"CAPTIONING MADE POSSIBLE BY ACORN MEDIA" "HELLO." "I'M SUSAN SARANDON." "IN THE PREVIOUS PROGRAM OF "MYTHOS,"" "JOE CAMPBELL TOOK US TO THE SACRED CAVES" "OF OUR EARLY ANCESTORS TO FIND THE FIRST TRACES" "OF MYTHOLOGICAL THINKING," "THE ARTIFACTS OF A RACE OF HUNTERS AND GATHERERS." "IN THIS PROGRAM," "HE MOVES THROUGH THE FIRST MAJOR TRANSFORMATION IN HUMANKIND." "IT BEGINS WITH THE EMERGENCE OF AGRICULTURE" "AND CULMINATES WITH THE WORLD'S FIRST GREAT EMPIRE:" "EGYPT." "IN A SENSE, THIS IS A HISTORY LESSON," "A DANGEROUS THING TO SAY." "TODAY THERE SEEMS TO BE NO QUICKER WAY" "TO DISMISS SOMETHING AS UNIMPORTANT" "THAN TO LABEL IT HISTORY, OR WORSE STILL, ANCIENT HISTORY." "YET, WITH JOE, ANCIENT HISTORY ISN'T SIMPLY SOMETHING" "THAT HAPPENED TO SOMEONE ELSE A LONG TIME AGO," "IT IS SOMETHING THAT HAPPENED TO US AS MEMBERS OF THE HUMAN RACE." "IN THE TIMELESS IMAGES OF THESE ANCIENT CULTURES," "WE GET A GLIMPSE INTO OUR OWN SPIRITUAL LIVES" "AND THE LIVES OF THOSE WHO CAME BEFORE US." "NOW WHAT I WANTED TO TALK ABOUT THIS AFTERNOON" "IS THE NEXT GREAT STAGE:" "THE STAGE OF THE EMERGENCE OF THE CITY CIVILIZATIONS" "IN THE NEAR EAST, AND WE GET INTO THE HISTORIC PROCESSES." "A REMARKABLE THING HAPPENS IN CERTAIN PLACES AT CERTAIN TIMES," "NAMELY THE TIMELESS IDLE OF THE NATURE RELIGIONS" "YIELDS TO A TEMPORALLY-ORDERED PROCESS" "SO THAT CIVILIZATIONS EMERGED THAT HAVE HISTORIES:" "A YOUTH, A MATURITY, AND AN AGING," "AND WE SEE WHERE WE ARE ON THIS CYCLE." "I'M GONNA START HERE IN SOUTH TURKEY, ANATOLIA AS IT'S CALLED." "LITTLE TOWN CALLED CATAL HUYUK." "THERE WAS A VERY IMPORTANT SERIES OF EXCAVATIONS HERE" "CONDUCTED BY JAMES MELLAART." "WITH THIS, THE ANTIQUITY OF PLANTING CULTURES IN NEAR EAST" "WAS LOWERED DOWN TO ABOUT 10,000 B.C." "HERE IS THE PLAIN WHERE CATAL HUYUK IS SITUATED." "HERE IS THE KIND OF VILLAGE YOU HAVE." "IT REMINDS ME A LITTLE BIT OF THE PUEBLO HOUSES" "PACKED ON EACH OTHER." "TO TAKE SUCH A TOWN BY STORM," "YOU HAVE TO TEAR THE BUILDINGS DOWN." "THERE'S NO WAY TO GET INTO THE TOWN" "EXCEPT BY WAY OF THE BUILDINGS THEMSELVES," "AND THERE ARE SOME 15 LEVELS OF THESE BUILDINGS AT CATAL HUYUK." "THIS IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT AND OLDEST FINDS," "AND IT IS THE KEY SYMBOL OF THE MAIN MYTHOLOGY OF THIS AREA." "HERE YOU HAVE THE MOTHER GODDESS BACK TO BACK WITH HERSELF." "HERE ON THE LEFT SHE IS EMBRACING AN ADULT MALE," "AND HERE ON THE RIGHT SHE HOLDS A CHILD." "SHE IS THE TRANSFORMER." "HERE WE HAVE OUR MOTHER GODDESS IN THE CENTER." "WHERE YOU HAVE AGRICULTURE AS THE BASE," "THE GODDESS IS GOING TO BE THE PRIMARY MYTHOLOGICAL FIGURE" "PERSONIFYING THE ENERGIES OF NATURE" "WHICH TRANSFORM PAST INTO FUTURE," "TRANSFORMING SEMEN INTO CHILD, SEED INTO PRODUCE, AND SO FORTH." "THIS IS A SMALL PIECE MADE OF GREEN SCHIST" "AND FOUND FROM A DATE 7,000 B.C." "THIS FIGURE WAS FOUND IN A GRAIN BIN," "AND SO IT'S ASSOCIATED WITH AGRICULTURE." "IT'S A CERAMIC PIECE." "IT IS OF THE GODDESS SEATED BETWEEN 2 FELINES" "YOU REMEMBER OUR ASSOCIATION OF THE LION WITH THE GODDESS" "HAVING GIVEN BIRTH." "THAT'S THE HEAD OF A CHILD." "THIS IS THE GODDESS GIVING BIRTH," "AND WE CAN DATE THIS 7 T0 6,000 B.C." "AND NOW I'M GONNA TAKE YOU TO ROME, 100 A.D." "THE ANATOLIAN GODDESS," "AND ANATOLIA IS EXACTLY THE PLACE FROM WHICH THIS FIGURE," "THE EARLIER FIGURE, HAS COME," "FLANKED BY LIONS, SEATED ON A THRONE," "THE SUN DISC IN HER HAND, AND ON HER HEAD," "THE CROWN, THE WALLED CITY." "HERE THE CITY HAS ARISEN." "DURING THE CARTHAGINIAN WARS," "THE CULT OF THIS ANATOLIAN GODDESS" "WAS BROUGHT INTO ROME" "AS ONE OF THE SUPPORTING POWERS TO SUPPORT THE ROMAN CAUSE." "SO HERE WE HAVE 6,000 YEARS OF THIS GODDESS." "I WANT TO MOVE TO SOUTHEAST EUROPE." "THE PAST 30 YEARS OR SO, A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF MATERIAL" "HAS BEEN EXCAVATED HERE." "AND THERE IS A MAGNIFICENT STUDY OF THESE MATERIALS" "BY MARIJA GIMBUTAS." "HER BOOK IS CALLED, "GODS AND GODDESS OF OLD EUROPE."" "7,000 TO 3,500 B.C." "THIS IS VERY VERY EARLY STUFF," "AND IT'S A PERIOD WHEN THE MOTHER GODDESS IS DOMINANT." "AND I JUST WANT TO RUN RATHER BRIEFLY, OR RAPIDLY LET ME SAY," "THROUGH A GREAT SERIES OF THE IMAGES" "ASSOCIATED WITH THIS AREA HERE:" "NORTHERN GREECE PRINCIPALLY," "THE BALKANS, AND THE AREAS AROUND THE DANUBE," "[INDISTINCT], AND EVEN A LITTLE BIT THE VALGE." "HERE IS A VERY EARLY 6,000 B.C. REPRESENTATION OF THE GODDESS." "THERE ARE A NUMBER OF TRAITS HERE THAT ARE ESSENTIAL." "ONE IS THE TOWERING NECK." "THIS IS THE WORLD AXIS." "SHE IS THE AXIS." "HERE IS THE BIRD FIGURE ON THE TOP OF THE NECK." "SHE IS BIRD GODDESS, SPIRITUAL GODDESS." "OBVIOUSLY A HUMAN FEMALE WITH THE BREASTS." "HERE ASSOCIATED WITH HER IS THE BOAR." "HERE IS A PIG GODDESS AND THE LABYRINTH." "CERAMIC SERPENT." "ALL OF THE SAME ORDER." "HERE'S THE WHOLE MYTHOLOGY IN A CLUSTER IN FRONT OF US HERE." "THERE IS A JAR REPRESENTED AS THE GODDESSES FROM ROMANIA" "ABOUT 5,000 B.C. THE LABYRINTH ALL OVER HER." "HERE IS ANOTHER ENTHRONED GODDESS, BROKEN," "BUT THE LABYRINTH AND THE NAVEL, THE WORLD NAVEL." "THAT WHICH CONNECTS TO THE MOTHER." "THIS IS A MALE FIGURE IN THE WAY OF A RULER." "OVER HIS SHOULDER IS A SCEPTER" "IN THE SHAPE OF A REAPING SICKLE." "HERE IS A SICKLE OF COPPER FROM THAT DATE, 5,000 B.C." "SO THESE ARE AGRICULTURAL PEOPLE HARVESTING A GRAIN OF SOME KIND." "THEIR TOOLS ARE NOT WEAPONS." "THESE ARE HEAVY COPPER TOOLS," "AND THEY ARE USED FOR CARPENTRY AND/OR AGRICULTURE." "THESE ARE PEACEFUL CITIES." "IT'S ONLY LATER THAT THE WALLS BEGIN APPEARING" "THAT INDICATE RAIDS COMING IN FROM OUTSIDE." "AND WE'RE APPROACHING WITH THESE WALLS THEN." "THEY HOLD A HISTORY, LATER HISTORY OF THE NEAR EAST." "PLANTING PEOPLE IN HIGH MOUNTAIN VALLEYS" "AND LATER IN THE GREAT RIVER VALLEYS," "TIGRIS, EUPHRATES, AND THE NILE," "AND THEN BARBARIANS RAIDING IN" "FROM THE DESERT AND GREAT PLAINS." "2 ORDERS OF BARBARIANS:" "ONE, THE SEMITES FROM SYRO-ARABIAN DESERT," "RAIDING IN FROM THE SOUTH." "THE OTHERS, THE INDO-EUROPEANS RAIDING IN FROM THE NORTH." "THE INDO-EUROPEANS ARE HERDERS OF CATTLE," "AND IT IS THEY WHO FIRST DOMESTICATED THE HORSE" "AND INVENTED THE WAR CHARIOT" "WHICH BECAME AN INVINCIBLE WEAPON." "THE SEMITES WERE HERDERS OF SHEEP AND GOATS," "AND THEY LATER MASTERED THE CAMEL." "I WANT TO MOVE NOW TO THE NEAR EAST" "WHERE THE FIRST CITIES APPEAR," "AND HERE'S SOMETHING ENTIRELY NEW." "THE CULTURE LIFE OF A SMALL COMMUNITY OR NOMADIC TRIBE" "WOULD BE PRETTY WELL AVAILABLE TO EVERYBODY IN THE COMMUNITY." "YOU WOULD HAVE A COMMUNITY OF EQUIVALENT ADULTS." "THE DISTINCTIONS WOULD BE AGE GROUP DISTINCTIONS," "MALE AND FEMALE DISTINCTIONS," "AND THE DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN THE NORMAL ORDER OF PEOPLE" "AND THE SPECIALLY GIFTED SHAMANIC VISIONARIES." "BUT WITH THE ENLARGEMENT OF THE COMMUNITIES" "WHICH FOLLOWED THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AGRICULTURE" "AND THE DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS," "WE BEGIN TO HAVE A DIFFERENTIATION OF PROFESSIONS." "AND INSTEAD OF A CULTURE OF WHAT MIGHT BE CALLED" "GENERALISTS AND AMATEURS, WE HAVE PROFESSIONALS." "PEOPLE WHOSE WHOLE LIFE AND THE WHOLE DYNASTY OF THEIR FAMILY" "DEVOTED TO GOVERNMENT OR THE PRIESTHOOD" "OR TRADE OR THE AGRICULTURE." "SO WE HAVE A DIFFERENTIATION OF PEOPLES AND A NEW PROBLEM:" "NAMELY TO GET PEOPLE OF DIFFERENT LIFE FORMS" "TO EXPERIENCE THEMSELVES AS MEMBER OF A SINGLE ORGANISM." "SEE, THAT'S WHAT DISINTEGRATING IN OUR WORLD" "WITH THE WORKER AGAINST THE EMPLOYER AND THIS AGAINST THAT" "AND SO FORTH AND SO ON." "THAT'S A DISINTEGRATION OF A CULTURAL ORGANISM." "AND IN THE EARLY CULTURES," "THE PROBLEM WAS TO KEEP THE ORGANIZATION INTACT." "WITH THE PROFESSIONAL PRIESTHOOD," "THERE WAS THE RECOGNITION OF THE PASSAGES OF THE PLANETS" "THROUGH THE ZODIAC OF THE FIXED CONSTELLATIONS." "THESE WERE THE PEOPLE WHO FIRST INVENTED WRITING" "AND ARITHMETIC." "NUMERATION IN TERMS OF 10s AND OF 60s" "THE SEXEGESIMAL AND THE RECKONING BY TENS." "AND WE STILL USE SEXEGESIMAL FOR RECKONING CYCLES" "OF TIME OR OF SPACE." "WITH WRITING, MATHEMATICS," "AND PRECISE OBSERVATION OF THE HEAVENS," "IT WAS POSSIBLE TO DETERMINE THAT THE PLANETS WERE MOVING" "AT A MATHEMATICALLY DETERMINABLE RATE." "SO WE BEGIN TO GET AN IDEA OF A COSMIC ORDER" "THAN CAN BE MATHEMATICALLY RECORDED." "THIS IS A WHOLE TRANSFORMATION OF CULTURE," "OF SOMETHING ALTOGETHER NEW AND DIFFERENT COMES IN." "IN THE EARLIER SITUATIONS," "THIS PECULIAR TREE, THIS SPECIAL POND OR ROCK," "THE EXCEPTIONAL BECOMES IMPORTANT." "AND THEN THE ANIMAL THAT IS OF MOST IMPORTANCE OR THE PLANT" "AND SO FORTH AND SO ON." "BUT NOW WE BEGIN TO HAVE THE NOTION OF A COSMIC ORDER," "AND THE EXCEPTION IS OUT RATHER THAN IN." "THE EXCEPTION IS ABERRANT," "AND SO WE HAVE A TOTALLY NEW KIND OF WAY" "OF REGARDING UNIVERSE." "NOW WE COME TO 2,350 B.C.:" "SARGON I." "THIS IS THE FIRST KNOWN IMPORTANT SEMITIC EMPEROR" "IN THIS ZONE." "THESE PEOPLE HAVE COME IN FROM THE SYRO-ARABIAN DESERT." "THEY COME IN AS CONQUERORS AND THEN AS RULERS." "HIS DATE: 2,350 B.C. A BEAUTIFUL BRONZE." "NOW THE STORY OF SARGON:" "HE WAS BORN OF A HUMBLE MOTHER" "IN THE UPPER REACHES OF THE RIVER, THE TIGRIS." "AND SHE PUT HIM IN A LITTLE BASKET OF RUSHES" "THAT HAD BEEN MADE WATER-TIGHT BY PITCH," "AND CONFIDED HIM TO THE WATERS OF THE RIVER." "AND HE FLOATED DOWN THE RIVER AND WAS PULLED OUT OF THE RIVER" "BY A GARDENER ON THE ROYAL ESTATE." "AND THE GODDESS LOVED HIM, AND SO HE ADVANCED IN RANK" "AND PRESENTLY BECAME THE RULER HIMSELF." "HAVE YOU HEARD ANYTHING LIKE THAT STORY EVER BEFORE?" "THIS IS, OF COURSE, JUST ABOUT 20--ABOUT 2,000 YEARS EARLIER" "THAN THE TEXT WITH WHICH YOU'RE FAMILIAR." "HE IS THE FIRST CONQUEROR FOR WHOM WE HAVE PRAISE" "AND CELEBRATIONS OF VICTORY." "IT IS AT ABOUT THIS TIME THAT WARS OF CONQUEST" "COME INTO BEING." "FORMERLY, WARS WERE SIMPLY REVENGE WARS OR CEREMONIAL WARS" "LIKE THE ONE I SHOWED IN NEW GUINEA." "AND A VILLAGE WOULD BE RAIDED, AND THAT WAS IT." "BUT NOW WE HAVE SUBSTANTIAL CONQUEST," "AND WE HAVE HYMNS AND CELEBRATIONS" "CELEBRATING THESE CONQUESTS." "TEARING DOWN AND ANNIHILATING OF CITIES," "AND A REFRAIN THAT COMES BACK:" ""AND WE WASHED OUR WEAPONS IN THE SEA." "AND WE WASHED OUR WEAPONS IN THE SEA."" "SO HERE IT IS, ABOUT 2,400 B.C.," "THE BEGINNINGS OF THE KIND OF WAR THAT HAVE BEEN DISTINCTIVE" "OF OUR WORLD, OF CIVILIZATION EVER SINCE." "AND RUTHLESS." "ANNIHILATION OF THE WHOLE POPULATION." "JUST READ THE BOOK OF JUDGES." "READ THE BOOK OF JOSHUA, AND YOU GET PLENTY OF IT." "NOW WE COME TO ABOUT 1,750 B.C. AND THIS IS HAMMURABI." "HAMMURABI OF BABYLON." "IT'S FROM HIS PERIOD THAT THE GREAT EPIC OF" "OF GILGAMESH COMES." "HERE IS HAMMURABI RECEIVING THE LAW" "FROM THE GOD SHAMASH, THE SUN GOD." "YOU SEE THE SUN RAYS FROM HIS SHOULDERS." "AS MOSES RECEIVED THE LAW FROM YAVE, SO HAMMURABI FROM SHAMASH." "AND WHEN THE LAW COMES WITH THAT KIND OF A BACKING," "IT CAN'T BE FOOLED AROUND WITH." "THE LAWS, OF COURSE, INVENTED BY HAMMURABI BUT ATTRIBUTED TO GOD," "AND WE CAN SAY THE SAME FOR MOSES." "FROM THE EARLY MOTHER GODDESS TO THE TIME OF HAMMURABI," "THE TRANSFORMATION IS COMPLETE." "THE STORY OF HUMANKIND HAS TAKEN ON NEW DIMENSIONS" "OF CONQUEST AND EMPIRE." "THE GODDESS WHO ONCE REIGNED SUPREME," "MOTHER SKY AND MOTHER EARTH, HAS BEEN OVERTHROWN." "MASCULINE GODS NOW RULE," "AND THEIR WILL IS INTERPRETED BY A PROFESSIONAL PRIESTHOOD" "AND IMPOSED BY A RULING DYNASTY." "THERE WERE A NUMBER OF EARLY CITY STATES AND MANY EMPIRES." "MANY OF US REMEMBER LEANING ABOUT THE FERTILE CRESCENT," "THE ANCIENT SUMERIANS, AND THE BABYLONIANS." "BUT TO MOST OF US, ANCIENT CIVILIZATION MEANS EGYPT." "WHILE THE HISTORIES OF OTHER LANDS ARE MEASURED IN CENTURIES," "THAT OF EGYPT IS MEASURED IN MILLENNIA." "Campbell:" "WE MOVE NOW TO EGYPT:" "THE NILE." "EGYPTIAN HISTORY IS QUITE EASY TO FOLLOW" "BECAUSE EARLIEST PERIODS, IT'S IN LOWER EGYPT," "THE MIDDLE PERIOD, IT'S IN MIDDLE EGYPT," "AND THE FINAL PERIOD, IT'S IN UPPER EGYPT." "HERE WE ENTER THE AREA AROUND 4,000 B.C." "4,000 B.C., THE GODDESS AGAIN." "FROM EGYPT, FROM THE NILE." "THIS IS FROM A PERIOD KNOWN AS BADARE." "THIS IS FROM A TOMB AT HIRACOMPOLIS," "A TOMB WITH 2 CHAMBERS-- SUGGESTS SETI AGAIN." "THIS IS AN EARLY MURAL ON THAT TOMB." "THERE'S NOTHING EGYPTIAN ABOUT IT." "AND THEN SUDDENLY AROUND 3,200 B.C.," "FIRST AND SECOND DYNASTIES," "WE HAVE THE ARRIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT" "OF A SPECIFICALLY AND INDUBITABLY EGYPTIAN ART FORM" "WHICH REMAINS, THEN, FOR 3,000 YEARS." "THE SUDDEN APPEARANCE:" "THERE IT IS." "THAT'S EGYPT." "THIS IS CALLED NARMER'S PALETTE," "AND IT IS KING NARMER OF UPPER EGYPT" "WEARING THE CROWN OF UPPER EGYPT" "SUBDUING THE PHARAOH, OR WHATEVER YOU WANT TO CALL HIM," "OF THE DELTA." "HERE IS HIS CODE OF ANIMALS:" "THE HAWK WITH THE KING OF THE DELTER OR THE DELTA BY THE NOSE." "THIS IS THE PAPYRUS SWAMPS OF THE DELTA." "HERE ARE THE ENEMY SLAIN." "THIS FIGURE UP HERE, THIS COW FIGURE, IS HATHOR," "THE GODDESS OF THE HORIZON." "AND SHE APPEARS, AND YOU'LL SEE WHEN I REVERSE THIS," "IN 4 ASPECTS HERE." "THE KING IS WEARING A BELT-- HE'S WEARING A BULL'S TAIL." "HE IS THE MOON BULL INCARNATE." "THE PHARAOH IS THE HIGHEST GOD." "HE IS OSIRIS, THE MOON BULL, INCARNATE." "AND ON HIS BELT ARE THE FACE FORMS OF HATHOR," "IN FRONT, IN BACK, AND ON EITHER SIDE." "THE PHARAOH FILLS THE HORIZON." "THIS IS THE OTHER SIDE." "HERE'S HATHOR AGAIN." "HERE IS THE KING NOW WEARING THE CROWN OF LOWER EGYPT," "OF THE DELTA." "THESE ARE THE SYMBOLS OF HIS PHARAONIC POWER." "THESE ARE THE DEAD OF THE DELTA'S ARMIES." "AND HERE ARE THE ANIMALS" "SYMBOLIC OF UPPER AND LOWER EGYPT FORMING ONE GREAT STATE." "FROM HERE ON, EGYPT IS THE 2 LANDS:" "UPPER AND LOWER EGYPT," "AND THE PHARAOH UNDERGOES 2 INSTALLATIONS ON THE THRONE, 2 CORONATIONS." "ONE WITH THE CROWN OF UPPER," "THE OTHER WITH THE CROWN OF LOWER EGYPT." "AND HERE WE HAVE THE 2 INCARNATIONS OF THE KING:" "THE CROWN OF UPPER AND THE CROWN OF LOWER EGYPT" "WHICH THEN BECOME COMBINED." "THIS IS THE BURIAL OF ONE OF THESE KINGS." "THE WHOLE COURT BURIED." "NOW WE COME TO THE FIRST OF THE GREAT PYRAMIDS." "THIS IS STEP PYRAMID OF KING DJOSER 2,600 B.C." "AND THIS IS BUILT BY THE GREAT ARCHITECT IMHOTEP." "ONE CAN VISIT THIS GREAT COMPOUND TODAY," "AND IT'S A BEAUTIFUL EXPERIENCE, REALLY." "ALL THE TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE," "AND ALL OF THE MOTIFS OF LATER ARCHITECTURE IN EGYPT" "ARE STATED HERE." "2,600 B.C., SUDDENLY THEY COME TO FORM." "THE EARLIER GRAVES WERE COVERED BY EARTH MOUNDS," "WHICH HAVE WASHED AWAY WITH TIME." "BUT HERE NOW WE HAVE THE FIRST OF THE PYRAMIDS." "HERE ARE THE 3 MAJOR PYRAMIDS, AND THIS IS A PYRAMID COMPLEX." "THERE WOULD BE THE NILE" "AND THE CEREMONIAL ALTARS AND CHAPELS ALL ABOUT." "NOW WHAT THE SPHINX REPRESENTS IS THE POWER OF PHARAONIC RULE." "EVERY KING IS, AS IT WERE, AN INCARNATION OF THIS POWER." "THE SPHINX IS THE SON OF THE LION GODDESS SEKHMET" "BY A STRANGE MOON-LIKE GOD CALLED PTHA" "WHO'S USUALLY REPRESENTED AS A MUMMY." "BUT A MOONBEAM IMPREGNATED THE GODDESS," "AND SHE GAVE BIRTH TO THE SPHINX." "NOW WE COME TO THE MIDDLE PERIOD." "THE PHARAOH IS THE INCARNATION OF OSIRIS." "AND HE IS PROTECTED BY THE SUN HAWK HORUS" "WHO IS THE SON OF OSIRIS." "EARLY DYNASTIES." "THEN THERE COMES WHAT'S CALLED THE FIRST INTERMEDIARY PERIOD" "WHEN FOR A NUMBER OF DYNASTIES" "THERE WAS NOTHING BUT UPHEAVAL AND DESTRUCTION." "THEN THE MIDDLE KINGDOM COMES AGAIN." "AND FINALLY THAT IS WIPED OUT BY AN INVASION FROM ASIA" "KNOWN AS THE INVASION OF THE HYKSOS." "ONE THEORY FOR THE ENTRY OF THE JEWS INTO EGYPT" "IS THAT THEY CAME IN AT THE TIME OF THE HYKSOS." "THIS IS JUST SHORTLY FOLLOWING THE TIME OF HAMMURABI," "WHICH I'VE JUST SPOKEN ABOUT." "IF THAT WERE SO, HOWEVER," "THEY WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN THERE IN THE TIME OF RAMESSES" "BECAUSE THE HYKSOS WERE THROWN OUT OF THE TIME" "OF THE FOUNDING OF THE NEW KINGDOM." "THESE ARE THE GREAT DYNASTIES OF WHICH WE MOSTLY READ." "AND NOW I WANT TO GIVE THE BASIC MYTH OF OSIRIS AND ISIS" "AND SO FORTH." "THIS IS THE HEAVEN GODDESS NUT." "JUST THE OPPOSITE TO THE WAY IT IS IN MESOPOTAMIA" "WHERE THE GOD IS ABOVE AND THE GODDESS IS THE EARTH." "HERE WE HAVE THE HEAVEN GODDESS NUT SPANGLED WITH STARS," "AND HERE IS HER CONSORT GEB, THE EARTH GOD." "THIS IS THE LORD OF THE COSMIC ABYSS OUT OF WHICH ALL HAS COME." "RIDING ON THE SKY BOAT," "THE GREAT BOAT OF RA, THE GOD OF THE SUN." "THE SOULS THAT ARE IN THIS BARGE COURSE OVER THE SKY" "AND INSTEAD OF DESCENDING LIKE THIS," "THEY ENTER THE MOUTH OF NUT AND THEN ARE BORN IN THE EAST." "THIS IS THE WEST, WHERE THEY SET," "AND HERE IS THE EAST WHERE THE BARGE EMERGES." "HERE IS THE LORD OF AIR WHO SEPARATES HEAVEN AND EARTH." "THESE ARE BASIC MYTHIC MOTIFS" "THAT WILL OCCUR IN MANY OTHER MYTHOLOGIES." "NOW THE CHILDREN, GEB AND NUT, ARE FIRST ISIS AND OSIRIS." "THIS IS THE GODDESS ISIS." "SHE IS THE THRONE ON WHICH THE PHARAOH SITS." "SHE IS THE THRONE." "HERE IS OSIRIS, HER TWIN BROTHER." "THEY ARE HUSBAND AND WIFE." "THIS IS NEPHTHYS, WHO IS THE WIFE OF SET," "WHO IS THE OTHER BROTHER." "THE YOUNGER BROTHER AND SISTER, SET AND NEPHTHYS." "NOW IN A FAMOUS NIGHT, OSIRIS SLEPT WITH NEPHTHYS" "THINKING SHE WAS ISIS." "THIS IS INATTENTION TO DETAILS," "AND FOR THINGS OF THAT KIND, BAD RESULTS CAN FOLLOW." "SHE THEN BORE A CHILD WHO WAS KNOWN AS ANUBIS," "AND THE HAD THE HEAD OF A JACKAL." "BUT SET DIDN'T LIKE THIS, AND HE PLANNED REVENGE." "THE REVENGE WAS TAKE PERFECT MEASUREMENTS OF OSIRIS" "AND TO HAVE A SARCOPHAGUS FASHIONED" "THAT WOULD FIT HIM EXACTLY." "AND THE JOLLY PARTY WAS IN FULL PROGRESS" "WHEN SET COMES IN AND SAYS, "I HAVE THIS BEAUTIFUL SARCOPHAGUS," "AND ANYONE WHOM IT FITS CAN HAVE IT."" "SO IT'S LIKE CINDERELLA AND THE GLASS SLIPPER." "THEY ALL TRY THE SARCOPHAGUS." "AND WHEN OSIRIS IS IN IT, IT FITS PERFECTLY," "AND 72 ATTENDANTS COME RUSHING IN," "CLAP THE LID ON THE SARCOPHAGUS," "WRAP IRON BANDS AROUND IT, AND THROW IT INTO THE NILE." "SO THERE GOES OSIRIS DOWN THE NILE." "HE'S WASHED ASHORE IN SYRIA." "AND A GREAT TREE GROWS AROUND HIM" "AND ENCLOSES THE SARCOPHAGUS." "ISIS NOW STARTS OUT TO FIND HER HUSBAND." "AND, YOU KNOW, SHE'S A GODDESS," "AND SOMEHOW HER INTUITION LEADS HER," "AND SHE COMES TO THIS PLACE IN SYRIA" "WHERE OSIRIS IS ENCLOSED IN THE TREE." "MEANWHILE, HOWEVER, THE PRINCE OF THAT LITTLE TOWN" "HAS HAD A CHILD, A LITTLE BOY HAS BEEN BORN," "AND THE PRINCE HAS BUILT A PALACE." "THE WONDERFUL AROMA THAT COMES FROM THIS TREE" "HAS SO ENTRANCED HIM" "THAT HE HAS HAD THE TREE CUT DOWN" "AND FASHIONED INTO A PILLAR IN THE PALACE." "AND SO OSIRIS IS IN THE PALACE IN THE FORM OF A PILLAR." "WELL, ISIS ARRIVES, AND SHE SITS DOWN BY A WELL," "AND WHEN THE YOUNG WOMEN FROM THE PALACE COME OUT" "TO DRAW WATER FROM THE WELL," "THEY INVITE THIS BEAUTIFUL OLDER WOMAN IN" "TO BECOME NURSE FOR THE CHILD, FOR THE NEWBORN LITTLE PRINCE." "AND SHE DOES ACCEPT THE JOB." "AND SHE NURSES THE CHILD FROM HER LITTLE FINGER." "I MEAN GODDESSES CAN STOOP ONLY SO FAR." "THEN AT NIGHT, TO GIVE THE CHILD IMMORTALITY," "SHE PLACES HIM IN THE FIREPLACE AND RECITES CERTAIN CHARMS" "THAT THE FIRE IS SUPPOSED TO BURN OFF HIS MORTAL CHARACTER" "AND TURN HIM INTO AN IMMORTAL." "MEANWHILE, SHE TURNS INTO A SWALLOW," "AND TWITTERING MOURNFULLY, FLIES AROUND THE PILLAR." "WELL, ONE EVENING, THE LITTLE BOY'S MOTHER" "HAPPENS TO BREAK IN ON THIS SCENE," "AND YOU CAN IMAGINE SHE LET OUT A SCREAM." "THERE WAS HER BABY IN THE FIREPLACE," "AND THERE'S NOBODY WATCHING HIM," "AND JUST A FUNNY TWITTERING SWALLOW FLYING AROUND A POST." "AND THE CHILD HAD TO BE RESCUED FROM THE FIRE" "BECAUSE THE SPELL WAS BROKEN," "AND THE SWALLOW TURNED INTO THIS BEAUTIFUL NURSEMAID" "THAT THEY HAD HIRED, NAMELY ISIS." "AND ISIS SAID-- SHE EXPLAINED THE SITUATION" "AS WELL AS SHE COULD," "AND--AND THEN SHE SAID," ""AND BY THE WAY, MY HUSBAND'S IN THAT PILLAR."" "SO SHE SAID, "COULD YOU PLEASE GIVE ME THE PILLAR" "SO I CAN TAKE MY HUSBAND HOME?"" "AND THE KING, VERY POLITE, SAID, "HERE YOU ARE, MY DARLING."" "SO THERE'S ISIS, YOU CAN TELL BY THE THRONE ON HER HEAD," "AND HERE'S OSIRIS COMING TO HER IN THE FORM OF A PILLAR." "HE'S PUT ON THE BARGE," "AND ON THE BARGE ON THE WAY BACK TO THE PAPYRUS SWAMP," "SHE TAKES OFF THE LID AND LIES CLOSELY UPON THE DEAD OSIRIS" "AND CONCEIVES HORUS." "NOW OSIRIS HAS 2 SONS:" "ONE BY NEPHTHYS, ANUBIS," "THE JACKAL BOY, AND ANOTHER BY ISIS, HORUS." "SHE IS AFRAID TO GO BACK TO THE PALACE" "BECAUSE SET HAS ASSUMED THE THRONE." "SHE GOES INTO THE PAPYRUS SWAMP" "AND GIVES BIRTH TO HER SON HORUS." "HERE SHE IS IN SOLITUDE GIVING BIRTH," "AND THE GOD AMUN COMES AND PUT COME," "AND THE SISTER IN THE PAIN OF THE DELIVERY." "SO THERE SHE IS, AND SET NOW, CHASING A BOAR," "HE'S HUNTING A BOAR, FOLLOWS THIS BOAR IN THE PAPYRUS SWAMP," "AND MY LORD, THERE IS ISIS WITH OSIRIS'S CORPSE BESIDE HER." "IN A RAGE, HE TEARS OSIRIS INTO 15 PIECES," "SCATTERS THE 15 PIECES OVER THE LANDSCAPE," "AND POOR ISIS HAS TO GO HUNT FOR HIM AGAIN." "SO SHE IS HELPED NOW BY NEPHTHYS, WHO JOINS HER," "AND LITTLE ANUBIS, THE LITTLE JACKAL BOY WHO SNIFFS AROUND," "AND THEY GET 14 OF THE 15 PIECES." "THE DEAD OSIRIS IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE RISING OF THE NILE," "WHICH FERTILIZES EGYPT." "AND THE JUICES OF HIS DISINTEGRATING BODY" "ARE IDENTIFIED WITH THE WATERS OF THE NILE," "AND IT IS HE, THEREFORE," "THAT IS THE FERTILIZING FORCE OF EGYPT." "THE 14 PIECES ARE PUT TOGETHER," "AND HERE'S THE LITTLE BOY ANUBIS" "IN THE ROLE LATER ASSUMED BY THE PRIESTS EMBALMING," "WHO REASSEMBLES THE BODY AND EMBALMS IT." "THE PIECE THAT WAS MISSING IS THE GENITAL--GENITAL ORGANS" "WHICH HAVE BEEN SWALLOWED BY A FISH." "AND THIS IS THE BACKGROUND OF THE FISH MEAL ON FRIDAYS." "IT'S A SACRAMENTAL CONSUMING OF THE--THE SACRED FLESH." "OSIRIS NOW, NO LONGER BEING A GENERATOR," "IS THE IMAGE OF THE DEAD PHARAOH," "AND HE BECOMES THE LORD OF THE UNDERWORLD." "THE RESURRECTED OSIRIS" "IS NOW THE JUDGE OF THE DEAD IN THE UNDERWORLD." "HIS SON, HORUS, WHO HAS BEEN BORN AND RAPIDLY GROWN UP," "HAS ENGAGED IN A GREAT BATTLE WITH HIS UNCLE SET" "TO AVENGE HIS FATHER." "IN THAT BATTLE, HORUS LOST AN EYE." "AND THIS EYE IS SYMBOLIC OF SACRIFICIAL OFFERING." "IT WAS THROUGH THE LOSS OF THAT EYE" "THAT HE BROUGHT HIS FATHER BACK TO LIFE." "SET LOST A TESTICLE IN THE COMBAT." "SO NOW WE COME TO THE JUDGMENT SCENE." "THIS IS A PAPYRUS-- THE BOOK OF THE DEAD OF ANI." "HERE IS OSIRIS SEATED BY THE WATERS OF ETERNAL LIFE" "ON THE THRONE OF THE JUDGE OF THE DEAD." "BEHIND HIM ARE HIS 2 QUEENS:" "ISIS AND NEPHTHYS." "HE HAS THE SYMBOLIC SHEPHERD'S CROOK AND WINNOWING WHIP" "THAT WINNOWS WHEAT, SEPARATING THE CHAFF FROM THE SEED." "HERE IS THE EYE OF HORUS BY WHICH HE HAS BEEN RESURRECTED." "GROWING FROM THE WATERS OF ETERNAL LIFE" "IS THE LOTUS OF THE WORLD," "AND THESE ARE THE 4 SONS OF HORUS" "WHO REPRESENT THE 4 POINTS OF THE COMPASS OF THE UNIVERSE." "NOW WHEN A PERSON DIES," "HE BECOMES IDENTIFIED WITH OSIRIS." "THIS IS A VERY IMPORTANT THING." "THE DEAD PERSON IS CALLED OSIRIS." "OSIRIS JONES, LET'S SAY." "AND HE GOES ON THE UNDERWORLD'S JOURNEY TO UNITE WITH OSIRIS." "OSIRIS IS GOING TO OSIRIS." "I AM THE FATHER OF ONE." "THAT MOTIF." "ON THE WAY, HE EATS BACK ALL THE GODS." "THIS MEANS THE GODS ARE UNDERSTOOD TO BE PROJECTIONS" "OF THE ENERGIES OF OURSELVES." "CONSUMING THE GODS IN SOME CASES" "IS REPRESENTED ACTUALLY AS CANNIBALISM." "IN OTHER TEXTS, HE SIMPLY SAYS, "MY HEAD IS THE HEAD OF ANUBIS." "MY SHOULDERS, THE SHOULDERS OF SET," OR SOMETHING LIKE THIS." ""EVERY ORGAN OF MY BODY IS THE ORGAN OF SOME GOD," "AND NOBODY WILL TAKE MY HEART FROM ME IN THE UNDERWORLD."" "AND THEN WHAT-- YOU GET SOME SENSE" "OF THE DANGERS OF THE UNDERWORLD." ""GET YOU BACK, YOU CROCODILE OF THE NORTH." "GET YOU BACK, YOU CROCODILE OF THE OF SOUTH."" "THEN HE COMES TO THE GREAT MOMENT" "OF THE OPENING OF THE MOUTH IN THE UNDERWORLD." ""I AM YESTERDAY, TODAY, AND TOMORROW." ""I HAVE THE POWER TO BE BORN A SECOND TIME." "I AM THAT SOURCE FROM WHICH THE GODS ARISE."" "THIS IS A GREAT REALIZATION," "AND THIS IS WHAT MUST BE REALIZED" "PROPERLY BEFORE YOU DIE," "AND FINALLY, IF NOT THEN, ON THE WAY INTO THE UNDERWORLD." "THEN WE COME, IN THE UNDERWORLD, TO THE GREAT WEIGHING" "OF THE HEART OF THE DEAD AGAINST A FEATHER." "IF THE HEART IS HEAVIER THAN THE FEATHER," "THIS MONSTER WILL CONSUME THE PAN." "IF THE FEATHER IS HEAVIER THAN THE HEART" "OR OF THE SAME BALANCE," "THEN THE PERSON IS ELIGIBLE FOR SPIRITUAL LIFE." "HERE IS ANI, A CERTAIN SCRIBE" "FOR WHOM THIS PAPYRUS WAS PREPARED," "BEING CONDUCTED TO THE WEIGHING." "HERE IS ANUBIS DOING THE WEIGHING." "HERE IS THE MONSTER WAITING TO SEE IF HE CAN HAVE A MEAL." "HERE IS THOTH RECORDING THE RESULTS." "AND THEN UNDER THE CHARGE OF HORUS," "ANI IS LEAD THE VERY THRONE OF OSIRIS." "THIS IS THE BOOK OF THE DEAD, AND THE MYTHOLOGY IS EXPLICIT." "AS I MENTIONED IN AN EARLIER PROGRAM," "THE SPIRITUAL TRADITION OF THE WEST, OUR SPIRITUAL TRADITION," "IS PRIMARILY JUDEO-CHRISTIAN," "WHICH SEEMS FAR REMOVED FROM OSIRIS" "AND THE EGYPTIAN BOOK OF THE DEAD." "BUT IT IS TO EGYPT, IN FACT," "THAT JOE TURNS TO FIND OUR JUDEO-CHRISTIAN ROOTS." "IT WAS OUT OF EGYPT THAT MOSES LEAD THE CHOSEN PEOPLE." "IN THIS FINAL PORTION OF THE PROGRAM," "JOE DISCUSSES THE EXODUS AND THE JEWS." "WHAT FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE IN THE JEWISH STORY" "ACCOUNTS FOR ITS VITALITY?" "HOW WAS CHRISTIANITY'S GOAL OF UNIVERSAL APPEAL" "RECONCILED WITH THIS TRIBAL RELIGION OF THE OLD TESTAMENT?" "HOW IS THE IDEA OF JUDAISM EXPRESSED TODAY?" "Campbell:" "NOW WE COME TO THIS EXTRAORDINARY MAN, AKHENATEN." "HIS DATES ARE 1377 TO 1358:" "THE DATES OF HIS REIGN." "AKHENATEN IS-- HE'S A STRANGE MAN." "THERE WAS SOME KIND OF MYSTERIOUS DISEASE" "THAT I DON'T KNOW HOW TO DEFINE," "BUT PERHAPS SOMEBODY ELSE WOULD KNOW WHAT IT WAS." "HE'S SAID TO HAVE BEEN THE FIRST MONOTHEIST." "THAT'S WRONG." "I REGARD HIM AS THE FIRST PROTESTANT." "HE REJECTS--NO, HE REJECTS THE CEREMONIALISM," "THE RITUALISM AND SO FORTH, OF THE THEBAN PRIESTHOOD," "WHICH HAD GAINED ENORMOUS WEALTH, BY THE WAY," "AS PRIESTHOODS ALWAYS DO." "AS LONG AS THEY SURVIVE-- GIFTS COME TO THEM AND SO FORTH." "IT'S A RICH POWER." "HE REJECTS THE PRIESTLY ORDERS OF THEBES" "AND FOUNDS A CITY OF HIS OWN, AMARNA, IN THE DESERT." "AND THERE'S THE VERY BRIEF PERIOD OF THOSE DATES" "THAT I'VE JUST NAME OF THE AMARNA TIME." "HIS IDEA WAS THAT THE DEITY SHOULD NOT BE IMAGED," "AND HE PRESENTS AS THE SYMBOL OF DEITY THE SOLAR DISC." "AND INSTEAD OF OF AMUN," "WHO IS THE LORD CREATOR OF THE THEBAN SYSTEM," "HE CALLS THE DEITY ATON, A-T-O-N," "WHICH ACTUALLY IS THE REANIMATION" "OF A MUCH EARLIER NOTION." "BUT IT WAS FREUD WHO HAD THE SUGGESTION" "IN HIS MOSES AND MONOTHEISM" "THAT MOSES HAD BEEN AN OFFICER IN THE COURT OF AKHENATEN." "THAT IT WAS PROBABLY ONE OF AKHENATEN'S DAUGHTERS" "WHO HAD PULLED MOSES OUT OF THE WATER" "IN THE LITTLE BASKET OF RUSHES." "AND THAT WITH THE COLLAPSE OF AKHENATEN'S COURT IN AMARNA," "BECAUSE WHEN HE DIED, THE WHOLE THING WAS WIPED OUT," "THEN MOSES, WHO WAS A BELIEVING MINISTER IN THE COURT," "HAD PICKED UP A GROUP OF WORKING PEOPLE IN THE DELTA AREA" "AND LEFT EGYPT WITH THEM TO CONTINUE THIS MONOTHEISTIC CULT." "BUT THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AKHENATEN'S SO-CALLED MONOTHEISM" "AND THAT OF MOSES IS THAT AKHENATEN SAW THIS MYSTERY" "REPRESENTED IN THE SOLAR DISC" "AS INFORMING ALL THE GODS AND MYTHOLOGIES" "OF THE WHOLE NEAR EAST." ""YOU ARE THE ONE WHO APPEARS AS SO AND SO HERE," "SO AND SO THERE."" "WHEREAS THE OVIST MONOTHEISM SAYS," ""THERE IS NO OTHER GOD IN THE WORLD," "AND I DO NOT INFORM THOSE." "THEY ARE DEVILS."" "SO THIS IS A TOTAL DISTINCTION WHICH HAS TO BE RECOGNIZED" "IF YOU'RE GONNA UNDERSTAND WHAT'S GOING ON." "THERE IS THIS VERY HANDSOME REPRESENTATION OF AKHENATEN" "IN THE CAIRO MUSEUM," "AND YOU SEE HERE THE SYMBOLS OF HIS LORDSHIP." "HERE IS THE GOOD SHEPHERD, THE SHEPHERD'S CROOK," "WHO GUARDS AND GUIDES HIS FLOCK." "AND HERE IS THE WINNOWING FAN FOR THRASHING WHEAT," "SEPARATING THE CHAFF FROM THE SEED." "THIS IS THE DISCIPLINE, AND THIS THE PROTECTION:" "THE 2 ASPECTS OF RULE." "THE GOD OF MERCY AND THE GOD OF JUSTICE." "THERE IS HIS BEAUTIFUL QUEEN, NEFERTITI." "NOW ALMOST EVERY WOMAN I KNOW WHO BELIEVES IN REINCARNATION" "THINKS SHE WAS NEFERTITI AT ONE TIME." "I WAS ACTUALLY IN EGYPT WITH ONE OF THOSE LADIES." "AND WHEN WE WERE IN KARNAK, SHE LOOKED AROUND AND SAID," ""IT'S ALL SO FAMILIAR."" "THAT'S THE BEAUTIFUL HEAD," "THE FAMOUS ONE IN THE MUSEUM AT BERLIN." "AND HERE'S THE DEAR LITTLE FAMILY:" "AKHENATEN, NEFERTITI, AND THEIR 3 BEAUTIFUL DAUGHTERS" "WITH THEIR ARTIFICIALLY DEFORMED HEADS." "AND THIS IS THE SOLAR DISC OF ATON WITH ITS RAYS OF BLESSING:" "EACH RAY TERMINATING IN A HAND," "THE BLESSING THIS DEAR LITTLE FAMILY." "WE HAVE FAMILY PRAYER NOW, AND GOD WILL COME TO US." "HERE IS THE TUTANKHAMUN." "NOW AKHENATEN HAD NO SONS, ONLY THESE 3 LOVELY LITTLE DAUGHTERS," "AND HERE'S ONE OF HIS DAUGHTERS AND THE PRINCE WHOM SHE MARRIED" "WHO IS CALLED TUTANKHAMUN." "THAT IS TO SAY AS SOON AS AKHENATEN DIED," "THE AMUN PRIESTHOOD TOOK OVER AGAIN," "AND THE YOUNG PHARAOH WAS AGAIN OF THE AMUN CULT." "HOWEVER, WE HAVE THE SOLAR DISC WHICH CONTINUES" "AND THE HANDS OF BLESSING." "AND NOW WE COME TO SOMETHING VERY INTERESTING:" "THE TOMB OF TUTANKHAMUN IS A MISERABLE LITTLE TOMB" "IN EGYPTIAN TERMS." "AND IT'S DIVIDED INTO 2--2 HALVES." "AND IN ONE HALF WAS ALL LOADED," "JUST THROWN IN AS THOUGH IN A JUNK SHOP," "ALL THIS GORGEOUS STUFF." "AND THE REASON IT WAS ALL THERE" "WAS THAT NOBODY SEEMS TO HAVE THOUGHT IT WORTH" "TRYING TO ROB THAT TOMB." "RIGHT NEXT-DOOR IS THE TOMB OF SETI THE FIRST," "WHICH IS ABOUT AS BIG AS ANY OF THESE BUILDINGS HERE." "AND EVERY BIT OF IT ENGRAVED AND PAINTED WITH, OH MY" "THESE TOMBS, YOU CAN'T BELIEVE IT." "AND THE ART IS--IS PERFECT!" "AND THEY WERE MADE NEVER TO BE SEEN!" "THERE WAS A KIND OF REALITY THERE." "I MEAN THERE'S A CONCRETIZATION YOU GET IN THE EGYPTIAN THING," "A KIND OF REALITY THERE THAT ENDURED," "AND THE SOULS-- ONE ASPECT OF THE SOUL," "THE BA, REMAINED IN THAT TOMB." "WELL, HIS COFFIN, AND SO FOR THE SELF, IN THAT TOMB" "HAD A VERY INTERESTING SYMBOLIC FORM." "THERE WERE 3 RECTANGULAR BOXES," "ONE INSIDE THE OTHER IN THE WAY OF A CHINESE BOX" "GOLD-PLATED AND SO FORTH" "AND THEN WITHIN THE BOXES" "WOULD BE A GREAT STONE COFFIN SORT OF THING," "AND WITHIN THAT, 2 SARCOPHAGI." "ONE OF THEM, THE OUTER ONE, OF PRECIOUS WOOD," "INLAID WITH GOLD AND LAPIS" "IN THE FORM OF THE YOUNG PHARAOH." "THERE'S THE URAEUS SERPENT." "HERE ARE THE 2 SIGNS OF HIS SHEPHERD SHIP." "AND THEN WITHIN THAT, A COFFIN OF SOLID GOLD," "AGAIN THE IN THE FORM OF THE PHARAOH." "IT'S A GORGEOUS THING OF SOLID GOLD." "AND IN THOSE DAYS, THIS MEANT THE LIVES" "OF HUNDREDS AND HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE" "WHO'D BEEN MINING THE GOLD." "NOW WHEN I SAW THAT," "AND I'VE NOTICED MANY MANY PARALLELS" "BETWEEN EGYPTIAN SYMBOLOGY" "AND THE MYSTICAL PHILOSOPHY OF INDIA," "SOMETHING OCCURRED TO ME," "AND I'M JUST GONNA OFFER IT AS A SUGGESTION:" "THAT THESE 3 BOXES AND THE 2 SARCOPHAGI" "INSIDE THE STONE COFFIN" "REPRESENT WHAT IN INDIA ARE CALLED THE 5 SHEATHS," "S-H-E-A-T-H-S," "THE 5 SHEATHS THAT ENCLOSE THE ATMAN, ENCLOSE THE SELF," "THE TRANSCENDENT MYSTERY." "SINCE I'M GOING TO BE TALKING ABOUT HINDUISM A LITTLE BIT," "IT WOULD BE WORTH SPEAKING OF THESE 5 SHEATHS." "THE FIRST SHEATH IS CALLED THE SHEATH OF FOOD," "ANNA-MAYA KOSA." "THAT'S WHAT OUR BODY IS MADE OF." "IT'S MADE OF FOOD, AND WHEN YOU DIE, IT BECOMES FOOD" "FOR THE WORMS, THE VULTURES, THE JACKALS, OR THE FIRE." "THE SECOND SHEATH IS PRANA-MAYA KOSA," "THAT IS THE BREATH, SHEATH OF BREATH," "WHICH IGNITES THE FOOD, OXIDATION, BURNS," "GIVES HEAT, TEMPERATURE, AND LIFE." "THE THIRD SHEATH IS MANA-MAYA KOSA, THE MENTAL SHEATH." "NOW THIS MENTALITY IS IN TOUCH WITH THE FOOD SHEATH," "AND WHEN THE FOOD SHEATH IS IN PAIN, IT FEELS PAIN" "AND THINKS, "OH, ALL IS SORROWFUL."" "AND WHEN THE FOOD SHEATH IS HAPPY, IT'S HAPPY, TOO." "THE MENTAL SHEATH IS ORIENTED TO THE FOOD AND BREATH SHEETS." "THIS IS WHAT I THINK IS REPRESENTED" "IN THE 3 RECTANGULAR BOXES." "THEN WE HAVE A LONG GAP," "AND I THINK THIS MAY BE WHAT IS REPRESENTED" "BY THE STONE COFFIN OR MAYBE NOT." "MAYBE THE STONE COFFIN REPRESENTED THE NEXT SHEATH," "BUT I THINK MORE LIKELY THE WOODEN SARCOPHAGUS DID." "THE NEXT SHEATH IS KNOWN AS VIGANA-MAYA KOSA," "THE SHEATH OF WISDOM." "THIS IS THE WISDOM OF THE BODY." "THE WISDOM THAT SHAPED YOU IN THE MOTHER WOMB." "THE WISDOM THAT KNEW THE MOMENT YOU WERE BORN HOW TO NURSE." "THE WISDOM THAT BRINGS UP THE GRASS AND INFORMS THE TREES" "AND THE MOUNTAINS AND THE UNIVERSE." "THE WISDOM OF THE BODY." "THAT SPONTANEOUS THING ON WHICH THE MENTALITY RIDES," "AND WHICH THE MENTALITY HAS TO KNOW ABOUT." "WE'VE HAD BREAKFAST." "OUR BODY IS DIGESTING THAT BREAKFAST." "I DARESAY THERE ISN'T A SOUL IN THIS ROOM" "WHO WOULD KNOW MENTALLY WHAT THE CHEMISTRY" "OF THE BREAKFAST REQUIREMENTS WERE FOR DIGESTION THIS MORNING," "AND YET YOU'RE DOING IT." "WHO ELSE?" "THAT'S YOUR WISDOM BODY." "AND THEN WHAT DO YOU THINK?" "BENEATH THE WISDOM BODY, ANANDA-MAYA KOSA," "THE SHEATH OF BLISS." "LIFE IS A MANIFESTATION OF RAPTURE." "AND THIS POOR MENTAL SHEATH UP HERE GETS ALL TIED UP" "WITH WHAT'S HAPPENING TO THE FOOD BODY." "AND IT THINKS, "OH, DEAR." "OH, DEAR." "ALL LIFE IS SORROWFUL."" "SUPPOSE--EVERY 2 WEEKS ON THE LAWN," "SOMEBODY GOES OVER THE LAWN WITH THE LAWNMOWER." "SUPPOSE THE GRASS WERE TO THINK, "WELL, WHAT'S THE USE?"" "[LAUGHTER]" "THESE ARE--THESE ARE THE 2" "COMPLETELY DIFFERENT ORIENTATIONS." "AND THE MENTAL SHEATH HAS TO DO WITH ETHICS, GOOD AND EVIL," "LIGHT AND DARKNESS, PAIN AND PLEASURE." "THE WISDOM SHEATH KNOWS THAT THERE'S SOMETHING BEFORE THAT," "AND IT'S RAPTURE." "SO THAT'S WHAT YOU ARE, REALLY." "YOU'RE ROOTED IN RAPTURE." "AND EVEN IN YOUR PAIN, IN YOUR GREAT ANGUISH, IN YOUR SORROW," "IF YOU KNOW WHERE THE RAPTURE DOOR IS," "YOU CAN REALIZE THAT THIS IS LIFE'S RAPTURE." "AND WHERE THE PAIN IS, THERE'S THE LIFE." "THIS IS THE KIND OF STUFF THAT WE HAVE" "IN THESE HEROIC MYTHOLOGIES." "NOW WE COME TO RAMESSES II." "IF MOSES WAS, AS FREUD SUGGESTS," "A MEMBER OF THE COURT OF AKHENATEN," "THEN THE EXODUS MUST HAVE TAKEN PLACE AROUND 1358." "THIS IS THE DEATH OF AKHENATEN." "THAT'S THE EARLIEST DATE ANYBODY'S EVER PROPOSED" "FOR THE EXODUS." "IN THE BOOK OF EXODUS," "THE PHARAOH WHO IS IMPUGNED THERE," "IS PROBABLY--SEEMS TO BE RAMESSES II." "RAMESSES DATES ARE ABOUT 1305 TO 1234 OR 36." "HE REIGNED FOR A LONG LONG SEASON." "HE WAS ENORMOUSLY POWERFUL." "AND I DON'T THINK ANY SCHOLAR WOULD SUGGEST" "THAT HE COULD POSSIBLY HAVE BEEN THE PHARAOH OF THE EXODUS." "FURTHERMORE, HE WASN'T DROWNED IN THE RED SEA." "HE IS ENTOMBED RIGHT HERE." "THIS IS THE--THE GREAT PAIR OF TOMBS OF RAMESSES II" "AND HIS FAVORITE WIFE, WHO WAS ONE OF HIS DAUGHTERS." "IN "CAESAR AND CLEOPATRA" OF BERNARD SHAW," "WHEN CAESAR MEETS CLEOPATRA," "HE HAS AMONG HIS OFFICERS A BRITISH OFFICER." "AND WHEN HE LEARNS FROM CLEOPATRA THAT SHE WAS BORN" "FROM AN INCEST MARRIAGE," "THE BRITISH OFFICER EXPRESSES GREAT SHOCK," "AND CAESAR SAYS TO CLEOPATRA, "DON'T MIND HIM." "HE'S BRITISH." "HE THINKS THE LAWS OF HIS TRIBE ARE THE LAWS OF THE UNIVERSE."" "SO RAMESSES IS HIMSELF AMONG THE HIGHEST DEITIES NOW." "NOW WITH RESPECT TO THE EXODUS AGAIN..." "DURING THE TIME OF AKHENATEN," "WHO WASN'T PAYING MUCH ATTENTION TO THE EMPIRE," "LETTERS WERE COMING WRITTEN IN BABYLONIAN" "TO THE COURT AT AMARNA." "THEY'RE KNOWN AS THE AMARNA LETTERS." "AND THEY WERE FROM THE GOVERNORS" "OF THE VARIOUS PROVINCES IN ASIA." "THEY WERE COMPLAINING THAT THEIR PROVINCES WERE BEING INVADED" "BY BEDOUINS FROM THE DESERT" "WHO WERE SOMETIMES CALLED HABIRU," "AND IT SUGGESTED THIS IS CERTAINLY THE FIRST APPEARANCE" "OF THE WORD IN WRITING," "AND THAT THESE WERE TRIBES OF THE TIME" "THAT THEN ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE MOSAIC HISTORY." "SO THAT THERE WERE INVASIONS TAKING PLACE" "AT THE TIME OF AKHENATEN." "THE EXODUS, AS I SAY, IS GENERALLY ASSOCIATED" "IN THE BIBLICAL TRADITION WITH TIME OF RAMESSES," "WHICH IS VERY MUCH LATER, 1234." "BUT NOBODY CAN POSSIBLY BELIEVE THAT ANYTHING LIKE THAT HAPPENED" "AT THE TIME OF RAMESSES." "THERE'S ANOTHER PHARAOH, MERNEPTHA, WHO FOLLOWS," "AND FROM THE DATES AROUND 1234 TO 1220." "HE WAS A WEAK PHARAOH-- ACTUALLY PHYSICALLY ILL," "AND DIED VERY YOUNG." "AND HERE IS HIS TOMB." "THIS MAY, IF THERE WAS ANYTHING LIKE THE EXODUS," "THIS MAY HAVE BEEN THE PHARAOH OF THE EXODUS." "NOW WE COME TO THIS MUSING PROBLEM" "OF CROSSING THE WATERS OF THE RED SEA." "NOW IS THIS TO BE INTERPRETED AS A MYTHOLOGICAL EVENT?" "AS A SPIRITUAL SYMBOL OF SOME KIND?" "OR IS IT A FACT?" "AND I HAVE SO MANY FRIENDS THAT ARE SAYING," ""WELL, YES, THEY CROSSED IT IN A SHALLOW PLACE," ""AND THE WIND WAS BLOWING IN JUST THE RIGHT DIRECTION," "AND SO THEY GOT ACROSS."" "BUT THEN READ ON A FEW MORE CHAPTERS IN THE BOOK," "AND WE COME TO THE JORDAN," "AND WE'RE GONNA CROSS THE JORDAN." "AND THE WATERS OF THE JORDAN PILE UP LIKE WALLS" "ON EITHER SIDE, AND THE TRIBE WALKS BETWEEN." "THIS IS A MYTHOLOGICAL MOTIF YOU'LL FIND EVERYWHERE:" "THE CROSSING OF THE WATERS." "IT'S COMPARABLE TO THE SYMPLEGADES," "THE ROCKS THAT CLASHED TOGETHER." "THE PAIR OF OPPOSITES HAVE WITHDRAWN," "AND WE'VE GONE THROUGH THE MIDDLE." "WHAT CAME INTO EGYPT?" "THE PATRIARCHS." "JOSEPH THROUGH THE WELL WAS THE FIRST." "MYTHOLOGICAL AGAIN." "IT WAS A DRY WELL, BUT IT WAS A WELL JUST THE SAME." "SO WE COME IN THROUGH WATER, AND WE GO OUT THROUGH WATER." "WHEN YOU HAVE THIS IN AND OUT IN A MYTHOLOGY," "TRY TO SEE WHAT CAME IN AND WHAT WENT OUT," "AND THEN YOU'LL FIND WHAT THE MYSTICAL VALUE IS." "WHAT CAME IN WERE THE PATRIARCHS," "WHAT WENT OUT WERE THE PEOPLE." "THAT IS THE GREAT THING THAT COALESCED" "AND CAME TO KNOWLEDGE OF ITSELF IN EGYPT," "IN THE LAND OF MUD, IN THE LAND OF SUFFERING, IN THE ABYSS." "AND MOSES WAS NOT THE HERO." "THE HERO OF THE OLD TESTAMENT IS THE PEOPLE," "AND THEY ARE CONCEIVED OF AS A UNIT." "AND ONE IS A MEMBER OF THAT PEOPLE OR ONE IS OUT." "AND THIS ACCENT ON THE GROUP, THE GROUP, THE GROUP" "MEMBERSHIP IN THE GROUP IS ENTIRELY NEAR EASTERN." "IN EUROPE, YOU GET ANOTHER ACCENT." "ONE OF THE PROBLEMS" "IN THE EUROPEAN ASSIMILATION OF CHRISTIANITY" "WAS RECOVERING AND MAINTAINING THEN" "THE SENSE OF THE INDIVIDUAL AS A UNIQUE ENTITY," "AND THE TRANSLATION OF THIS GROUP TRADITION" "INTO A TRADITION OF INDIVIDUAL REALIZATION." "THIS IS THE PROBLEM OF THE GRAIL TRADITION" "IN THE 13th CENTURY OF EUROPE." "THIS IS WHEN IT WAS PULLED TOGETHER IN A NEW WAY." "BUT THIS STRUCK ME" "WHEN I WAS TEACHING AT SARAH LAWRENCE COLLEGE," "WHERE I THINK MORE THAN HALF OF MY STUDENTS WERE JEWISH GIRLS." "ONE YOUNG WOMAN WHO HAD BEEN" "ONE OF THE REALLY MOST REMARKABLE MEMBERS" "OF THE CLASS THAT YEAR," "IN HER LAST CONFERENCE SHE SAID TO ME," ""YOU KNOW, MR. CAMPBELL," ""IF I DIDN'T THINK OF MYSELF AS JEWISH," "I WOULDN'T KNOW MY IDENTITY."" "I WAS STUNNED." "I SAID, "RACHEL, WHAT ARE YOU SAYING?" ""I'VE NEVER THOUGHT OF YOU EITHER AS JEWISH" ""OR ANYTHING ELSE, BUT AS RACHEL," ""AND SUPPOSE I WERE TO SAY TO YOU," ""'IF I DIDN'T THINK OF MYSELF AS IRISH," "I WOULDN'T KNOW MY IDENTITY.'"" "I SAID, "THAT WOULDN'T MAKE SENSE, WOULD IT?"" "THESE ARE 2 TOTALLY DIFFERENT WAYS OF RELATING TO RACE." "ONE IN THE WAY, "OH, YES." "THAT'S WHAT I AM," "AND ALL MY PECULIARITIES COME FROM THAT MISFORTUNE,"" "AND THE OTHER IS, "NO, THIS IS MY BEING."" "THIS IS IMPORTANT TO REALIZE ABOUT THE JEWISH TRADITION." "IT HAS ITS ROOTS HERE IN THE IDEA OF PEOPLE." "I HAD A REALLY VERY MOVING EXPERIENCE" "LISTENING TO MARTIN BUBER ONE TIME BACK IN 1955." "HE WAS IN NEW YORK, LECTURING TO A SMALL GROUP," "A GROUP ABOUT THIS SIZE" "FOR SOME REASON OR OTHER I'D BEEN INVITED." "I CAN'T IMAGINE WHY." "BUT HE WAS A WONDERFULLY ELOQUENT SPEAKER" "WHEN YOU REALIZE THAT ENGLISH WAS NOT HIS FIRST LANGUAGE." "IT WAS QUITE A REMARKABLE PERFORMANCE." "BUT I DIDN'T KNOW WHAT HE MEANT BY GOD." "I DIDN'T KNOW WHETHER--HE WAS USING THE WORD A GOOD DEAL" "I DIDN'T KNOW WHETHER HE WAS REFERRING" "TO THE MYSTERY BEHIND ALL THESE GALAXIES" "OR TO SOME STAGE OR OTHER OF THE PRIMITIVE BIBLICAL DEITY" "WHO IS TRANSFORMED FROM ONE CENTURY TO ANOTHER" "IN HIS CHARACTER." "ALSO, HE PAUSED AT ONE MOMENT TO SAY," ""IT PAINS ME TO SPEAK OF GOD IN THE THIRD PERSON."" "WHEN I TOLD THIS TO GERSHOM SCHOLEM HE SAID," ""WELL, SOMETIMES HE DOES GO TOO FAR."" "BUT--SO I RAISED MY HAND, I SAID AND I SAID TO DR. BUBER," ""THERE'S A WORD BEING USED HERE TODAY THAT I DO NOT UNDERSTAND."" "HE SAID, "WHAT IS THAT WORD?"" "I SAID, "GOD."" "YOU CAN IMAGINE--"YOU DON'T KNOW WHAT GOD MEANS?"" "I SAID, "I DON'T KNOW WHAT YOU MEAN BY GOD." ""YOU'RE TELLING US GOD HAS HIDDEN HIS FACE," ""NOBODY SEEMS HIM TODAY." ""I'VE JUST COME FROM INDIA" "WHERE PEOPLE ARE EXPERIENCING THE FACE OF GOD ALL THE TIME."" "SO WHAT DOES HE SAY?" ""DO YOU MEAN TO COMPARE?"" "THAT FINISHED THAT FOR ME." "IT WAS EVEN SO OUTRAGEOUS THAT THE MC CUT IN." "HE SAID, "NO, DOCTOR." "MR. CAMPBELL JUST WANTS TO KNOW WHAT YOU MEAN."" "SO HE SAID, "WELL, WE ALL HAVE TO COME OUT" "OF OUR EXILE IN OUR OWN WAY."" "BUT THE INDIANS AREN'T IN EXILE 'CAUSE THE GOD'S RIGHT IN HERE." "THESE ARE THE DIFFERENCES THAT HAVE TO BE RECOGNIZED" "WHEN YOU'RE TALKING CROSS-CULTURALLY" "ABOUT RELIGIOUSNESS IN TERMS OF COMPARATIVE RELIGIONS." "COMPARE:" "YES." "I DO COMPARE." "IT'S MY JOB." "THOSE ARE DIFFERENT IDEAS." "SO WHAT WE HAVE HERE IS A TENDENCY TOWARDS SYNCHROTISM," "ACCENT ON UNIVERSAL DEITIES WITHIN TRIBAL DEITIES" "WHO ARE THE LOCAL PATRONS BUT BELONG TO THE LARGER SYSTEM." "YOU DON'T HAVE DIFFERENT SYSTEMS IN DIFFERENT PLACES." "YOU HAVE ONE GREAT SYSTEM WITH LOCAL ANCESTRAL PATRONS." "SO WHERE ARE WE NOW?" "WE HAVE JOE'S IDEAS," "HIS INTERPRETATION OF THE JEWISH MYTH." "WHAT OTHER MYTHS, WHAT OTHER THREADS OF HISTORY" "COME TOGETHER TO SHAPE OUR WESTERN WORLD VIEW?" "WHAT IS THE NEXT CHAPTER OF THE STORY OF HUMANKIND?" "JOIN US NEXT TIME FOR AN INITIATION" "INTO THE MYSTERY RELIGIONS OF ANCIENT GREECE." "CAPTIONING MADE POSSIBLE BY ACORN MEDIA" "CAPTIONED BY THE NATIONAL CAPTIONING INSTITUTE"