The idea that every person's fingerprint is unique has been a foundation of forensic investigation for over 100 years." "But this case poses a potential challenge." "The lines and ridges that form the distinctive patterns of fingerprints left on evidence are created from sweat and oil." "A print left on plastic, like the bag recovered in Madrid, can be easily wiped off or distorted." "Mark Acree is a former FBI fingerprint analyst." "Plastic bags by their very nature are nonporous." "The fingerprint is sitting on the surface, and it's very vulnerable to being smeared or smudged." "NARRATOR:" "But there are established ways to recover prints from nonporous surfaces." "Evidence ranging from gun handles to keys to plastic bags are placed in an airtight chamber." "Inside, a chemical called cyanoacrylate, more commonly known as superglue, is heated up." "Its vapors coat the sweat and oil of the print with a sticky white residue, making the print visible." "But it does have limitations." "Superglue chemically alters the lines of sweat and oil and can even obscure details of a print's unique pattern." "Using this method," "Spanish investigators recover a partial print on the bag." "They rush digital photos to forensic labs across the globe, including the FBI." "Examiners first need to determine if there are enough lines and details in the ridges for a clear comparison." "Ridge details are broken down into distinctive shapes, like dots, that look like islands, endings, where ridgelines terminate, and intersecting lines called bifurcations." "From the Madrid bomber's print, the FBI is able to zero in on seven unique traits for comparison." "Now they look for a match." "ACREE:" "They take the image, they encode it, and then it's launched against this database." "NARRATOR:" "From over 47 million criminals, federal employees, military personnel and people of national security interest, the FBI's supercomputer identifies 20 prints that contain some of the same distinctive traits as the Madrid print." "Examiners require that 12 unique traits correspond to declare a match." "The FBI identifies one of the 20 prints that actually shares 15 traits in common with the one found in Madrid." "It comes from the left index finger of this man, a 37-year-old former U.S. Army lieutenant... and a convert to Islam," "Brandon Mayfield." "As a lawyer now living in Portland, Oregon," "Mayfield recently represented a convicted terrorist." "The FBI sneaks into his home while he's at work... taps his phones, collects samples for DNA and watches his wife and children." "On May 6, 2004, just two months after the bombing, the FBI moves in." "MAYFIELD:" "They pushed their way into my office." "They took my hands behind my back, and they handcuffed me." "I didn't know what they were searching and arresting me for." "They never told me." "NARRATOR:" "This fingerprint match sparks the arrest of American Brandon Mayfield as the bomber responsible for the murder of nearly 200 people-- Spain's 9/11." "REPORTER:" "A fingerprint top counterterrorism officials now tell Newsweek magazine is a, quote," ""Absolutely incontrovertible match"" "to Portland attorney Brandon Mayfield." "NARRATOR:" "Mayfield insists on his innocence." "He hires his own fingerprint analyst to testify at a pretrial hearing." "The expert's testimony is not what Mayfield expects." "He sd, "It's a match."" "That's when I knew the train to a death penalty had just pulled out of the station." "NARRATOR:" "Federal agents take Mayfield back to jail to await trial." "Hours later, half a world away," "Spanish investigators make a stunning discovery that changes Brandon Mayfield's life." "I was told that the Spanish police had found that this fingerprint belonged to an Algerian;" "that it wasn't me." "NARRATOR:" "Spanish police determine that the fingerprint belongs to this man" "Ouhnane Daoud, a known terrorist." "REPORTER:" "News from Spain." "A fingerprint found on a bag linked to the Madrid train attacks belongs to an Algerian national, not Brandon Mayfield." "NARRATOR:" "Mayfield is released from jail after 15 days." "Now the question on everyone's mind is, how could this misidentification happen?" "It's a question that will eventually make its way to the United States Congress." "The similarity between Mayfield's print and the bomber's is undeniable." "It challenges a century-old pillar of forensic science-- that no two prints are identical." "ACREE:" "We always assumed that fingerprints are very, very unique." "But what the Mayfield case demonstrates is that parts of a fingerprint can be so similar that it's possible for two people to be identified to one latent print." "NARRATOR:" "The U.S. Congress calls on the National Academy of Sciences, the nation's most prestigious research institution, to conduct an investigation into all forensic technologies and techniques." "In July 2009, they release their report." "In short, they find there's not enough science in forensic science." "The big news was that forensic science was fractured." "NARRATOR:" "Jessica Gabel is a professor of law and frequently lectures on the NAS findings." "It lacks the rigors, the standards, the quality controls and procedures that we find usually in science." "And in that light, forensic science actually can sometimes contribute to wrongful convictions." "NARRATOR:" "The Madrid bomber case is a perfect storm of forensic flaws." "Only a partial print is recovered on a plastic surface, and that is eventually distorted." "There is also a surprising similarity between parts of Mayfield's print and the real bomber's." "Together these could have led to the conviction of an innocent man." "Can modern science prevent this from happening again?" "The answer is deceptively simple-- examiners need a way to expose more of fingerprints' unique details." "I was talking to Dr. Shaler..." "NARRATOR:" "Akhlesh Lakhtakia and his team at Penn State University's Materials Research Institute are eyeing a new technology that promises to do just that." "His project got wings from a fly." "A fly's ability to elude capture fascinated Lakhtakia since he was a boy." "Before you can approach the fly, the fly has seen you somehow or the other, and has flown off." "NARRATOR:" "Lakhtakia wonders if the structure of the fly's eye gives it a unique ability to see predators approaching from all angles." "To find out, he turns to an ultrathin material called CTF" "Columnar Thin Film-- to make an impression of the minutest contours of the fly's cornea." "Each square inch of the film contains billions of glass bristles." "It forms a layer 200 times thinner than a sheet of paper." "When it coats the fly's eye, the bristles conform to every peak and valley." "The result is that microscopic nooks and crannies show up in stunning three-dimensional detail." "The technology isn't helping Lakhtakia catch flies." "But it does give him an idea for how to catch criminals." "Could this technology be used to get the same incredible detail from a fingerprint?" "This film would reproduce the topographic features, the geography, if you will, of the ridges in the fingerprint." "NARRATOR:" "If CTF can capture a fingerprint, it could revolutionize forensics." "But will it work?" "The team places a fingerprint on a glass slide." "The slide is loaded into a chamber called a thermal evaporator." "Inside the evaporator, the fingerprint is sprayed with a microscopically thin layer of vaporized glass." "Unlike superglue, the glass does not chemically alter the oils that form the print." "After about 30 minutes, the glass bristles harden into an ultrathin film that preserves minute details." "Even with the naked eye, the CTF print reveals ridges that would be missing in a superglue print." "With the new technique, the ridges are far more prominent." "LAKHTAKIA:" "You can see creases." "Like, this is a crease." "This is a crease." "This is another crease." "NARRATOR:" "Under a microscope, there are exponentially more ridgelines." "With this technique, examiners in the Madrid bombing case could have had more points for comparison and a better chance to match the fingerprint to the real bomber." "The CTF fingerprint technique is currently being reviewed for use in the field." "But fingerprint analysis is not alone on the list of forensic disciplines currently under the microscope." "There's a laundry list of forensic techniques that are now scrutinized based on the NAS report-- bite mark evidence, footwear impressions." "There's no real science behind it as much as it's just trying to match patterns." "NARRATOR:" "And if that matching process goes bad, people's lives are changed forever." "May 23, 1991." "2:10 a.m." "In a rural community outside Syracuse, New York, police and firefighters rush to a blaze at a farmhouse." "COE ECKER:" "Flames shooting up the front of the house." "Beautiful big two-story farmhouse." "NARRATOR:" "The occupant of the home, 49-year-old Sabina Kulakowski, is missing." "ECKER:" "I took on deputy, and we went up this laneway, worked our way up to about here." "She was nude." "Just about totally covered with blood." "She had been stabbed numerous times." "NARRATOR:" "A distinctive bruise catches his eye." "We noticed a bite mark on the side of the body." "NARRATOR:" "But it gets worse." "At the autopsy," "Ecker sees bite marks on her breast, belly and back." "ECKER:" "We discovered that there was at least four more sets of bite marks." "NARRATOR:" "These marks could be the key to identifying Sabina's killer." "Dr. Lowell Levine is a leading expert on forensic dentistry." "LEVINE:" "The teeth cause a pattern injury in skin." "The person will actually close their teeth down on some tissue." "So a bite mark is really a bruise." "And it's basically a bruise with patterning." "NARRATOR:" "Bite mark forensics is based on the idea that everyone's teeth create distinctive patterns." "To find a match, forensic dentists, or odontologists, make a wax impression of a suspect's teeth." "Then they try to match the pattern made by the size, shape and spacing of the teeth on the wax impression to a photo of the bruise on the skin of the victim." "LEVINE:" "What we're basically doing is looking for similar characteristics in similar locations." "NARRATOR:" "In the murder of Sabina Kulakowski, it doesn't take long to find a suspect to compare for a match." "Investigators learn that six days before the murder, a hard-drinking 31-year-old is released from prison." "His name is Roy Brown." "After a Cayuga County, New York, social service agency takes away his daughter, he threatens a massacre." "What was said was, "What do you want?" ""Do you want me to come down there and open up on you all with an Uzi?"" "NARRATOR:" "Sabina Kulakowski worked at the Cayuga County Social Service Agency." "Police interviews with Brown's ex-wives reveal a bombshell-- when he gets mad, he bites." "Brown denies involvement in the killing." "BROWN:" "I gave them all kinds of samples and tests to show it's not me." "I gave them all kinds of hair samples, saliva samples, blood samples, you name it." "NARRATOR:" "He allows authorities to take a wax impression of his teeth." "It reveals a distinctive pattern." "Brown is missing two teeth." "This leaves wide gaps in the wax impression." "The bruise on the victim should have the same gaps that correspond to Brown's missing teeth." "But it only has a gap on the right side." "It appears Brown's teeth don't match the evidence." "The forensic odontologist examines the bite pattern evidence." "He thinks it shows that Brown bit down and, like a pit bull, twisted his mouth into the victim's skin, obscuring any gap on the left side." "Based on his interpretation of the bite marks, he declares a match." "Police charge Brown with first-degree murder." "I said, "You're making a real serious mistake." "It ain't my teeth, man."" "And they said, "Well, we got confidence in our dentist."" "And that was it." "NARRATOR:" "A jury finds Roy Brown guilty." "He's sentenced to 25 years to life." "Brown spends the next 15 years in jail trying to prove his innocence." "BROWN:" "I don't belong here, you know?" "I'm innocent." "I turned my cell into an office, became my own attorney." "NARRATOR:" "Brown pores over every scrap of evidence." "11 years into his sentence, he finds a clue." "It's a statement taken from one of the firefighters on the night of the murder." "The firefighter's name is Barry Bench." "He's the former brother-in-law of the victim." "They were fighting over her possession of his family's farmhouse." "Transcripts reveal that police questioned Bench is whereabouts the night of the murder." "Brown finds something suspicious in Bench's statement." "BROWN:" "He says, "I left in my 1983 Datsun Century car" ""and went to Jake's Tavern." "I stayed there until 12:30 or 1:00."" "NARRATOR:" "Bench states he then drove home." "But to Brown, something doesn't add up." "He has to drive right by his family farm-- the house that's in flames." "You're going to tell me in the middle of the dark night, a gigantic ball of fire that big is just burning away, and he doesn't notice it or stop or anything?" "And he's a fireman." "NARRATOR:" "Brown sends Bench a letter on December 24, 2003." "He accuses Bench of murder." ""Well, Christmas is tomorrow." ""My gift to you is, mark my words" ""they will eventually find out about your guilt." "Have a Merry Christmas but don't count on a Happy New Year."" "And I sent it out to him." "And I got a hell of a response." "NARRATOR:" "Five days later," "Barry Bench lays down in front of an Amtrak train." "Police become suspicious and decide to compare Bench's DNA to saliva recovered on the victim's t-shirt found at the crime scene." "They match with almost 100% certainty." "Still, the judge believes that the bite mark evidence is strong enough to keep Brown in prison." "There is only one way for Brown to prove his innocence-- exhume Bench's body and compare his teeth to the marks left on the victim." "The case is assigned to Dr. Lowell Levine at the New York State Forensic Science Unit in Albany." "He faces two key questions:" "Did Roy Brown do it?" "And if not, who did?" "First, Levine reviews the forensic evidence that convicted Roy Brown." "He compares the bite marks on Sabina Kulakowski to the wax impression of Brown's teeth." "I can positively tell you" "Roy Brown didn't cause the bite mark on the skin." "LEVINE:" "There is no way that Roy Brown could have caused this area in here." "NARRATOR:" "While the right side of the bite mark has a space, the left side does not." "The bite mark evidence used to convict Roy Brown was based on an implausible interpretation." "It is impossible to get a marking if you don't have a tooth." "JESSICA GABEL:" "Forensic bite mark evidence is more art than it is science." "There is a lot of varied interpretation that goes into that." "NARRATOR:" "One thing is clear" "Roy Brown did not murder Sabina Kulakowski." "After 15 years in prison, 47-year-old Roy Brown is finally released." "He sues the state of New York and wins $2.6 million." "What about Barry Bench?" "Levine examines the teeth from Barry Bench's disinterred jaw." "But there's a problem." "Trauma from the train injury and body decomposition from being buried limits Levine's ability to make a bitemark analysis." "By looking at what we were able to find on Mr. Bench," "I can only tell you it's possible he could have caused the bite marks on Ms. Kulakowski." "NARRATOR:" "Barry Bench's badly deteriorated remains prevent Levine from making a more definitive match." "The Sabina Kulakowski murder case is still open to this day." "So what if there were a way to perfectly preserve evidence, including bodies, and be able to access and examine them in a pristine state, no matter how much time passes?" "In Sweden that's already happening." "The corpse inside this body bag may be the victim of a crime." "It's what police suspect, but have no way to prove." "That's the job of Dr. Anders Persson and his team." "They are about to perform an autopsy." "But this is no ordinary cut-open-the-cadaver job." "In Sweden's Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, this man is about to be sliced up in a virtual autopsy." "It begins inside this CT scanner." "It's like an X-ray on steroids." "Regular X-rays scan just the outline of bones." "But CT scans use a rotating X-ray." "It takes 12 images per second, creating cross-sectional slices of bone, thinner than a dime." "These image slices are stacked side by side, forming a stunning picture of a body's skeleton." "Dr. Persson's team also scans the body through an MRI to search for evidence of damage to organs." "MRIs create a map of the body's tissue slice by slice, using powerful magnets and pulsing radio waves." "The victim is never removed from the body bag." "With the click of a mouse, the covering can be made invisible to get a virtual peek inside." "ANDERS YNNERMAN:" "What we're seeing here is the cadaver inside of the body bag." "And right here is the zipper of the body bag, which is obviously metal." "We have made everything else... the plastic of the bag is now transparent." "NARRATOR:" "The team merges the CT and MRI data to produce a 3D model of the suspected murder victim." "Now, the virtual autopsy begins." "PERSSON:" "I can use a virtual knife and go into the body." "We get rid of the soft tissue, and then I look for small fractures in the skeletons, and for small bleedings." "NARRATOR:" "Some of these fractures and other evidence are invisible to the naked eye." "The most critical are gases." "Gas is a huge problem when you do a normal autopsy." "We can't see it." "NARRATOR:" "Gases escape the body as it's cut open in a standard autopsy." "But in the virtual corpse," "Dr. Persson can punch through the skin without releasing gases." "If he finds trapped gases inside, it could be a telltale sign of strangulation." "PERSSON:" "When you try to strangle someone, you squeeze your hands." "The pressure in the lungs goes up, the pressure in the trachea goes up, and the air goes out in the soft tissue." "NARRATOR:" "Normally, air flows directly up and down the throat, or trachea." "But when a victim is strangled, the air is cut off and the pressure forces air outside the walls of the throat." "In the virtual autopsy, gases show up as blue." "Dr. Persson uses his digital scalpel to get a closer look." "In the soft tissue outside the trachea, he sees something suspicious." "He calls Detective Conny Petterson, one of Sweden's federal crime scene investigators." "PERSSON:" "There shouldn't be blue color outside the trachea." "That's not normal." "And it seems that it could be a strangulation." "NARRATOR:" "The virtual autopsy may have uncovered clues to a murder." "This technology is proving so effective," "Dr. Persson and his team at Sweden's nearby Interactive Institute are designing a portable application." "Called the Virtual Autopsy Table, it's putting digital slice and dice at their fingertips." "THOMAS RYDELL:" "When it comes to medical visualization, the user interaction design is really important." "What you want is an easy-to-use and simple system." "NARRATOR:" "It's like a giant iPad." "Designer Thomas Rydell uses simple hand gestures to peel back skin, arteries or bone." "It fulfills the very meaning of the Greek word autopsia" ""to see for oneself."" "RYDELL:" "Right now we're looking at a woman who had a ruptured aneurism in the brain." "And then by rotating, we can look inside the brain." "So by just using simple gestures, you can control really advanced and huge medical data." "NARRATOR:" "And the team has created a dynamic way to share investigations visually... virtual autopsies in 3D." "YNNERMAN:" "I can see a future when it will be a very powerful tool to show the findings in front of a jury or also during the investigation." "NARRATOR:" "No matter how long ago the crime, investigators will see the dead as clearly as the day they died." "But incredible as this technology is, many of the most trusted forensic disciplines come down to interpretation." "And with interpretation comes error." "Human error touches every aspect of forensic science, because every aspect of forensic science requires a human interpretation." "NARRATOR:" "Dr. Robert Shaler founded the forensics program at Penn State." "He led the DNA identification of the victims of 9/11 at the World Trade Center." "He is also one of the authors of the National Academy of Sciences' report." "I have to begin to question my own training, things that I've believed my entire career." "I agree with the National Academy report." "We need to look at the scientific basis of these determinations." "NARRATOR:" "One area he is working to improve is blood pattern analysis-- an important and frequently used tool for crime scene investigators." "Shaler created this "blood cottage."" "Here he simulates crimes, then applies rigorous analysis to the bloody mess." "He hits me, picks up a baseball bat." "NARRATOR:" "But this is difficult evidence to interpret." "He hits me a second time." "There's blood spatter on the wall." "NARRATOR:" "Shaler and his colleagues invent violent scenarios of bashes and slashes." "Using sheep's blood, Shaler and his partner in crime," "Ralph Ristenbatt, carefully recreate a blood pattern from a knife wound to the neck and an impact blow from a baseball bat using a stand-in for a human skull-- the severed head of a pig." "It's the best thing short of actually hitting somebody." "NARRATOR:" "Blood splatter seems helter-skelter to the untrained eye, but blood forms patterns in several ways-- drips from wounds, pools from blood draining from the body, spatter, the result of impact blows, and spurts from severed arteries." "Examiners can use this evidence to recreate a crime step by step." "(gunshots)" "And it can even tell them the type of murder weapon used." "SHALER:" "Because knives have very thin edges they have a tendency to produce these kinds of patterns." "So what we see here is an elongated droplet with a very thin point." "And we know that it's going from left to right because it's pointing in the direction that it's moving." "So what we'd like to do now is to..." "NARRATOR:" "Now Shaler brings in future crime scene investigators to interpret the bloody mess." "That interpretation can mean the difference between a suspect's innocence or guilt." "KATHERINE O'HANLON:" "We can see that there are bubbles in the blood, which indicates that there's saliva in with it, which makes it seem that it came from the person's mouth." "NARRATOR:" "And analyzing the angle of the blood marks can help investigators pinpoint the location of each impact." "So we can infer that this came first, and then as the body fell to its final resting place, there was a second blow, and then the pool of blood." "NARRATOR:" "Investigators reverse-engineer from the pool of blood to reconstruct the story of the crime-- exactly where the struggle took place, how many times the victim was hit, what kind of weapon was used, and the step-by-step movements of the killer." "But even the best-trained analyst can misread that story, especially if the evidence itself is compromised." "It's an alarmingly common problem which the NAS says is caused by a lack of standard forensic practices." "Nowhere has this issue received more attention than in one notorious case cited in their report." "On June 13, 1994, about 12:10 a.m., in an upscale Los Angeles neighborhood, these bloody paw prints of a dog lead police to the site of a horrific crime scene." "Detectives discover the body of a woman in a black dress." "Her throat is slit so deeply, her head is nearly decapitated." "It is Nicole Brown Simpson, the estranged wife of football legend O.J. Simpson." "Her friend Ronald Goldman lies nearby, stabbed more than 20 times." "Making sense of this crime scene is a challenge." "And this investigation is compromised before it even starts." "Dozens of police and reporters roam through the crime scene, smearing the blood and tracking it with their feet." "The forensic team finds several shoe prints, but there's no way to tell which prints belong to police and which belong to the killer." "Renowned forensic investigator Dr. Henry Lee is one of the expert witnesses during the trial." "He believes any blood pattern evidence found at this murder scene is rendered useless." "Once you step on the bloodstain, you change the pattern now." "NARRATOR:" "The contamination of the crime scene and evidence only gets worse." "Just before 5:00 a.m., detectives race to O.J. Simpson's home, two miles away." "Simpson is not there." "A houseguest lets police in." "In O.J.'s bedroom they find crucial evidence-- this pair of dark socks." "Forensic examiners at the LAPD find four bloodstains on the socks." "Two located near the calf area." "One is the ankle area, and the other one near the toe area." "NARRATOR:" "Through DNA, a person's genetic fingerprint, the lab finds that three of the bloodstains belong to O.J. Simpson and the fourth belongs to Nicole Simpson." "LEE:" "That's very crucial for the case." "Why?" "Because that's a direct linkage." "Puts O.J. Simpson, suspect's, socks at the scene, and victim's blood somehow transferred to the socks." "NARRATOR:" "DNA, when properly analyzed, is the most scientifically sound forensic evidence." "Matching a suspect's DNA to evidence like blood found at a crime scene gives police near statistical certainty that they have the right person." "DNA is based on hard science." "There is chemistry, there is biology, there is math involved with it." "The NAS report singled out DNA as this pillar of what the other parts of forensic science should inspire and ascribe to be." "NARRATOR:" "Nicole Brown Simpson's DNA found on the socks in O.J.'s bedroom is crucial evidence used to link him to the crime." "Police arrest him for the double murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman." "Simpson' s trial lasts more than nine months-- the longest in California history." "Jurors make their decision in just four hours." "JUROR:" "We the jury in the above entitled action find the defendant, Orenthal James Simpson, not guilty of the crime of murder in violation of Penal Code Section 187A..." "NARRATOR:" "It is a stunning and, some say, shocking verdict." "DNA on the sock irrefutably links Simpson to the victim." "Even Dr. Henry Lee," "Simpson's defense team's chief forensic scientist, admits that." "So how did the jury find him not guilty?" "The O.J. case really revealed the problems that can happen before the evidence ever gets to the lab." "NARRATOR:" "The O.J. defense team casts doubt on nearly every piece of evidence, illustrating how police contaminated the crime scene, and suggesting even worse-- actually planting evidence to frame Simpson." "Dr. Lee points out clothing the LAPD presented from Simpson's bedroom." "Well, let's bring two pictures up." "You see a suspender." "And the suspender actually runs over the end of the bed near the box spring." "But you have a second picture." "The suspender actually stopped next to the bed, did not go over." "So of course, this obviously tells us somebody moved the suspender." "NARRATOR:" "The moving suspender is one of many contamination problems." "More critical are the bloody socks that directly link Simpson and the murder victim through DNA." "This LAPD photo shows the socks on the floor." "But testimony from a police videographer claims earlier in the day there were no socks." "How can the socks be there at 4:35 when you just saw they're not there at 4:13?" "NARRATOR:" "O.J.'s defense team suggested the LAPD put the blood on the socks and planted them." "Who's fooling whom here?" "NARRATOR:" "The legitimacy of other evidence is also questioned." "This bloody envelope was moved." "A crucial fingerprint on this gate was lost." "Shoeprint evidence was not collected properly." "Time after time the defense put the evidence, not O.J. Simpson, on trial." "I think it's absolutely a question of how the evidence was handled." "The prosecution simply couldn't prove beyond a reasonable doubt that O.J. Simpson committed that crime." "It's a classic case study in what can go wrong with evidence." "NARRATOR:" "Beyond the question of O.J. Simpson's innocence or guilt, the NAS report suggests justice cannot be served if the crime scene is compromised." "But what if police had a tool that could create a digital clone of the crime scene, a perfect record to eliminate any doubt about evidence being moved or contaminated?" "Well, here they do." "When we come into the house, we find a victim who is laying down on the kitchen floor." "There's a large amount of blood around the head area." "From the amount of trauma that we see on the body and the amount of blood evidence that we see on the walls, we have evidence of a struggle." "NARRATOR:" "Detective Jeff Locklear starts piecing clues together." "The landlord of this abandoned house, who discovered the body, heard rumors of a squatter and came to check it out." "Through the window of the back door he says he may have seen the killer." "When I heard the scuffling and saw the guy run out..." "Our witness says that he came in through this door, and then he saw the suspect flee through that window." "And then he looks down and he sees a body right here on the inside of the kitchen, just inside this wall." "NARRATOR:" "Sorting this one out will be messy." "But, thankfully, none of this is real." "It's a simulated crime scene, designed to test a secret high-tech weapon called IC-Crime." "It is being developed by faculty from North Carolina State University." "David Hinks and his team use a 3D laser to create a 360-degree view of the crime scene." "Then, using the virtual replica, they'll attempt to reconstruct the crime." "A 3D scan will actually take an image of every piece of visible evidence in a room." "It means that you have a permanent record." "You can go back to the scene again and again and again." "NARRATOR:" "The scan team starts by recording millions of tiny points of the crime scene with an invisible infrared laser." "They record the victim's exact position, the severe trauma to his head, blood spatter on the walls, and what appears to be the murder weapon." "So when we get it back into the lab and we've aligned it, you'll be able to see various viewpoints coming in from different angles in the house." "NARRATOR:" "It's a forensic dream come true." "To be able to go back at any time of our choosing and be able to view it, be able to interact with the evidence, it's awe-inspiring, if you ask me." "NARRATOR:" "With the murder scene digitized, the data is now ready to go virtual." "And for that, the laser scanners partner with some unlikely colleague in crime-- video gamers." "Inside North Carolina State's Digital Game Research Center, director Michael Young and his team are using similar technologies as in games like Grand Theft Auto." "YOUNG:" "Game engines provide a fantastic opportunity for serious applications of the technology like crime scene investigation." "NARRATOR:" "The crime scene is built on data triangles from the laser scan." "Each triangle is one surface." "And they line up perfectly." "So you have a triangle here and then a triangle here." "And you keep doing that, until you have an entire surface." "NARRATOR:" "Next the team overlays high-resolution photos of each room, enabling detectives to see views from any angle." "With the 3D replica complete, lead scanner David Hinks attempts to corroborate the witness's testimony that he saw the killer leave through the window." "He positions himself to where the landlord said he was standing when he discovered the body." "Now we're in the scene." "I'm standing virtually at the back door to the house." "The eyewitness said that he didn't actually enter the house, but he could see through an interior window through to the next room." "I heard somebody scuffling." "You know, running, like." "So when I looked across that's when I saw a guy, looked like he was going out the window out here." "NARRATOR:" "Hinks discovers that from where the landlord was standing outside, he can't see into the scene of the crime." "You can't see through this door and onto the exterior window, as the eyewitness indicated." "Let's go down into the kitchen and then look to the left, through this open area." "Now we can see the exterior window." "So the eyewitness must clearly have been around this location to be able to see anybody leave from this window." "NARRATOR:" "The landlord's story doesn't add up." "Hinks doesn't have to rely on his own interpretation." "The scanner proves the landlord had to go into the house to see the killer." "And there is another inconsistency." "An interior door behind the body was open when police arrived." "We can see the body on the floor." "You can see the blood spatter." "You can see the hammer here." "What we can do virtually is close the door." "It's clear from the spatter pattern that the door had to be closed during the event." "NARRATOR:" "The landlord stated that no one entered the house immediately after the murder." "But someone opened the door." "The IC-Crime technology allows investigators to step into the scene and catch the landlord in two lies." "That makes the landlord a prime suspect in this simulated murder." "With a perfect record of the crime scene, police can be sure it's the suspect who's put on trial and not the forensics." "So now our intent is that we're linking our virtual environment to various databases." "NARRATOR:" "Project manager Mitzi Montoya believes the power of the IC-Crime system is that it replaces intern with objective facts." "We now have a way to collect all the data and the information about a scene, keep that in a single record, in a single environment, where forensic experts, wherever they might be, distributed around the country or around the world," "can interact and interpret that information." "NARRATOR:" "In addition to a virtual crime scene, investigators will one day add the very best of new forensic technologies being developed, like 3D fingerprints, virtual autopsies and DNA." "That evidence can be presented by prosecution and defense, assessed by medical examiners and forensic scientists, and judged firsthand by a jury." "These technologies will ensure the most reliable evidence is presented and interpreted in the service of justice." "Technology moves us forward." "It gives us the ability to do things that we weren't able to do before." "It gives us the ability to answer questions that we didn't even think of asking before." "NARRATOR:" "In the future, these technologies may put science back in forensic science, and make sure police put away the right criminal every time." "== sync, corrected by elderman ==" "Are criminals born or made?" "Are some people more prone to violence than others?" "What is the warrior gene and what is its relationship to aggression?" "Cutting-edge forensics get inside the criminal mind."