"NARRATOR:" "Lasttimeon "United States of Secrets"..." ""United States of Secrets"..." "Weareunderemergency" "Weareunderemergency conditions." "conditions." "Extraordinary means are required" "Extraordinary means are required to deal with the threat." "to deal with the threat." "NARRATOR:" "Theycalledit" The" "NARRATOR:" "Theycalledit" The Program."" "Program." You'relookingforunknown" "You'relookingforunknown conspirators, and the way they conspirators, and the way they devised to do that was to look devised to do that was to look at everybody." "at everybody." "NARRATOR:" "Authorizedat the" "NARRATOR:" "Authorizedat the highest levels of government." "highest levels of government." "Thisisahighlyclassified" "Thisisahighlyclassified program that is crucial to our program that is crucial to our national security." "national security." "NARRATOR:" "Overtwo" "NARRATOR:" "Overtwo presidencies... presidencies..." "I'mnotawareofanycasein" "I'mnotawareofanycasein which Obama said, "You can't do which Obama said, "You can't do that."" "that." Iarguedit wasillegaland" "Iarguedit wasillegaland unconstitutional, and when this unconstitutional, and when this comes out, all hell is going to comes out, all hell is going to break loose." "break loose." "NARRATOR:" "Now,Frontline's" "NARRATOR:" "Now,Frontline's investigation continues." "investigation continues." "TheNSAspecificallytargets" "TheNSAspecificallytargets the communications of everyone." "the communications of everyone." "NARRATOR:" "Withthestoryof" "NARRATOR:" "Withthestoryof the man who exposed it all." "the man who exposed it all." "Snowdensaidhe wasrisking" "Snowdensaidhe wasrisking his freedom and possibly his his freedom and possibly his life." "life." "Thiswasastupendous" "Thiswasastupendous intelligence breach." "intelligence breach." "NARRATOR:" "Andtheconvergence" "NARRATOR:" "Andtheconvergence of government surveillance and of government surveillance and an information revolution." "an information revolution." "TheGoogles,theFacebooks" "TheGoogles,theFacebooks collect as much of our sensitive collect as much of our sensitive data as possible." "data as possible." "Butanythingyouhandtoa" "Butanythingyouhandtoa private company is potentially private company is potentially the government's." "the government's." "NARRATOR:" "Tonighton" "NARRATOR:" "Tonighton  Frontline..." "Frontline..." "CorporateAmericaandthe" "CorporateAmericaandthe  national security state know so national security state know so much about us, and we know so much about us, and we know so little about them." "little about them." "NARRATOR:" PrivacyLost,"" "NARRATOR:" PrivacyLost," part two of "United States of part two of "United States of Secrets."" "NARRATOR:" "HongKong, May 2013." "NSA contractor Edward Snowden was holed up deep inside the was holed up deep inside the crowded Kowloon district." "He chose Hong Kong, he would say later, because he trusted say later, because he trusted the Chinese would not betray him the Chinese would not betray him to U.S. authorities." "to U.S. authorities." "Before leaving his home in" "Before leaving his home in Hawaii, he had downloaded a huge" "Hawaii, he had downloaded a huge store of top secret files from store of top secret files from the NSA's internal networks, and the NSA's internal networks, and he had sent many of them through he had sent many of them through encrypted channels to a few" "encrypted channels to a few journalists he trusted." "journalists he trusted." "Two of them, Glenn Greenwald of" "Two of them, Glenn Greenwald of the Guardian and documentary the Guardian and documentary filmmaker Laura Poitras, came to filmmaker Laura Poitras, came to the Mira Hotel to meet him." "the Mira Hotel to meet him." "Greenwald and Poitras wanted to" "Greenwald and Poitras wanted to be sure Snowden's story was rock be sure Snowden's story was rock solid." "solid." "And they needed to work fast." "And they needed to work fast." "Weknewthatthiswas" "Weknewthatthiswas incredibly consequential and incredibly consequential and that it was super important that that it was super important that we get it right." "we get it right." "Um..." "Um..." "But also, there was always this" "But also, there was always this kind of uncertainty, one might kind of uncertainty, one might even say danger, hovering over even say danger, hovering over the room." "the room." "Because we didn't know what the" "Because we didn't know what the NSA knew about what he was" "NSA knew about what he was doing." "doing." "We didn't know what the Chinese" "We didn't know what the Chinese and Hong Kong governments knew and Hong Kong governments knew about him being there." "about him being there." "So we thought it was very" "So we thought it was very possible that the door could be possible that the door could be barged down at any moment." "NARRATOR:" "TheGuardianalso sent a senior correspondent to sent a senior correspondent to vet their source." "vet their source." "Iaskedhim,doyoumindif" "Iaskedhim,doyoumindif I tape the interview on an" "I tape the interview on an iPhone?" "iPhone?" "And as soon as he saw the" "And as soon as he saw the iPhone, it was like bringing iPhone, it was like bringing out a microphone direct into the out a microphone direct into the NSA headquarters." "NSA headquarters." "He was totally appalled." "He was totally appalled." "And he said, "Get that out of" "And he said, "Get that out of the room as quickly as the room as quickly as possible."" "possible." NARRATOR:" "Eventhen,Snowden" "NARRATOR:" "Eventhen,Snowden still worried that someone might still worried that someone might be recording them." "be recording them." "Hewouldoftenput ablanket" "Hewouldoftenput ablanket over his head when he wanted to over his head when he wanted to enter this computer system to enter this computer system to prevent overhead cameras from prevent overhead cameras from picking up the passwords to the" "picking up the passwords to the encryption." "encryption." "NARRATOR:" "AsSnowden" "NARRATOR:" "AsSnowden explained more about the tens of explained more about the tens of thousands of documents, thousands of documents, MacAskill listened carefully." "MacAskill listened carefully." "Iwassortofwarmingtothe" "Iwassortofwarmingtothe  idea that, you know, this guy idea that, you know, this guy was for real." "was for real." "NARRATOR:" "Oneof thefirst" "NARRATOR:" "Oneof thefirst files they discussed was this files they discussed was this one." "one." "It directed Verizon Business" "It directed Verizon Business Services to turn customer phone" "Services to turn customer phone records over to the A." "records over to the A. The journalists were stunned." "The journalists were stunned." "Whatthisdocumentrevealed" "Whatthisdocumentrevealed is that the NSA surveillance is that the NSA surveillance system is not directed at very system is not directed at very bad people or about terrorists." "bad people or about terrorists." "It's directed at the American" "It's directed at the American citizenry and other citizenries citizenry and other citizenries around the world, around the world, indiscriminately, in bulk." "indiscriminately, in bulk." "NARRATOR:" "Thedocument" "NARRATOR:" "Thedocument directly contradicted what directly contradicted what Director of National" "Director of National Intelligence General James" "Intelligence General James Clapper had said before" "Clapper had said before Congress just a few months" "Congress just a few months earlier." "earlier." "DoestheNSAcollectany" "DoestheNSAcollectany type of data at all on millions type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of or hundreds of millions of Americans?" "Americans?" "No,sir." "No,sir." "Itdoesnot?" "Itdoesnot?" "Notwittingly." "Notwittingly." "There are cases where they" "There are cases where they could inadvertently, perhaps, could inadvertently, perhaps, collect, but not wittingly." "collect, but not wittingly." "IthinkforSnowden,the" "IthinkforSnowden,the Clapper testimony was the final" "Clapper testimony was the final nail in the coffin." "nail in the coffin." "Watching President Obama's top" "Watching President Obama's top national security official go national security official go before the Senate Intelligence before the Senate Intelligence Committee and outright lie about" "Committee and outright lie about what the NSA was doing convinced what the NSA was doing convinced him, I think, beyond any shadow him, I think, beyond any shadow of a doubt, that the only of a doubt, that the only hope for public discussion and" "hope for public discussion and reform was for him to do what reform was for him to do what he was going to do." "he was going to do." "(cars honking)" "(cars honking) NARRATOR:" "AttheGuardian's" "NARRATOR:" "AttheGuardian's New York bureau, senior editors" "New York bureau, senior editors received a message from Hong received a message from Hong Kong." "Kong." "(phone ringing)" "(phone ringing) Isentamessagesaying"The" "Isentamessagesaying"The Guinness is good," which meant" "Guinness is good," which meant Snowden is for real." "Snowden is for real." "And one of the deputy editors" "And one of the deputy editors in New York said when he saw in New York said when he saw those words come over, he just those words come over, he just went, "Fantast, we've got" "went, "Fantast, we've got a real story."" "a real story." NARRATOR:" "TheGuardian" "NARRATOR:" "TheGuardian decided to publish the story as decided to publish the story as fast as possible." "fast as possible." "They called the White House and" "They called the White House and gave them four hours to comment." "gave them four hours to comment." "Irememberwellgetting" "Irememberwellgetting the phone call." "the phone call." "And it was one of these" "And it was one of these situations where it almost took situations where it almost took us a few minutes to get our us a few minutes to get our minds around how big of a leak minds around how big of a leak this was and how comprehensive" "this was and how comprehensive the set of revelations were." "the set of revelations were." "We had very little time" "We had very little time to react." "to react." "NARRATOR:" "Theysoundedthe" "NARRATOR:" "Theysoundedthe  alarm and reached out to an NSA alarm and reached out to an NSA official, Jo DeLong." "official, Jo DeLong." "Ihavetwocomputersonmy" "Ihavetwocomputersonmy  desk-- a classified computer and desk-- a classified computer and an unclassified computer." "an unclassified computer." "And I'm used to seeing that" "And I'm used to seeing that document on the classified document on the classified computer." "computer." "And I did a real double take." "And I did a real double take." "I remember just sitting there" "I remember just sitting there for 30 seconds checking and for 30 seconds checking and rechecking to see what computer rechecking to see what computer this classified document this classified document appeared on." "appeared on." "The gravity of it was quite" "The gravity of it was quite palpable, and I thought, "This palpable, and I thought, "This is going to be a really tough is going to be a really tough story it comes out."" "story it comes out." NARRATOR:" "AttheGuardian," "NARRATOR:" "AttheGuardian, editor-in-chief Janine Gibson editor-in-chief Janine Gibson took return call from the took return call from the White House." "White House." "Shehasthedeputyhead of" "Shehasthedeputyhead of the NSA and the White House on the NSA and the White House on the phone, and they essentially the phone, and they essentially are trying to persuade her not are trying to persuade her not to publish." "to publish." "TheWhiteHousetacticwas" "TheWhiteHousetacticwas one of, "Okay, come and see us, one of, "Okay, come and see us, let's talk about this, and you let's talk about this, and you can chat to our officials and we" "can chat to our officials and we can discuss what might be can discuss what might be published and what might not."" "published and what might not." Janinehasherown script," "Janinehasherown script, which is to say, "Look, if you which is to say, "Look, if you have any significant objections, have any significant objections, objections on the grounds of" "objections on the grounds of national security, then tell us." "national security, then tell us." "Now is the moment to tell us."" "Now is the moment to tell us." And of course, they don't." "And of course, they don't." "They just want to stall her." "NARRATOR:" "TheGuardian refused to wait." "refused to wait." "TheBritishnewspaperThe" "TheBritishnewspaperThe  Guardian reports that Verizon" "Guardian reports that Verizon is providing phone records of is providing phone records of some businesses to the U.S." "some businesses to the U.S. government." "government." "NARRATOR:" "Itwasjustthe" "NARRATOR:" "Itwasjustthe beginning." "beginning." "At the Washington Post, reporter" "At the Washington Post, reporter Barton Gellman-- the only other" "Barton Gellman-- the only other reporter to receive documents reporter to receive documents directly from Snowden-- was directly from Snowden-- was working on another story." "working on another story." "Before publishing, he contacted" "Before publishing, he contacted the NSA." "the NSA." "Isentnotestotwo" "Isentnotestotwo high-ranking people and a high-ranking people and a spokesperson in government and spokesperson in government and said, "I have something very said, "I have something very sensitive to talk to you about."" "sensitive to talk to you about." NARRATOR:" "Thestory" "NARRATOR:" "Thestory concerned another NSA program concerned another NSA program called PRISM." "called PRISM." "Documents showed how beginning" "Documents showed how beginning in 2007, nine Internet companies in 2007, nine Internet companies were cooperating with the NSA." "were cooperating with the NSA." "Gellman wanted to make sure his" "Gellman wanted to make sure his reporting wouldn't damage reporting wouldn't damage national security." "national security." "Weverymuchdid wantto" "Weverymuchdid wantto know what they thought would do know what they thought would do concrete harm, and how, and why." "concrete harm, and how, and why." "And the U.S. government asked" "And the U.S. government asked me not to publish the names me not to publish the names of the nine companies that were of the nine companies that were supplying information to the supplying information to the government in the PRISM program." "government in the PRISM program." "And I said, hy?"" "And I said, hy?" Their argument was that if we" "Their argument was that if we publish the names, then the publish the names, then the companies would be less inclined companies would be less inclined to cooperate." "to cooperate." "And I guess we agreed to" "And I guess we agreed to disagree on that one." "disagree on that one." "TheWashingtonPostis" "TheWashingtonPostis reporting that the... reporting that the..." "NARRATOR:" "ThePostwent" "NARRATOR:" "ThePostwent ahead." "ahead." "NARRATOR:" "ThePRISM revelations reached beyond the revelations reached beyond the collection of phone records." "collection of phone records." "This was about the acquisition" "This was about the acquisition of content from tens of of content from tens of thousands of NSA targets." "thousands of NSA targets." "Didyoucheckyouraccount" "Didyoucheckyouraccount on Gmail?" "on Gmail?" "Secretspyingprogramis..." "Secretspyingprogramis..." "ThePRISMprogramisnot" "ThePRISMprogramisnot about metadata." "about metadata." "It's about content." "It's about content." "It's the photos and vios you" "It's the photos and vios you send." "send." "It's the words of your emails." "It's the words of your emails." "It's the sounds of your voice" "It's the sounds of your voice on a Skype call." "on a Skype call." "It's all the files you have" "It's all the files you have stored on a cloud drive service." "stored on a cloud drive service." "It's content, it's everything." "It's content, it's everything." "NARRATOR:" "ThePresidentwas" "NARRATOR:" "ThePresidentwas  on a fundraising trip in Silicon on a fundraising trip in Silicon Valley." "Valley." "At a press conference, he" "At a press conference, he agreed to take one question agreed to take one question about the leaks." "about the leaks." "Goodmorning,everybody." "Goodmorning,everybody." "I'm going to take one question." "I'm going to take one question." "I don't want the whole day to" "I don't want the whole day to just be a bleeding press just be a bleeding press conference but I'm going to take conference but I'm going to take Jackie Calmes' question." "Jackie Calmes' question." "Mr.President,couldyou" "Mr.President,couldyou  please react to the reports please react to the reports of secret government of secret government surveillance of phone and surveillance of phone and Internet, and can you also" "Internet, and can you also assure Americans that your assure Americans that your government doesn't have some government doesn't have some massive secret database of all massive secret database of all their personal on-line their personal on-line information and activities?" "information and activities?" "Yeah." "Yeah." "What the intelligence" "What the intelligence community is doing is looking at community is doing is looking at phone numbers and durations of phone numbers and durations of calls." "calls." "They are not looking at" "They are not looking at people's names and they're not people's names and they're not looking at content." "looking at content." "NARRATOR:" "Thepresident" "NARRATOR:" "Thepresident tried to downplay the tried to downplay the revelations." "revelations." "Now,withrespecttothe" "Now,withrespecttothe Internet and emails, this does" "Internet and emails, this does not apply to U.S. citizens and not apply to U.S. citizens and it does not apply to people it does not apply to people living in the United States." "living in the United States." "In the abstract, you can" "In the abstract, you can complain about Big Brother and complain about Big Brother and how this is a potential, you how this is a potential, you know... you know, program run know... you know, program run amok." "amok." "But when you actually look at" "But when you actually look at the details... the details..." "InHongKong,Snowdenwas" "InHongKong,Snowdenwas sitting with three people under sitting with three people under contract with the Guardian." "contract with the Guardian." "They were sitting there on the" "They were sitting there on the bed watching the reaction on bed watching the reaction on CNN." "CNN." "Theyarenotlookingat" "Theyarenotlookingat people's names and they're not people's names and they're not looking at content." "looking at content." "Obamawassayingthe NSA" "Obamawassayingthe NSA  isn't listening to the telephone isn't listening to the telephone calls or reading the emails of calls or reading the emails of Americans, which is absolutely" "Americans, which is absolutely wrong." "wrong." "There were documents that we" "There were documents that we had that proved President had that proved President Obama's claims in that regard" "Obama's claims in that regard were false." "were false." "And we just could tell, as" "And we just could tell, as well, that he at that moment well, that he at that moment didn't have any idea of the true didn't have any idea of the true magnitude of what was coming," "magnitude of what was coming, given how dismissive and casual given how dismissive and casual his tone was." "his tone was." "Thankyouverymuch,guys ." "Thankyouverymuch,guys ." "NARRATOR:" "Snowdennow" "NARRATOR:" "Snowdennow decided to make a bold move." "decided to make a bold move." "He would reveal his identity," "He would reveal his identity, posting a video he had recorded posting a video he had recorded a few days earlier." "a few days earlier." "Laurasetup thecamera." "Laurasetup thecamera." "Glenn was asking the questions." "Glenn was asking the questions." "And normally Snowden wore a" "And normally Snowden wore a T-shirt, and Glenn says," "T-shirt, and Glenn says, "Can you not find a shirt?"" ""Can you not find a shirt?" And Snowden went off and found" "And Snowden went off and found the grey shirt." "the grey shirt." "Mynameis Ed Snowden." "Mynameis Ed Snowden." "I'm 29 years old." "I'm 29 years old." "I worked for Booz Allen" "I worked for Booz Allen Hamilton as an infrastructure" "Hamilton as an infrastructure analyst for NSA in Hawaii." "analyst for NSA in Hawaii." "Whatweseeissomeonewho" "Whatweseeissomeonewho is calm, rational, persuasive." "is calm, rational, persuasive." "TheNSAspecificallytargets" "TheNSAspecificallytargets the communications of everyone." "the communications of everyone." "It ingests them by default." "It ingests them by default." "It collects them in its system" "It collects them in its system and it filters them and it and it filters them and it analyzes them and it measures analyzes them and it measures them and it stores them." "them and it stores them." "Thelanguagewasclear," "Thelanguagewasclear, sympathetic." "sympathetic." "And when he did the interview" "And when he did the interview it was as if he was a media it was as if he was a media natural." "natural." "So we knew that when Snowden" "So we knew that when Snowden went public it was going to be a went public it was going to be a huge story." "huge story." "Whyshouldpeoplecareabout" "Whyshouldpeoplecareabout surveillance?" "surveillance?" "Becauseevenif you'renot" "Becauseevenif you'renot  doing anything wrong, you're doing anything wrong, you're being watched and recorded." "being watched and recorded." "Andhesetsout why he's" "Andhesetsout why he's done this thing, what his done this thing, what his motives are, and basically sort motives are, and basically sort of puts the ball in the court of of puts the ball in the court of the public and says, "You make" "the public and says, "You make up your minds as to whether this up your minds as to whether this is right or not."" "is right or not." Thesethingsneedtobe" "Thesethingsneedtobe determined by the public, not by determined by the public, not by somebody who is simply hired somebody who is simply hired by the government." "by the government." "This is the truth." "This is the truth." "This is what's happening." "This is what's happening." "You should decide whether we" "You should decide whether we need to be doing this." "need to be doing this." "EdwardSnowden,accordingto" "EdwardSnowden,accordingto the Guardian, is in Hong Kong." "the Guardian, is in Hong Kong." "...wholeakedtheexistence ...wholeakedtheexistence of NSA programs... of NSA programs..." "(womanspeakingChinese)" "(womanspeakingChinese) Threeweeksagoaftercopying" "Threeweeksagoaftercopying a last set of documents... a last set of documents..." "Weknewthatthe minutewe" "Weknewthatthe minutewe unveiled his identity that he unveiled his identity that he was going to have to go into was going to have to go into hiding, because the media horde hiding, because the media horde was about to descend onto" "was about to descend onto Hong Kong and would be looking" "Hong Kong and would be looking for him." "for him." "And the U.S. government would" "And the U.S. government would certainly be looking for him." "certainly be looking for him." "Atthatpointheknew itwas" "Atthatpointheknew itwas untenable." "untenable." "Some enterprising journalist" "Some enterprising journalist had put up on Twitter the had put up on Twitter the pictures of the hotel room pictures of the hotel room and says, "Does anybody and says, "Does anybody recognize these light fittings?"" "recognize these light fittings?" And someone was able to" "And someone was able to establish it was the Mira." "establish it was the Mira." "Snowdenisbelievedto..." "Snowdenisbelievedto..." "TheMiraHotelisjust across" "TheMiraHotelisjust across the harbor... the harbor..." "SoSnowdenknewtheywere on" "SoSnowdenknewtheywere on their way, so about midday he their way, so about midday he left his hotel room." "left his hotel room." "Um,andtherewas definitely" "Um,andtherewas definitely a kind of air of sadness over a kind of air of sadness over our last meeting, because I our last meeting, because I assumed that the next time I saw assumed that the next time I saw him, he was going to be in U.S." "him, he was going to be in U.S. custody on a television screen." "custody on a television screen." "NARRATOR:" "Snowdenleftitto" "NARRATOR:" "Snowdenleftitto the journalists to decide which the journalists to decide which documents to publish, and then documents to publish, and then he disappeared into the crowded he disappeared into the crowded streets of Hong Kong." "streets of Hong Kong." "Fotwo weeks, he managed to" "Fotwo weeks, he managed to elude the world's press corps." "elude the world's press corps." "HidinginHongKong..." "HidinginHongKong..." "Apparentlystillin Hong" "Apparentlystillin Hong Kong..." "Kong..." "NARRATOR:" "Andto avoid" "NARRATOR:" "Andto avoid U.S. authorities." "U.S. authorities." "EdwardSnowden'sbeencharged" "EdwardSnowden'sbeencharged with two counts of espioge." "with two counts of espioge." "Thisguyis atraitor,he's a" "Thisguyis atraitor,he's a defector... defector..." "NARRATOR:" "OnJune23, Edward" "NARRATOR:" "OnJune23, Edward Snowden set off for South" "Snowden set off for South America via Russia." "America via Russia." "...transitthroughRussia, ...transitthroughRussia, supposedly he's headed supposedly he's headed for uador." "for uador." "Heendedup in Russiafor" "Heendedup in Russiafor  one very simple reason, and that one very simple reason, and that is that the United States is that the United States government forced him to stay government forced him to stay there by preventing him from" "there by preventing him from leaving." "leaving." "Snowdenisbelievedtobe" "Snowdenisbelievedtobe holed up inside Moscow's holed up inside Moscow's airport." "airport." "Hecouldno longerget a" "Hecouldno longerget a ticket and leave Russia because ticket and leave Russia because his passport had been revoked his passport had been revoked by the U.S. government." "by the U.S. government." "Peoplemaydieasa" "Peoplemaydieasa  consequence of what this man consequence of what this man did, and anybody who wants to did, and anybody who wants to make him a hero is misjudging make him a hero is misjudging how they stay safe." "how they stay safe." "Themanon therun fromU.S." "Themanon therun fromU.S.  authorities... authorities..." "Oneofthegreatestsecurity" "Oneofthegreatestsecurity breaches in American history." "breaches in American history." "RussiahasgrantedEdward" "RussiahasgrantedEdward Snowden asylum..." "Snowden asylum..." "EdwardSnowdenwasgranted" "EdwardSnowdenwasgranted asylum in Russia." "asylum in Russia." "Lesslikelyhe willeversee" "Lesslikelyhe willeversee inside of a U.S. courtroom." "inside of a U.S. courtroom." "NARRATOR:" "Backin theU.S.," "NARRATOR:" "Backin theU.S., at NSA headquarters, the news at NSA headquarters, the news hit hard." "hit hard." "...headline,andit hasgrown ...headline,andit hasgrown bigger... bigger..." "Itwashardtoread inthe" "Itwashardtoread inthe press, "NSA is lawless, NSA out press, "NSA is lawless, NSA out of control."" "of control." None of those resonate with us." "None of those resonate with us." "That's not us." "That's not us." "That's not what we are aiming" "That's not what we are aiming towards." "towards." "That's not how we hold" "That's not how we hold ourselves accountable." "ourselves accountable." "Our ultimate goal is to prevent" "Our ultimate goal is to prevent things from... bad things from things from... bad things from happening to ensure the national happening to ensure the national security." "security." "Youwantto drawthe box" "Youwantto drawthe box  differently?" "differently?" "You want to have the security" "You want to have the security community work in a smaller box?" "community work in a smaller box?" "I got it." "I got it." "But before you do that, you" "But before you do that, you got to understand, you got to got to understand, you got to understand what the costs might understand what the costs might be." "be." "I mean, we live inside a" "I mean, we live inside a democracy." "democracy." "And, you know, the public will" "And, you know, the public will matters in a democracy." "matters in a democracy." "I just hope it's informed" "I just hope it's informed public will." "public will." "And frankly, when the decisions" "And frankly, when the decisions are made, you understand the are made, you understand the costs." "costs." "Wehaveto strikethe right" "Wehaveto strikethe right balance between protecting our balance between protecting our security and preserving our security and preserving our freedoms." "freedoms." "NARRATOR:" "Thepresidentdid" "NARRATOR:" "Thepresidentdid  what executives the midst of what executives the midst of a controversy often do... a controversy often do..." "Reviewofoursurveillance" "Reviewofoursurveillance programs... programs..." "NARRATOR:" "Heappointed" "NARRATOR:" "Heappointed a panel." "a panel." "SoI amtaskingthis" "SoI amtaskingthis independent group to step independent group to step back... back..." "NARRATOR:" "Thisonetoreview" "NARRATOR:" "Thisonetoreview the NSA's programs." "the NSA's programs." "Andtheywillprovidean" "Andtheywillprovidean interim report in 60 days and a interim report in 60 days and a final report by the end of this final report by the end of this year, so that we can move year, so that we can move forward with a better" "forward with a better understanding... understanding..." "Thepresident'sdirections" "Thepresident'sdirections were, "Go wherever you want." "were, "Go wherever you want." "You can see any classified" "You can see any classified program." "program." "No one can deny you any" "No one can deny you any information." "information." "You can go anywhere in the" "You can go anywhere in the intelligence community." "intelligence community." "You can recommend anything." "You can recommend anything." "Except, realize that what I" "Except, realize that what I won't accept is any block won't accept is any block between me and my constitutional between me and my constitutional oath of defending the United oath of defending the United States."" "Thehighlyclassifiedprogram is code-named PRISM." "is code-named PRISM." "TheGuardianandthe" "TheGuardianandthe  Washington Post both reporting" "Washington Post both reporting that the National Security that the National Security Agency..." "Agency..." "NARRATOR:" "Ontheotherside" "NARRATOR:" "Ontheotherside  of the country, in Silicon of the country, in Silicon Valley, there s anger" "Valley, there s anger and confusion over just what and confusion over just what kind of access major Internet kind of access major Internet companies were giving the NSA." "companies were giving the NSA." "Therewasshockand" "Therewasshockand  disbelief and horror." "disbelief and horror." "A lot of people I know, Silicon" "A lot of people I know, Silicon Valley-type people, just felt," "Valley-type people, just felt, "It can't be right." ""It can't be right." "It's not possible Google," "It's not possible Google, Facebook, these guys are" "Facebook, these guys are collaborating." "collaborating." "It's not just what they would" "It's not just what they would do."" "do." TheCEOsof Internet" "TheCEOsof Internet companies like Facebook and companies like Facebook and Google denied..." "Google denied..." "NARRATOR:" "Thecompanies" "NARRATOR:" "Thecompanies scrambled to respond scrambled to respond to the news." "to the news." "Googledeniesthatthey" "Googledeniesthatthey have direct access." "have direct access." "Who's right?" "Who's right?" "Theyfreakedoutbecause" "Theyfreakedoutbecause they'd never heard of a program they'd never heard of a program called PRISM." "called PRISM." "And they were not letting the" "And they were not letting the NSA get direct access to their" "NSA get direct access to their servers." "servers." "They were cooperating with a" "They were cooperating with a secret program that they really secret program that they really couldn't describing couldn't describing sufficient detail to their sufficient detail to their customers." "customers." "TheseNSAfolksare saying..." "TheseNSAfolksare saying..." "Theysawhereabigthreat" "Theysawhereabigthreat to their image, to their to their image, to their business model, which relies business model, which relies on people to trust them on people to trust them with their communications." "with their communications." "And they started issuing quite" "And they started issuing quite heated statements, taking issue heated statements, taking issue with the idea that they would be with the idea that they would be just handing over free access to just handing over free access to the NSA." "the NSA." "NARRATOR:" "Butthentherewas" "NARRATOR:" "Butthentherewas more bad news." "more bad news." "TheWashingtonPost,citing" "TheWashingtonPost,citing documents stolen and released documents stolen and released by Edward Snowden... by Edward Snowden..." "NARRATOR:" "PRISMwasonlypart" "NARRATOR:" "PRISMwasonlypart  of what the NSA was up to." "of what the NSA was up to." "NARRATOR:" "Inaprogram" "NARRATOR:" "Inaprogram called Muscular, the NSA was called Muscular, the NSA was secretly extracting data from secretly extracting data from fiber optic cables overseas, fiber optic cables overseas, where intelligence operations where intelligence operations are much less restrained by" "are much less restrained by surveillance laws." "surveillance laws." "PRISMwasafrontdoor ." "PRISMwasafrontdoor ." "PRISM was the court saying," "PRISM was the court saying, "You have to cooperate with the" ""You have to cooperate with the NSA and give specific" "NSA and give specific information when asked."" "information when asked." Now, they find out that" "Now, they find out that through the backdoor, through the backdoor, the government is actually the government is actually breaking into their breaking into their infrastructure and taking infrastructure and taking whatever they want." "whatever they want." "Theycan'tintentionally" "Theycan'tintentionally look for a U.S. person's look for a U.S. person's information unless they believe information unless they believe it's a legitimate foreign it's a legitimate foreign target." "target." "But otherwise they're free to" "But otherwise they're free to collect it at... pretty much collect it at... pretty much unrestricted abroad." "unrestricted abroad." "They can hack into companies'" "They can hack into companies' internal networks and collect internal networks and collect information in bulk." "information in bulk." "NARRATOR:" "TheNSAdid this" "NARRATOR:" "TheNSAdid this by invoking a Reagan-era by invoking a Reagan-era presidential order, from a time presidential order, from a time long before the modern Internet." "long before the modern Internet." "TheNSAdecideditwas" "TheNSAdecideditwas okay under Executive Order okay under Executive Order 12333 and with the backing" "12333 and with the backing of the Justice Department of the Justice Department and the White House toreak and the White House toreak into the private links, into the private links, the private data links that the private data links that connect the data centers of" "connect the data centers of Google and Yahoo around the" "Google and Yahoo around the world." "world." "You're collecting a very" "You're collecting a very large fraction of the whole large fraction of the whole planet's Internet traffic." "planet's Internet traffic." "And that includes a very large" "And that includes a very large number of Americans." "number of Americans." "Theprojectidentifiedby" "Theprojectidentifiedby the code name "Muscular"... the code name "Muscular"..." "Wedonotjusttapinto" "Wedonotjusttapinto lines in the United States." "lines in the United States." "Overseas, the ability to do" "Overseas, the ability to do that in bulk is critical for that in bulk is critical for finding the communications of finding the communications of people who are trying to hide." "people who are trying to hide." "If you can look for certain" "If you can look for certain patterns and dive into those patterns and dive into those communications, you find people communications, you find people utterly unknown to you who are utterly unknown to you who are very dangerous." "very dangerous." "NARRATOR:" "Googlewas" "NARRATOR:" "Googlewas shocked." "shocked." "They had leased what they" "They had leased what they thought were secure data lines." "thought were secure data lines." "Theideathatone ofourown" "Theideathatone ofourown government agencies would go out government agencies would go out and essentially break into and essentially break into Google's own data streams to go" "Google's own data streams to go beyond what Google thought had beyond what Google thought had been a skeptical and resistant, been a skeptical and resistant, but nevertheless cooperative but nevertheless cooperative relationship, I find that relationship, I find that quite shocking." "quite shocking." "That is sort of a betrayal of" "That is sort of a betrayal of the relationship that I think the relationship that I think Google felt like it had with the" "Google felt like it had with the government." "government." "NARRATOR:" "Theleakedfiles" "NARRATOR:" "Theleakedfiles even showed the NSA operatives even showed the NSA operatives bragging about their bragging about their accomplishment." "accomplishment." "Therewasoneslide,the" "Therewasoneslide,the internal NSA slide, showing a internal NSA slide, showing a little diagram how it worked." "little diagram how it worked." "It sort of boasted about it and" "It sort of boasted about it and it put a little smiley face it put a little smiley face there." "there." "This little, you know, like" "This little, you know, like emoji, gotcha." "emoji, gotcha." "You know, saying, you know," "You know, saying, you know, "Ha ha," you know, "we figured" ""Ha ha," you know, "we figured out a way to get that out a way to get that information."" "information." NARRATOR:" "Google,whichhad" "NARRATOR:" "Google,whichhad  a better record than most a better record than most companies on encryption, was companies on encryption, was criticized for leaving its criticized for leaving its internal data lines vulnerable." "internal data lines vulnerable." "Idon'tknowwhy Google" "Idon'tknowwhy Google wasn't encrypting the wasn't encrypting the information traveling between information traveling between their data centers." "their data centers." "But we know that they weren't" "But we know that they weren't and we know that the NSA and we know that the NSA revelations have prompted them revelations have prompted them to make massive changes in the to make massive changes in the way their systems work." "way their systems work." "And they're now trying to" "And they're now trying to encrypt that data on a crash encrypt that data on a crash program to get all of that program to get all of that information encrypted." "information encrypted." "NARRATOR:" "TheNSAwillnow" "NARRATOR:" "TheNSAwillnow have a harder time reading have a harder time reading Google's data without Google's" "Google's data without Google's knowledge." "knowledge." "Obviously,theNational" "Obviously,theNational Security Agency did not design" "Security Agency did not design its programs on the assumption its programs on the assumption that they would be exposed." "that they would be exposed." "Much of this damage is down to" "Much of this damage is down to Snowden, who is quite" "Snowden, who is quite deliberately causing as much deliberately causing as much harm to U.S. companies and the harm to U.S. companies and the U.S. national interest as he" "U.S. national interest as he possibly can, leaking these possibly can, leaking these stories in media that are most stories in media that are most likely to hype them in ways that likely to hype them in ways that will be damaging to the United" "will be damaging to the United States." "States." "NARRATOR:" "Itshouldhave" "NARRATOR:" "Itshouldhave been no surprise that the NSA been no surprise that the NSA would be digging into the would be digging into the companies' data." "companies' data." "Immediately after 9/11, the" "Immediately after 9/11, the companies had been warned." "companies had been warned." "ThisnewlawthatIsign" "ThisnewlawthatIsign today will allow surveillance of today will allow surveillance of all communications used by all communications used by terrorists, including emails, terrorists, including emails, the Internet and cell phones." "the Internet and cell phones." "As of today we'll be able to" "As of today we'll be able to better meet thtechnological better meet thtechnological challenges posed by this challenges posed by this proliferation of communications proliferation of communications technology." "technology." "NARRATOR:" "Withthesigning" "NARRATOR:" "Withthesigning of the Patriot Act in 2001, of the Patriot Act in 2001, a new era of intelligence a new era of intelligence gathering and surveillance had gathering and surveillance had been set in motion." "been set in motion." "TheAmericanpeopleneedto" "TheAmericanpeopleneedto know that we are collecting a know that we are collecting a lot of information and we are lot of information and we are spending a great deal of time spending a great deal of time trying to gather as much" "trying to gather as much intelligence as we possibly can intelligence as we possibly can to chase down every lead, to run to chase down every lead, to run down every hint so that we can down every hint so that we can keep America safe, and it's" "keep America safe, and it's happening." "happening." "NARRATOR:" "Itwashappening," "NARRATOR:" "Itwashappening, but it was veiled from public but it was veiled from public view." "view." "In San Francisco in the summer" "In San Francisco in the summer of 2002, a technician at ATT, of 2002, a technician at ATT, Mark Klein, was one of the first" "Mark Klein, was one of the first to witness something." "to witness something." "Therewassomespeculation" "Therewassomespeculation of some kind of spying they are of some kind of spying they are doing, having to do with the new doing, having to do with the new era of fighting terrorism or era of fighting terrorism or something." "something." "But nobody knew." "But nobody knew." "NARRATOR:" "Thenoneday an" "NARRATOR:" "Thenoneday an agent of the National Security agent of the National Security Agency showed up to talk to one" "Agency showed up to talk to one of Klein's supervisors." "of Klein's supervisors." "Ihappenedto answerthe" "Ihappenedto answerthe  door." "door." "He comes in." "He comes in." "He's wearing a business suit," "He's wearing a business suit, looking very stern and not looking very stern and not smiling at all." "smiling at all." "That's all I knew about it and" "That's all I knew about it and I thought I would never hear" "I thought I would never hear about this ever again." "about this ever again." "NARRATOR:" "Butlater,inside" "NARRATOR:" "Butlater,inside this ATT facility, Klein this ATT facility, Klein noticed something unusual on the noticed something unusual on the sixth floor." "sixth floor." "It'sroom641A,saysonthe" "It'sroom641A,saysonthe door." "door." "And what's mysterious about it" "And what's mysterious about it is there is no door handle." "is there is no door handle." "So it looks kind of odd." "So it looks kind of odd." "NARRATOR:" "Kleinbeganto" "NARRATOR:" "Kleinbeganto investigate." "investigate." "Itracedthecablingcoming" "Itracedthecablingcoming out of the room." "out of the room." "I could not find direct cabling" "I could not find direct cabling going from the secret room to going from the secret room to the phone switch." "the phone switch." "The cabling all seemed to go" "The cabling all seemed to go upstairs." "upstairs." "NARRATOR:" "Upstairson the" "NARRATOR:" "Upstairson the seventh floor was where ATT seventh floor was where ATT handled Internet traffic." "handled Internet traffic." "WhatMarkKleinfoundwasan" "WhatMarkKleinfoundwasan infrastructure that suggested infrastructure that suggested that the government was copying that the government was copying all traffic going through the all traffic going through the ATT Internet backbone." "ATT Internet backbone." "NARRATOR:" "Kleingotholdof" "NARRATOR:" "Kleingotholdof engineering drawings that showed engineering drawings that showed the cables he had traced were the cables he had traced were going to a device called a going to a device called a splitter." "splitter." "Thesplitteris basicallya" "Thesplitteris basicallya glass prism." "glass prism." "So you put a cable in there." "So you put a cable in there." "The light beam goes in there" "The light beam goes in there and it's split like that." "and it's split like that." "One half is going to the secret" "One half is going to the secret room and the other half is room and the other half is going to its normal, assigned going to its normal, assigned destination." "destination." "But it's been copied in the" "But it's been copied in the process." "process." "Andthiswasimportant" "Andthiswasimportant because if one can split the because if one can split the light or divert the light out of light or divert the light out of one of those networks, one can one of those networks, one can copy everyone's traffic on the" "copy everyone's traffic on the network." "network." "It's kind of an unfathomable" "It's kind of an unfathomable amount of information." "amount of information." "TheInternetchops" "TheInternetchops everything up into little data everything up into little data packets." "packets." "So there's your email, your Web" "So there's your email, your Web browsing, photos you might be browsing, photos you might be sending." "sending." "This was a huge dragnet" "This was a huge dragnet operation." "operation." "And I was furious because I" "And I was furious because I never signed up to work never signed up to work for the NSA." "for the NSA." "But I was in my late 50s and I" "But I was in my late 50s and I didn't want to lose my job." "didn't want to lose my job." "So I was stuck." "So I was stuck." "And I was afraid." "And I was afraid." "NARRATOR:" "Kleinwasafraid" "NARRATOR:" "Kleinwasafraid to speak out for several years." "to speak out for several years." "TheNewYorkTimesbrokethe" "TheNewYorkTimesbrokethe story about the National story about the National Security Agency spying inside..." "Security Agency spying inside..." "NARRATOR:" "Butwentpublic" "NARRATOR:" "Butwentpublic after reading a front page New after reading a front page New York Times story about NSA" "York Times story about NSA spying in 2005." "spying in 2005." "WhenMarkKleincameoutand" "WhenMarkKleincameoutand said, "I work at ATT and the said, "I work at ATT and the NSA is tapping into our" "NSA is tapping into our network," that was the first network," that was the first time that the American public time that the American public realized how far things had gone realized how far things had gone since 9/11." "since 9/11." "How much domestic surveillance" "How much domestic surveillance there was." "there was." "He raised this allegation." "He raised this allegation." "No one ever acknowledged that" "No one ever acknowledged that it was actually happening." "it was actually happening." "It still remains" "It still remains an open question." "an open question." "But no one has ever denied it" "But no one has ever denied it either." "either." "Doyourememberthe incident" "Doyourememberthe incident in San Francisco where the in San Francisco where the technician Mark Klein had found technician Mark Klein had found the room with the splitter?" "the room with the splitter?" "Vaguely." "Vaguely." "Whatwasthatabout?" "Whatwasthatabout?" "I'mnotgoingtotalk about" "I'mnotgoingtotalk about that." "Wasitalegalprogram?" "Absolutelylegal,yes." "Absolutelylegal,yes." "Itwas?" "Itwas?" "Mm-hmm." "Mm-hmm." "Wasitpartofwarrantless" "Wasitpartofwarrantless wiretapping?" "wiretapping?" "(sighs)" "(sighs) I don't think so." "I don't think so." "WasitunderaFISA court" "WasitunderaFISA court order?" "order?" "I'mnotgoingtogetinto" "I'mnotgoingtogetinto that." "that." "To the best of my knowledge," "To the best of my knowledge, it's still a classified program it's still a classified program and I'm not here to divulge and I'm not here to divulge national security information." "national security information." "Oneofthebig storiesthis" "Oneofthebig storiesthis  week: the National Security week: the National Security Agency's collection..." "Agency's collection..." "NARRATOR:" "Newsstories" "NARRATOR:" "Newsstories on warrantless wiretapping on warrantless wiretapping brought unwanted attention brought unwanted attention to the telecom companies." "to the telecom companies." "Mr.Whitacre,hasATT" "Mr.Whitacre,hasATT  provided customer information provided customer information to any law enforcement agency?" "to any law enforcement agency?" "Senator,weprotect" "Senator,weprotect the privacy of our customers the privacy of our customers and we follow the law." "and we follow the law." "That's all I can say about that." "That's all I can say about that." "Areyoudecliningtoanswer" "Areyoudecliningtoanswer my question, Mr. Whitacre?" "my question, Mr. Whitacre?" "Wefollowthelaw ,Senator." "Wefollowthelaw ,Senator." "DoesATTprovidecustomer" "DoesATTprovidecustomer information to any law information to any law enforcement agency?" "enforcement agency?" "Wefollowthelaw ,Senator." "Wefollowthelaw ,Senator." "Thatisnotananswer." "Thatisnotananswer." "ATT,Verizon,theBellphone" "ATT,Verizon,theBellphone companies, have seen themselves companies, have seen themselves in a kind of partnership in a kind of partnership with the government with the government for almost 100 years." "for almost 100 years." "I'mtellingyou" "I'mtellingyou we don't violate the law." "we don't violate the law." "We follow the law." "We follow the law." "That'sa legalconclusion." "That'sa legalconclusion." "For almost 70 years," "For almost 70 years, the government guaranteed them the government guaranteed them a monopoly." "a monopoly." "I'maskingyou" "I'maskingyou for a factual matter." "for a factual matter." "Andsotheyhavealwaysbeen" "Andsotheyhavealwaysbeen and continue to be and continue to be faithful handmaidens faithful handmaidens of the government's will." "of the government's will." "Ifyou'reunderinstructions" "Ifyou'reunderinstructions by the federal government by the federal government as a matter of state secrecy as a matter of state secrecy not to talk, say so." "not to talk, say so." "Senator,wefollowthe law ." "Senator,wefollowthe law ." "Surveillanceassistance" "Surveillanceassistance is now in the structure is now in the structure of these companies." "of these companies." "It's something they're very" "It's something they're very comfortable with." "comfortable with." "There's no CEO of a telephone" "There's no CEO of a telephone company that's losing sleep over company that's losing sleep over the wiretap assistance that the wiretap assistance that they're providing to law they're providing to law enforcement or the intelligence" "enforcement or the intelligence community." "NARRATOR:" "The new t community." "NARRATOR:" "The new t companies, on the other hand, companies, on the other hand, were less comfortable cooperatig were less comfortable cooperatig with the government." "But even be with the government." "But even be the NSA's PRISM program, the NSA's PRISM program, they too had been complying." "they too had been complying." "One CEO, however, decided" "One CEO, however, decided to fight back." "to fight back." "In2004,Igot aphonecall" "In2004,Igot aphonecall from the FBI." "from the FBI." "And they said that they had" "And they said that they had a letter for me." "a letter for me." "And within an hour or two," "And within an hour or two, an agent had come to an agent had come to hand-deliver a letter to me." "hand-deliver a letter to me." "TheFBIhandedhim aletter." "TheFBIhandedhim aletter." "He looked at the letter, and it" "He looked at the letter, and it asked for what he describes as a asked for what he describes as a significant array of information significant array of information from his company." "from his company." "And he noticed that it didn't" "And he noticed that it didn't appear to have been signed appear to have been signed by a judge." "by a judge." "It didn't appear to be" "It didn't appear to be a regular court order." "a regular court order." "Itwasnotawarrant." "Itwasnotawarrant." "It was not stamped or signed" "It was not stamped or signed by a court or a judge." "by a court or a judge." "It was this letter demanding" "It was this letter demanding this information from me, this information from me, and it also told me that and it also told me that I could never tell anyone" "I could never tell anyone that I had gotten the letter." "that I had gotten the letter." "It said that I could tell" "It said that I could tell "no person."" "NARRATOR:" "NickMerrill ran a small web hosting company ran a small web hosting company in New York named Calyx." "in New York named Calyx." "Itwasacompany" "Itwasacompany that I started in 1994." "that I started in 1994." "We hosted Mitsubishi Motors," "We hosted Mitsubishi Motors, IKEA, Snapple, Tanqueray" "IKEA, Snapple, Tanqueray-- you know, blue chip clients." "you know, blue chip clients." "And we hosted a lot" "And we hosted a lot of independent media of independent media and non-profit organizations and non-profit organizations that seemed like good people that seemed like good people that I wanted to help, and that that I wanted to help, and that was really where my passion was." "was really where my passion was." "NARRATOR:" "TheletterMerrill" "NARRATOR:" "TheletterMerrill received was a National Security received was a National Security Letter, or NSL." "Letter, or NSL." "After 9/11, the Patriot Act" "After 9/11, the Patriot Act allowed any FBI office in the allowed any FBI office in the country to issue NSLs without a country to issue NSLs without a court's review and with a gag court's review and with a gag order." "order." "Itsaidhe couldn'ttell" "Itsaidhe couldn'ttell anyone about this letter at all." "anyone about this letter at all." "And that gag order is part" "And that gag order is part of what made him concerned of what made him concerned about going even to a lawyer." "about going even to a lawyer." "Tobehonestwithyou, Iwas" "Tobehonestwithyou, Iwas  terrified to talk to anyone terrified to talk to anyone about it, so I didn't." "about it, so I didn't." "I didn't call any of my" "I didn't call any of my colleagues, I didn't speak colleagues, I didn't speak to anyone about it." "to anyone about it." "It was clear to me" "It was clear to me that this was an official that this was an official and genuine document, and genuine document, but I thought that it was not but I thought that it was not legal and not constitutional." "legal and not constitutional." "And so I decided to disobey the" "And so I decided to disobey the commandment that I couldn't tell commandment that I couldn't tell anyone, and I called my lawyer." "NARRATOR:" "Merrillenlisted the aid of the American Civil the aid of the American Civil Liberties Union to challenge the" "Liberties Union to challenge the leer in court." "leer in court." "Ihaddoubtsmyselfabout" "Ihaddoubtsmyselfabout whether I was doing the right whether I was doing the right thing, but what gave me thing, but what gave me confidence was the fact that confidence was the fact that we offered to give them the" "we offered to give them the information if they would simply information if they would simply get a real warrant and the fact get a real warrant and the fact that they refused to get one." "that they refused to get one." "NARRATOThatsameyear," "NARRATOThatsameyear, the FBI issued6,000 National the FBI issued6,000 National Security Letters, but Merrill" "Security Letters, but Merrill was the first person who had was the first person who had challenged a letter challenged a letter on constitutional grounds." "on constitutional grounds." "Hewasan independent" "Hewasan independent operator of an internet company operator of an internet company who really cared about privacy who really cared about privacy d the trust of his users." "d the trust of his users." "Most companies are not in that" "Most companies are not in that business." "business." "Most companies are offering" "Most companies are offering services to large numbers of services to large numbers of uss and don't really want to uss and don't really want to deal with some kind lengthy deal with some kind lengthy legal fight." "legal fight." "Tolitigateis expensive." "Tolitigateis expensive." "When you're getting tens" "When you're getting tens of thousands of these letters of thousands of these letters a year, to litigate a year, to litigate any substantial number of them any substantial number of them is ruinous." "is ruinous." "Besides which, the big companies" "Besides which, the big companies that are receiving these letters that are receiving these letters have regulatory business before have regulatory business before the U.S. government and they the U.S. government and they don't want to annoy the don't want to annoy the authorities." "authorities." "NARRATOR:" "Until2013,no" "NARRATOR:" "Until2013,no major internet or phone company major internet or phone company is known to have questioned the is known to have questioned the constitutionality of a National constitutionality of a National Security Letter." "Security Letter." "IthinkthatNickchallenged" "IthinkthatNickchallenged that is fantastic." "that is fantastic." "I would love it if Google" "I would love it if Google had challenged that." "had challenged that." "Whydidn'tthey?" "Whydidn'tthey?" "Ihaveno clue." "Ihaveno clue." "No idea." "No idea." "I mean, the number of people at" "I mean, the number of people at Google who can know about the" "Google who can know about the existence of the letter is existence of the letter is arguably, like, two or three." "arguably, like, two or three." "You know, presumably it's the" "You know, presumably it's the lawyer who has been designated lawyer who has been designated to receive them." "to receive them." "So maybe two people at Google" "So maybe two people at Google would know about it." "would know about it." "You look at it on its face," "You look at it on its face, it looks like it relates it looks like it relates to national security, to national security, so you comply." "so you comply." "NARRATOR:" "Finally,in 2013," "NARRATOR:" "Finally,in 2013, Google did challenge 19 NSLs." "Google did challenge 19 NSLs." "By that time, the FBI had" "By that time, the FBI had withdrawn Merrill's National withdrawn Merrill's National Security Letter after an appeals" "Security Letter after an appeals court ruled it unconstitutional." "court ruled it unconstitutional." "Ithinkthattheywere afraid" "Ithinkthattheywere afraid that we would make it to the that we would make it to the Supreme Court and they were not" "Supreme Court and they were not 100% certain that they would get 100% certain that they would get the answer that they want." "the answer that they want." "TheFBIdroppedits request," "TheFBIdroppedits request, but what's interesting is that but what's interesting is that he's still not able to talk he's still not able to talk about exactly what they about exactly what they requested other than that it was" "requested other than that it was information." "information." "And he says that if we knew" "And he says that if we knew what had been requested what had been requested that we would be shocked." "NARRATOR:" "Thebiginternet companies had different companies had different priorities." "priorities." "At the same time as the" "At the same time as the government was expanding government was expanding its intelligence gathering, its intelligence gathering, the companies were trying the companies were trying to find out as much as possible to find out as much as possible about their users," "about their users, amassing huge data troves." "amassing huge data troves." "The NSA was watching." "Thesecompaniesareina very  difficult spot because the types difficult spot because the types of activities they engage in is of activities they engage in is very similar to surveillance." "very similar to surveillance." "It is surveillance," "It is surveillance, just for advertising just for advertising rather than for law enforcement." "rather than for law enforcement." "The private sector is where" "The private sector is where the whole game is." "the whole game is." "IrememberIwas talking" "IrememberIwas talking to someone at Google and I was to someone at Google and I was like, "You mean you keep all like, "You mean you keep all that stuff, all those things" "that stuff, all those things I search for?"" "And he said, "Well, yeah."" "NARRATOR:" "Fromthebeginning, Google founders Larry Page and" "Google founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin had discovered that" "Sergey Brin had discovered that web searches were very revealing web searches were very revealing and very valuable." "and very valuable." "Everysearchis in somesense" "Everysearchis in somesense an expression of intention." "an expression of intention." "It's an expression of what you" "It's an expression of what you want to do, where you want to want to do, where you want to go, what you're looking for." "go, what you're looking for." "And that maps very nicely" "And that maps very nicely with the desire of advertisers with the desire of advertisers to target their messages to target their messages towards people at the moment towards people at the moment when they are intending when they are intending to go buy something." "to go buy something." "NARRATOR:" "Fromasimple" "NARRATOR:" "Fromasimple search box, Google struck gold." "search box, Google struck gold." "Ithinkit 'sthemost" "Ithinkit 'sthemost effective product the internet effective product the internet has ever seen." "has ever seen." "Google's ads were so effective" "Google's ads were so effective that all of a sudden, that all of a sudden, their problem was hiding their problem was hiding how much money they made so that how much money they made so that Microsoft and other competitors" "Microsoft and other competitors didn't come after them." "didn't come after them." "NARRATOR:" "PageandBrin" "NARRATOR:" "PageandBrin would make billions." "would make billions." "But it was their 2004 launch of" "But it was their 2004 launch of Gmail with vastly more storage" "Gmail with vastly more storage than Microsoft's Hotmail and than Microsoft's Hotmail and Yahoo mail that immediately" "Yahoo mail that immediately sparked controversy for how sparked controversy for how it mined email content." "it mined email content." "Theywouldscanyourmail" "Theywouldscanyourmail  and try to figure out if there and try to figure out if there was a relevant ad they could was a relevant ad they could show you alongside the mail." "show you alongside the mail." "Theysaid,"We'regoingto" "Theysaid,"We'regoingto basically recover our costs and basically recover our costs and make a profit by showing ads make a profit by showing ads when you send email or when you when you send email or when you receive email." "receive email." "And in order to determine" "And in order to determine what ads to show you, what ads to show you, they read your emails." "they read your emails." "Therewasawaveofnegative" "Therewasawaveofnegative news stories, comments, news stories, comments, blog posts and so forth blog posts and so forth that came out that day." "that came out that day." "And the alarm bell was really" "And the alarm bell was really rung by privacy advocates who rung by privacy advocates who said, "We cannot allow this said, "We cannot allow this to go forward." "to go forward." "This is crossing a Rubicon." "This is crossing a Rubicon." "You cannot scan our emails."" "You cannot scan our emails." AndGoogletriedtoassure" "AndGoogletriedtoassure them, "Really, no, no, them, "Really, no, no, it's not people." "it's not people." "You know, we're just scanning" "You know, we're just scanning the mail." "the mail." "Other places scan your mail" "Other places scan your mail for spam, you know, for spam, you know, so we're really not even doing so we're really not even doing anything different by that." "anything different by that." "We're just showing you ads."" "We're just showing you ads." And a lot of people just felt" "And a lot of people just felt it was creepy." "it was creepy." "IfI wereto go attach" "IfI wereto go attach alligator clips to the phone alligator clips to the phone wire, it'd be a felony." "wire, it'd be a felony." "I'd go to prison for that." "I'd go to prison for that." "What Gmail proposed was exactly" "What Gmail proposed was exactly that: a kind of wiretap of all that: a kind of wiretap of all email looking at the content to email looking at the content to pitch advertising in real time." "pitch advertising in real time." "NARRATOR:" "AtGoogle,Andrew" "NARRATOR:" "AtGoogle,Andrew McLaughlin got a phone call." "McLaughlin got a phone call." "Igotaphonecall from a" "Igotaphonecall from a staffer for a state senator in staffer for a state senator in California named Liz Figueroa." "California named Liz Figueroa." "The staffer said, "Senator" "The staffer said, "Senator Figueroa is deeply concerned" "Figueroa is deeply concerned about this practice of targeting about this practice of targeting ads to email messages." "ads to email messages." "She's very much interested in" "She's very much interested in pursuing legislation that would pursuing legislation that would ban this practice, and could we ban this practice, and could we have a conversation?"" "have a conversation?" Wewalkintothisroom ,and" "Wewalkintothisroom ,and it's myself and two of my it's myself and two of my staff-- my chief of staff staff-- my chief of staff and one of my attorneys-- and one of my attorneys-- and across from us was Larry" "and across from us was Larry Sergey and their attorney." "Sergey and their attorney." "All of a sudden," "All of a sudden, Sergey started talking to me." "Sergey started talking to me." "He said, "Senator, how would you" "He said, "Senator, how would you feel if a robot went into your feel if a robot went into your home and read your diary and home and read your diary and read your financial records, read your financial records, read your love letters," "read your love letters, read everything, but before read everything, but before leaving the house, it imploded?"" "leaving the house, it imploded?" He said, "That's not" "He said, "That's not violating privacy."" "violating privacy." I immediately said," "I immediately said, "Of course it is." ""Of course it is." "Yes, it is."" "Yes, it is." And he said, "No, it isn't." "And he said, "No, it isn't." "Nothing's kept." "Nothing's kept." "Nobody knows about it."" "Nobody knows about it." I said, "That robot has read" "I said, "That robot has read everything." "everything." "Does that robot know if I'm sad" "Does that robot know if I'm sad or if I'm feeling fear or if I'm feeling fear or what's happening?"" "or what's happening?" And he looked at me and he said," "And he looked at me and he said, "Oh no, that robot knows" ""Oh no, that robot knows a lot more than that."" "a lot more than that." NARRATOR:" "Believingthat" "NARRATOR:" "Believingthat Google would never retain" "Google would never retain the information they collected, the information they collected, Senator Figueroa backed off" "Senator Figueroa backed off and amended her bill." "and amended her bill." "Unbeknownsttome ," "Unbeknownsttome , ultimately they were going ultimately they were going to store the information, and to store the information, and that's why they were against it." "that's why they were against it." "And I think it was also," "And I think it was also, "We don't want legislators" ""We don't want legislators interrupting our business interrupting our business model."" "model." They were going to move forward." "They were going to move forward." "And the whole tech industry" "And the whole tech industry went against the bill." "went against the bill." "Ibelievethenand stilldo" "Ibelievethenand stilldo that Gmail was a privacy that Gmail was a privacy disaster." "disaster." "The moment you allow people to" "The moment you allow people to look at the content of your look at the content of your communication for some communication for some advertising purpose is the advertising purpose is the moment that the government moment that the government is going to come along and say," "is going to come along and say, "If you're going to let them" ""If you're going to let them listen in for advertising, listen in for advertising, why don't you let us listen in why don't you let us listen in for anti-terrorism or for for anti-terrorism or for serious crimes?"" "serious crimes?" And it becomes very difficult" "And it becomes very difficult for courts to say that for courts to say that the private sector can listen in the private sector can listen in but the government can't." "but the government can't." "NARRATOR:" "Infact," "NARRATOR:" "Infact, much more listening and looking much more listening and looking was about to happen." "Howbigan impact has Facebook had on our lives?" "has Facebook had on our lives?" "It'shuge." "It'shuge." "Half a billion users." "Half a billion users." "I mean, in terms of sheer" "I mean, in terms of sheer volume, this is remarkable." "volume, this is remarkable." "Myfriendsat theFBI say" "Myfriendsat theFBI say  that they love Facebook." "that they love Facebook." "They love it." "They love it." "It is a fantastic tool" "It is a fantastic tool to see who one communicates to see who one communicates and associates with, what and associates with, what they're interested in, etcetera." "they're interested in, etcetera." "Facebookrealizedthatwith" "Facebookrealizedthatwith the allure of a social network, the allure of a social network, people were willing to tell them people were willing to tell them just about everything about just about everything about themselves." "themselves." "Advertisersarewillingto" "Advertisersarewillingto pay for information about people pay for information about people and Facebook has so much data and Facebook has so much data about its members, so they got about its members, so they got into this personal data business" "into this personal data business collecting information about you collecting information about you and allowing advertisers to and allowing advertisers to access it in order to sell you access it in order to sell you targeted ads." "targeted ads." "NARRATOR:" "Withmillions" "NARRATOR:" "Withmillions of people posting on Facebook, of people posting on Facebook, the executives at Google the executives at Google became worried." "became worried." "Therewasadeepsenseof" "Therewasadeepsenseof anxiety inside Google that anxiety inside Google that Facebook was nailing a new kind" "Facebook was nailing a new kind of interaction that Google was of interaction that Google was proving to be very clunky at proving to be very clunky at doing." "doing." "AndI suspectthatthey" "AndI suspectthatthey thought, "Well shoot, Facebook thought, "Well shoot, Facebook has something better to sell has something better to sell to advertisers." "to advertisers." "We need to boost" "We need to boost our data trove too."" "our data trove too." And I think what happens" "And I think what happens is that it's a race to build is that it's a race to build the best database." "the best database." "Andsoit beginswhatyou" "Andsoit beginswhatyou might call the data wars:" "might call the data wars:" "the idea that to really win the idea that to really win in this game, you need to have in this game, you need to have the most data possible." "the most data possible." "NARRATOR:" "Tomustermore" "NARRATOR:" "Tomustermore firepower, Google had bought firepower, Google had bought a leading internet advertising a leading internet advertising company:" "DoubleClick." "company:" "DoubleClick." "TheDoubleClickacquisition" "TheDoubleClickacquisition consolidated the fact consolidated the fact that Google was an advertising that Google was an advertising company." "company." "Theyreallybecamethe most" "Theyreallybecamethe most powerful company in the internet powerful company in the internet ad world after that." "ad world after that." "One Google executive told me" "One Google executive told me that they made a "staggering,"" "that they made a "staggering," that was his word, amount of that was his word, amount of money from tracking where you'd money from tracking where you'd been on the web." "been on the web." "NARRATOR:" "DoubleClick" "NARRATOR:" "DoubleClick had pioneered and refined had pioneered and refined the tracking of people's the tracking of people's web browsing." "web browsing." "Whenyougo to awebsite," "Whenyougo to awebsite, the website has the opportunity the website has the opportunity to drop a little file onto your to drop a little file onto your computer called a cookie." "computer called a cookie." "It's basically a tracking" "It's basically a tracking number." "number." "It's just a ID number attached" "It's just a ID number attached to you." "to you." "And anytime you go to another" "And anytime you go to another website that sees that ID website that sees that ID number, they know, "Oh, number, they know, "Oh, it's that same person."" "it's that same person." Soa cookieis aunique" "Soa cookieis aunique identifier set by any website identifier set by any website that your computer interacts that your computer interacts with." "with." "And to be clear, it doesn't have" "And to be clear, it doesn't have to be the website that you're to be the website that you're visiting." "visiting." "You visit any given site" "You visit any given site and your computer will interact and your computer will interact with dozens, if not hundreds, with dozens, if not hundreds, of serrs run by different of serrs run by different companies." "NARRATOR:" "Today,allthe big  internet companies use advanced internet companies use advanced tracking technology." "tracking technology." "And the NSA has carefully" "And the NSA has carefully studied their methods." "studied their methods." "For them, commercial tracking" "For them, commercial tracking is an opportunity." "TheNSAseesall thisdata  that's flowing to these that's flowing to these advertisers, and they're advertisers, and they're thinking, "Look at all this data thinking, "Look at all this data about people's behavior that's" "about people's behavior that's just flying out there to just flying out there to hundreds of different parties, hundreds of different parties, and oftentimes not encrypted."" "and oftentimes not encrypted." And so they can just snatch it." "NARRATOR:" "AttheWashington Post, Bart Gellman was going" "Post, Bart Gellman was going through his Snowden files, through his Snowden files, thousands upon thousands thousands upon thousands of them, unpacking highly of them, unpacking highly technical terms, engineering technical terms, engineering jargon and computer code." "jargon and computer code." "Then one day," "Then one day, he came across this slide." "he came across this slide." "At first, he couldn't" "At first, he couldn't understand it." "understand it." "He consulted with his colleague," "He consulted with his colleague, internet security expert internet security expert Ashkan Soltani." "Ashkan Soltani." "Theslideindicatedthe use" "Theslideindicatedthe use  of a specific Google cookie-- of a specific Google cookie-- it's called the PREF cookie-- it's called the PREF cookie-- that's set by Google." "that's set by Google." "Even if you've never been on turned on your computer and opened the browser, and opened the browser, you were likely to get you were likely to get one of these cookies." "one of these cookies." "Andwefoundout thattheNSA" "Andwefoundout thattheNSA was piggybacking on that." "was piggybacking on that." "But of course, if you're an NSA" "But of course, if you're an NSA collections manager and you want collections manager and you want to know, "How do I figure out, to know, "How do I figure out, you know, where Bart was" "you know, where Bart was or whether he's changed devices or whether he's changed devices or all this other kind of or all this other kind of information about him?" "information about him?" "Why don't I just go and get that" "Why don't I just go and get that information that conveniently information that conveniently has been collected for me by has been collected for me by Silicon Valley companies who do" "Silicon Valley companies who do it for their own commercial it for their own commercial motives?"" "motives?" BecauseGoogle'susing" "BecauseGoogle'susing a tracking cookie, a tracking cookie, the NSA can sit back the NSA can sit back and see all that stuff go by." "and see all that stuff go by." "They can monitor all of that" "They can monitor all of that activity, all those cookies, activity, all those cookies, and use it in order to track and use it in order to track your browsing activity or inject your browsing activity or inject malware into your computer." "malware into your computer." "And if they sent you malware," "And if they sent you malware, it would take over your computer it would take over your computer and let them access all your and let them access all your data, all your keystrokes, data, all your keystrokes, all your passwords, etcetera." "all your passwords, etcetera." "NARRATOR:" "Beforepublishing," "NARRATOR:" "Beforepublishing, the reporters called Google the reporters called Google for comment." "for comment." "AndGooglepushedback" "AndGooglepushedback very hard." "very hard." "They said, "You should not be" "They said, "You should not be associating our commercial ad associating our commercial ad cookie technology with U.S." "cookie technology with U.S. government surveillance."" "government surveillance." And Ashkan said," "And Ashkan said, "We can prove it." ""We can prove it." "We can prove that they're using" "We can prove that they're using this, that the NSA is this, that the NSA is piggybacking on your piggybacking on your technology."" "technology." AndI hadtheirown material" "AndI hadtheirown material indicating how it's used indicating how it's used to track people and how it's to track people and how it's an identifier." "an identifier." "So we were going back and forth," "So we were going back and forth, and the Google person and the Google person was insisting that this is not was insisting that this is not a tracking cookie." "a tracking cookie." "And I said," "And I said, "Look, here's some links." ""Look, here's some links." "This is your own video on" "This is your own video on YouTube that you made in 2007" "YouTube that you made in 2007 about this cookie about this cookie and how it's an identifier."" "and how it's an identifier." Cookiesremindus of your" "Cookiesremindus of your preferences from the last time preferences from the last time you visited." "you visited." "NARRATOR:" "Asthearticlewent" "NARRATOR:" "Asthearticlewent  to press, Google emailed an to press, Google emailed an editor at the newspaper, editor at the newspaper, claiming that Soltani had claiming that Soltani had received funds from a foundation received funds from a foundation known for supporting privacy" "known for supporting privacy projects." "projects." "Soltani says he never received" "Soltani says he never received the alleged funding." "the alleged funding." "Itwasapersonalhitonme," "Itwasapersonalhitonme,  and that really surprised me, and that really surprised me, that they would go after me that they would go after me personally." "personally." "And so my editor talked" "And so my editor talked to Google and said, "Is anything to Google and said, "Is anything technically wrong with the technically wrong with the story?"" "story?" And the person said, "No." "And the person said, "No." "In fact, it was very technically" "In fact, it was very technically accurate."" "accurate." NARRATOR:" "Thearticlehad" "NARRATOR:" "Thearticlehad  revealed the privacy risks revealed the privacy risks associated with advertising." "associated with advertising." "Frontline asked Google for an" "Frontline asked Google for an interview, but they declined." "interview, but they declined." "All of the major internet" "All of the major internet companies we called in the companies we called in the course of reporting this program course of reporting this program refused to participate." "refused to participate." "Google,Apple,Twitter," "Google,Apple,Twitter, Yahoo, Facebook, just some of" "Yahoo, Facebook, just some of the names represented over at the names represented over at the White House... the White House..." "NARRATOR:" "OnDecember17," "NARRATOR:" "OnDecember17,  2013, executives from Silicon 2013, executives from Silicon Valley went to the White House." "Valley went to the White House." "Theheadsof someofthe" "Theheadsof someofthe country's top tech companies country's top tech companies speaking with the President... speaking with the President..." "NARRATOR:" "Theyhadbeen" "NARRATOR:" "Theyhadbeen called in to advise the called in to advise the President on how to fix the" "President on how to fix the administration's troubled administration's troubled health care website." "health care website." "Thatmeetingwassupposedto" "Thatmeetingwassupposedto be mainly about healthcare.gov, be mainly about healthcare.gov, but the tech officials refused but the tech officials refused to go along with that agenda, to go along with that agenda, and they made the NSA stuff" "and they made the NSA stuff the number one subject there." "the number one subject there." "And they, you know, expressed" "And they, you know, expressed pretty clearly how unhappy pretty clearly how unhappy they were with the position they were with the position that they'd been put in." "that they'd been put in." "Theyraisedstrongobjections" "Theyraisedstrongobjections with President Obama." "with President Obama." "The heads and general counsels" "The heads and general counsels of major Silicon Valley of major Silicon Valley companies tell the president companies tell the president that what he's authorized that what he's authorized and what the NSA is doing and what the NSA is doing is doing huge damage" "is doing huge damage to their global markets." "to their global markets." "Allofthemdeeplyconcerned" "Allofthemdeeplyconcerned with what the NSA has been with what the NSA has been doing... doing..." "Wemakeatremendousamou" "Wemakeatremendousamou  of money providing technology of money providing technology and online services, advertising and online services, advertising and everything else to people and everything else to people around the world." "around the world." "And all of that goes away" "And all of that goes away if people no longer trust if people no longer trust the American government the American government and the companies that are and the companies that are subject to its authority." "NARRATOR:" "Thenextday , the panel the president had the panel the president had appointed to review NSA policies appointed to review NSA policies and programs issued its report." "and programs issued its report." "It found that some programs like" "It found that some programs like PRISM had played an important" "PRISM had played an important role in preventing terrorist role in preventing terrorist attacks." "attacks." "But it was sharply critical of" "But it was sharply critical of bulk data collection, dragnet bulk data collection, dragnet surveillance and the use of surveillance and the use of National Security Letters." "National Security Letters." "It concluded that the NSA was" "It concluded that the NSA was overreaching and that Americans' overreaching and that Americans' civil liberties were at risk." "civil liberties were at risk." "Wesayin thereport,"Our" "Wesayin thereport,"Our  concern is about what happens concern is about what happens after the next 9/11."" "after the next 9/11." In that moment of national panic" "In that moment of national panic after a traumatic attack on the after a traumatic attack on the United States, will we again" "United States, will we again throw out civil liberties?" "throw out civil liberties?" "Will we again empower the" "Will we again empower the government to erode a little bit government to erode a little bit of the Constitution?" "of the Constitution?" "As long as the government has" "As long as the government has spent taxpayers' money and built spent taxpayers' money and built up this huge technical up this huge technical collection infrastructure, collection infrastructure, that could be abused at a time that could be abused at a time after some other tragedy." "after some other tragedy." "We've got to be damn sure, since" "We've got to be damn sure, since we've built this thing, that it we've built this thing, that it can't be used against us." "can't be used against us." "NARRATOR:" "Overthelastfew" "NARRATOR:" "Overthelastfew months, there have been more months, there have been more reports." "reports." "Accessthepopulargame" "Accessthepopulargame Angry Birds..." "Angry Birds..." "NARRATOR:" "Aboutpotential" "NARRATOR:" "Aboutpotential surveillance of smartphone apps surveillance of smartphone apps and webcam images and hundreds and webcam images and hundreds of millions of text messages, of millions of text messages, how the NSA is capable of how the NSA is capable of recording all of a foreign" "recording all of a foreign country's phone calls country's phone calls and is racing to build and is racing to build a computer that can defeat a computer that can defeat most kinds of encryption." "most kinds of encryption." "CouldallowtheNSA tomap" "CouldallowtheNSA tomap out a person's life... out a person's life..." "Look,letme giveyou the" "Look,letme giveyou the  existential complaint of the existential complaint of the American intelligence community." "American intelligence community." "Here's how it works living" "Here's how it works living inside America's liberal inside America's liberal democracy, of which, by the way, democracy, of which, by the way, the Intel guys are really a the Intel guys are really a part." "part." "American political elites feel" "American political elites feel very empowered to criticize the very empowered to criticize the American intelligence community" "American intelligence community for not doing enough when they for not doing enough when they feel in danger." "feel in danger." "And as soon as we've made them" "And as soon as we've made them feel safe again, they feel feel safe again, they feel equally empowered to complain equally empowered to complain that we're doing too much." "NARRATOR:" "InlateDecember 2013, Bart Gellman flew 2013, Bart Gellman flew to Moscow." "to Moscow." "Snowden had agreed to meet." "Iwentto ahotelthat was arranged in advance." "arranged in advance." "I got a phone call." "I got a phone call." "He gave me a place to meet" "He gave me a place to meet within a certain time period, within a certain time period, and he showed up." "and he showed up." "He met me, shook my hand, said" "He met me, shook my hand, said almost nothing and led me away, almost nothing and led me away, and we moved to a place and we moved to a place that he considered secure." "that he considered secure." "NARRATOR:" "Gellmaninterviewed" "NARRATOR:" "Gellmaninterviewed Snowden for 14 hours over two" "Snowden for 14 hours over two days." "days." "Iaskedhimthe hard" "Iaskedhimthe hard questions about being in Moscow, questions about being in Moscow, or about whether he thought any or about whether he thought any of these stories were doing of these stories were doing damage or, you know, all the" "damage or, you know, all the other things that people want other things that people want to know when they're thinking to know when they're thinking about his conduct." "about his conduct." "And I found a guy who was almost" "And I found a guy who was almost Zen-like in his serenity and his" "Zen-like in his serenity and his comfort with what he had done, comfort with what he had done, that he had consciously decided that he had consciously decided he was willing to take huge he was willing to take huge risks to provoke a public" "risks to provoke a public debate." "debate." "And he provoked a public debate" "And he provoked a public debate that no one could possibly have that no one could possibly have foreseen." "foreseen." "That'sa fundamentally" "That'sa fundamentally dangerous thing to democracy... dangerous thing to democracy..." "Surveillancethatthe" "Surveillancethatthe president himself said was president himself said was urgent... urgent..." "Youcan'thave100 %security" "Youcan'thave100 %security and also then have and also then have 100% privacy... 100% privacy..." "Wetakeourrolereally" "Wetakeourrolereally seriously." "seriously." "I think it's my job to protect" "I think it's my job to protect everyone who uses Facebook and everyone who uses Facebook and all the information that they all the information that they share with us... share with us..." "Sowherewe arenow" "Sowherewe arenow  is in a place where we're living is in a place where we're living behind one-way mirrors." "behind one-way mirrors." "Corporate America and law" "Corporate America and law enforcement and national enforcement and national security state know so much security state know so much about us, and we know so little about us, and we know so little about them, we know so little" "about them, we know so little about what they're doing, about what they're doing, how they're doing it." "how they're doing it." "And we can't actually" "And we can't actually hold our government accountable hold our government accountable because we truly don't know because we truly don't know what it's doing." "Gotopbs.org/frontline." "How can you protect your" "How can you protect your personal data online?" "personal data online?" "Find out in our special" "Find out in our special podcast." "podcast." "What does it mean when the NSA" "What does it mean when the NSA has your number?" "has your number?" "Learn what your data trail" "Learn what your data trail reveals about you." "reveals about you." "How did we get here?" "How did we get here?" "...illegaland ...illegaland unconstitutional." "unconstitutional." "Watchpartoneof" "Watchpartoneof this series, and this series, and connect to the Frontline connect to the Frontline community." "community." "Follow us on Facebook, Twitter" "Follow us on Facebook, Twitter or pbs.org/frontline." "Formoreon thisand other Frontline programs, visit our" "Frontline programs, visit our website at pbs.org/frontline." "Frontline's "United States of Secrets" is available on DVD." "Secrets" is available on DVD." 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