"ARTE and Premières Lignes present" "Written by Julien Goetz  Jean-Marc Manach" "Directed by Sylvain Bergère" "The story of the Internet" "The other story of the Internet" "Nicolas Sarkozy President of France (2007-2012)" "We are going to work on a major issue, the civilized Internet." "I'm not even talking about regulated Internet," "I'm talking about civilized Internet." "Thanks Nicolas..." "So, if the Internet needs to be civilized, that means it's not the case yet, and so, its inhabitants, internet users, us, you, would be savages." "Duly noted." "Four years earlier, it was the People's Republic of China one of the 10 countries known as "Ennemies of the internet"" "which wanted to civilize it." "A fine legacy..." "So, what could be better than a world conference in order to civilize this damn Internet?" "The day before G8, with the consent of my colleagues, and especially of President Obama," "I will gather all the biggest Internet contributors located within each G8 country." "Ah... the eG8!" "Paris, capital of the Internet!" "Its white tents, its Jardin des Tuileries, its "big shots" guests:" "Facebook, Google." "The "decision-makers" of the web!" "And, in the middle of those renowned talkers: a netizen, a savage, somewhat lost..." ""Oh, Gosh." "First of all, may I say, I'm grateful to be here." "A little suprised, given the other members of the panel because I don't think I'm from the same planet actually."" "John Perry Barlow Song writer of Grateful Dead, co-founder of the Electronic Frontier Foundation" "You know, he was basically saying:" ""Well, you know, it's been quite great for everybody but now it's time for everybody to grow up and, for the nation states, to come back in and take this thing over." "because it's become too important to be left to you, people."" "Which was amazingly arrogant." "And then a second one, who asks President Sarkozy to take a strange oath..." "Good morning, Mr President, my name is Jeff Jarvis." "I'm from the university of New York." "A US official calls the Internet the 8th continent, as a new land." "So, as you go to the eG8, I got one small request:" "to take an hippocratic oath for the Internet, that is first:" "do no harm." "Not harming you..." "but well, of course!" "Why would we want to harm you?" "You are an extraordinary potential of economic growth and knowledge." "I like your expression, "the 8th continent"." "Jeff Jarvis Journalist and blogger" "I could imagine him thinking himself planting the flag of France in this new continent, the Internet." "But if any government can claim sovereignty over the Internet, then it's not the Internet anymore." "Okay, summing up: eG8, big CEOs, internet economy, control, copyright..." "The topics are clear, simple, efficient, and civilized." "What is this noise?" "The Arab... spring?" "Dissidents protesting, and letting the world know about it by using the Internet?" "That could have been an interesting topic for this eG8." "But you know, freedom of speech, it's less sexy than CEO of private companies defending their business." "Now that's glamorous, and more profitable." "So on one side we have connected people, using a tool, the Internet to communicate freely, to talk to each other, and share." "And on the other side some politicians or industrialists who don't understand where this noise, this hubbub, is coming from, where "anybody can say anything", and who are trying to turn the volume down, as a matter of comfort." "They are the ones who have been talking, doing their show on TV." "Usually." "And that gives us the other story of the net." "This story would begin like this:" "Do you really think the Internet was created by the military to protect communication in case of nuclear strikes?" "It's a little more complicated than that." "Most of the people who created it were hippies." "DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency" "Even though they were working for DARPA." "And great many of the people that created the Internet took LSD." "So it was a naturally kind of open minded environnement." "Summer '67, San Francisco, Summer of Love," "It's the climax of the hippie culture." "It's right after that summer that they all go to the forest." "And it's those same guys who, a few years later, will say:" "Dominique Cardon Sociologist" ""We have another place, we have another territory to create a community to re-establish what we weren't able to do in the real world." "This place is the virtual world."" "Computering is just like LSD, which they were taking in the same time, it enhances the mind." "It will be a tool that we'll tinker with, build up," "We will be able to act on the code ourselves and by doing this we will extend our relationship to the world as we will all get connected to each other." "At the same time, on the East Cost of the USA, this same hacking spirit is spreading out." "The MIT starts to hire some "system hackers"" "like Richard Stallman who will invent the free software concept 10 years later." "At this time, nothing hindered this spirit of openness, even the technology at the time fostered it." "At the beginning, we had no passwords, there was no security at all in our computer systems." "And the reason is that the hackers who originally wrote the system, about a year or two before I started working there" "Richard Stallman Founder of the Free Software Foundation had the conclusion that any kind of security would be a tool for administrators to control and to restrict the hackers." "So they thought:" ""Why give them a tool to go against us?"" "And it was just great that way." "Anyone could do anything.The system didn't try to control human beings." "And later on though, some administrators tried to get security features put in and there was a pressure to have passwords." "So I wrote this program and I started decrypting people passwords." "So I would send them a message saying:" ""I see that your password is such and such." "Why not join me and use the empty string as your password?" "So you just have to type enter." "It's the shortest pass for password, so it's very little work to type it and it's just as secure as the password you're using now." "And not only that it's a protest again passwords."" "What unites us is sharing, the concept of sharing." "If an information cannot go through there, it will go through here." "David Dufresne Journalist and webdocs director" "It will go through this computer or another one but the destination will be reached." "This is how it was designed by the American military and basically this is how it was re-appropriated later on by the American academics and then by people like us and now by the entire planet." "Vinton Cerf Chief Internet Evangelist at Google, one of the founding fathers of the Internet" "Suddenly people discovered that they have the ability to use this medium to share information with each other." "And when enough of it is on the network you now need things like search engines to find things." "The combination of the worldwide web and the search engines that go with it allows people to discover each other even if they don't know who they are." "This is the Internet!" "A peer to peer exchange system." "Peer to peer:" "Computer network model where each user is both an emitter and a receiver" "From 1 to 1, or 1 to 1000, or 1000 to 1." "It's reversing the way things have always been until now." "The clergy, the Church spread the good word, then the politician spread the good word, then the printer spread the good word." "Amazing things came out of this, but we were just saying:" ""Let's change this, there is a tool for that, so let's give it a shot."" "Teenagers and spies" "I express myself and my neighbor or anyone else is able to read me." "This is what this network designed under LSD allows." "Teenagers are among the first to seize it." "Really fast." "Some are calling them "hackers", "pirates", "corsairs"." "But they are mostly curious." "They search, try, hack." "And their young age is not a coincidence." "This place is ideal to escape parental censorship, where any adventure is possible." "Damned youth!" "I thought these hacker kids were kind of appalling." "They were swaggering around with a lot of menacing clank and, at one point I said that there wasn't much difference between them and the average skateboarders." "If you took away there modems and gave them a skateboard, it wouldn't matter." "And then, I heard that one of them had come home his twelve years old sister being held at gun point by a lot of people from the secret services and they were holing out, you know, every electronic item in the house," "including his clock radio and his Metallica tapes." "And I thought:" "Well, maybe these people are more dangerous than I thought if the government is treating them like this." "I mean, they acted like they were threat the civilisation but it was my perception that they weren't that at all and they were actually civilized, in a kind of advanced way." " Dysfunctioning of radar shield!" " Bring that, check the radar box!" "And soon, intelligence services all tried to acquire the skills of these network hackers." "It once happened to us to call at a suburban house in the country-town of Tours at 6 in the morning," "Daniel Martin" " Founder of the IT department of the DST (French Counter-intelligence) and to knock at the door saying:" ""Open the door, police." "Search warrant!", and to have wide-eyed parents saying:" ""But my son?" "My son, he never left his room, he is always in his room!"" "In reality, he was a famous hacker." "And he was under age." "So it means we are dealing with a new population, we are clueless in front of this issue." "And we couldn't recruite these people for the intelligence agency just like that." "However, why wouldn't we make renowned hackers do their national service so that they could work, not underground but for their country instead." "So we started hiring some people, at that time we wouldn't call them "hackers" but rather "pirates", and they helped us understand." "In France, it's the time when a team of "calves"" "General Jean Guyaux aka "the whale" ex-scientific adviser at the DST starts operating in the DST's underground offices, hired by General Guyaux, aka "the whale"." "I only had one guy the first year, I had two the second year." "Then we ramped up to about ten or fifteen." "I interviewed them all personnally beforehand." "So I had told the recruitment centers about the profiles I was looking for." "I was interviewing the guys, and I was selecting them according to their sense of humour." "To me, the more they laughed, the more serious candidates they were." "Because you need to be nuts to do those things." "You need to have fun." "Each year we had new "calves" joining and each year, they could bring us something new." "Most of them were qualified, others were cautious, because we had to hand-pick them..." "The KGB had done the same as us." "As they didn't have a lot of IT people over there at that time, they spotted some hackers and told them:" ""Look, instead of having fun for free," "I'm going to pay you a little more if you go and check such or such system."" "The English and the Americans were absolutely doing it too." "In 1991 I'm on a TV show and I see someone introduced as a hacker, named Jean-Bernard Conda." "He represents a very recently formed group called the French Chaos Computer Club and as the program goes on, I realize that there is obsviously some business going on between him and the police who are also on the TV show." ""Mardi soir" - 1991" "I want to know if I can infiltrate the Iraqi ministry of defense?" "Well, it's not that hard..." "I want to know how much ammunition they currently have in stock." "Here, page 629, Irak: the network is IDAS, managed by the company called BTC." "The access code is:" "0 to get out, 4180: access code." "Then you look in the paragraph just before, the ID number of the central computer of the BTC company to whom you are going to ask all the governmental, medical... computers." "I go to Irak and then I can develop?" "You go down in the arborescence as in an architecture by systematically asking..." "And no one notices it?" "But there are passwords inside." "Absolutely not." "There is no password that gets in the way inside?" "As was saying my dear colleague, it is possible..." "Philippe Legorjus, you became a colleague?" "Well, he got my personal file earlier!" "And he did some other stuff!" "Philippe Legorjus, the colleague in question, was actually a former police officer, former head of the GIGN (counter-terrorism intervention unit)." "So I went to see him, and indeed he explained that he was working with the police." "Olivier Laurelli aka Bluetouff Hacker co-founder of reflets.info" "It's something that had a kind of small devastating effect." "It's something that then got known really really fast, like everything on the Internet, that got known really fast." "And we ended up, with a splintered community, which chose to turn to free software rather than the hacking culture." "This had another devastating effect:" "there is no strong hacking culture which means that when the mainstream media start talking about hacking they always end up with the "pirate" cliché and not the idea of a "maker", a "doer"," "someone who will do things who will hack objects." "And we then lose the deep meaning of the word." "Last night, officers from the Criminal Investigation Department searched" "TV News 09/29/1987 the premises of the Chaos Computer Club of Hamburg." "Members of this club, called hackers, are suspected to have got into the computer system of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)." "Recently, the club is also suspected to have hacked NASA's computer system." "The Police created a surprise." "Searching at the Hamburg Chaos Computer Club." "Fifteen experts from the Hamburg police together with their colleagues from France and the Criminal Investigation Department, searched the premises of the Club, and three appartments." "By creating the CCC-F, the French intelligence services had been inspired by the first great hacker group:" "The Chaos Computer Club, born 10 years earlier in Germany and who, despite all attempts to infiltrate it, always succeeded in remaining independent." "Andy Muller Maguhn, one of this club's historical members, is far from the hackers described by the media." "Andy Müller-Maguhn Hacker, Berlin Chaos Computer Club" "Hackers' ethics have always been very important for the Chaos Computer Club," "starting with the idea that the computer is a tool to collectively solve issues." "So the idea is to make sure that everyone can access information, and to decrease the concentration of power." "That is what the Internet allows us to do by giving us the means to communicate freely without limits nor constraints with the entire world." "Of course, behind that, there is a peaceful goal, because people who talk together don't shoot each other." "Hacking is a scientific approach." "We observe something that we don't understand and we wonder, well, how?" "Why?" "We're going to look for an explanation." "Jérémie Zimmermann Spokeperson for La Quadrature du net" "That's what hacking is." "Hackers built the first computers, created the first programming languages." "Hackers have built the Internet and are still building it every day." "The hacker moral is kind of that you can hack around problems." "We try to go around the problems rather than dealing with them head on and face on." "There are threats to the Internet that we have to deal with, face on." "We have to face up to the fact that there are tyranical governments that are trying to control the Internet." "We have to face up to the fact that there are good governments that they are acting badly on the net, trying to filter all of our content or surveil us or control the net in certains ways." "We can't just hack around that, because at some point, you do something that you think is right and free on the net and you may end up going to jail." "It's a fact that pratically everything that takes place on the Internet is being monitored by the NSA." "Though I mean I will say I know the NSA on the inside, and I know that we are spared their despotism by their incompetence." "NSA:" "National Security Agency" "They may capture all the Internet, but they don't know what to do with the data." "And the more data they get, the more confuse they are about it." "Better look to the telescope Pedro." "We'll find out what they're doing." "This is Santa's magic observatory." "What wonderful instruments!" "The ear scope, the teletalker that knows everything!" "The cosmic telescope, the master eye, nothing that happens on earth is unknown to Santa Claus." "Who is going to address the issue of this massive network surveillance that is looming?" "The same teenagers, the tinkerers, the hackers." "Since the beginning, they have been building the network according to their wishes or needs." "A new need arises:" "to protect our exchanges, so here comes a new tool..." "In 1984 I was very active in the peace movement." "Philip Zimmermann Creator of PGP (privacy protection software)" "I was also interested in developping software for peace and justice causes like Commitee in solidarity with the people of El Salvador." "I noticed that their offices had been burglarized by the FBI." "They had taken membership list and donner list." "And it strucked me that groups like that needed to have encryption to protect their data from beeing burglarized by the government." "And I wanted to create a software that could encrypt files using public key cryptography, that is what later became PGP." "PGP Pretty Good Privacy Data encryption public software" "We saw a kind of series of things that came that increase the pressure of surveillance and that was the motivation for making PGP free." "And so the source-code was spread all around the world." "Source code:" "Computer code written by humans to give instructions to computers" "That damned habit of sharing..." "Except that at the time, cryptography, considered as "a weapon of war", was solely used by the military, and exportation was prohibited." "Let's just say that the US authorities, starting with the NSA's "big ears", the agency which listens to communications, didn't like it that much." "I saw an archive file of his first version of the program" "Eben Moglen Chairman of Software Freedom Law Center, USA and his manual and his source code." "And I downloaded them and I read the manual and the source code and I wrote him an email message the same night." "And I said:" "Congratulations!" "You've done a wonderful thing, you're gonna change the world." "You're also going to get in an immense heap of trouble." "When the trouble comes to you I can help." "This is who I am, and this is what I do." "And you can ask for anything you need." "And I was ten days ahead of the first federal law enforcement officer who came to knock on his door in Boulder Colorado." "3 years later they dropped the case." "There was a lot of public reaction against the criminal investigation." "The entire computer industry was on my side." "And the computer industry is the most powerfull industry in the U.S." "The real answer in the long run, is that global e-commerce required strong encryption." "And so they let us have it because it allowed banks to make money" "The reason we have free strong encryption in the world now isn't because government surrendered to mister Zimmermann, it's because government surrendered to" "CityBank and Deutsche Bank and Société Générale." "There is something offensive about the idea of saying that that should be against the law, because if the rest of us are prohibited from doing it, you know that criminals can still do it." "They can hire the Russian Mafia to do it, so... only outlaws will have privacy if privacy is outlawed..." "The original idea however is just about respecting privacy." "In essence, the Internet, is as much about total communication as it is about global surveillance." "So allowing exchanges without the risk of being watched, is not a crime?" "It could even be useful and healthy." "And now, they're going to tell us that those who make the network live, who think up those kinds of solutions to preserve it, are loonies?" "Should not have provoked them..." "Governments of the industrial world, you weary giants of flesh and steel." "I come form Cyberspace, the new home of Mind." "John Perry Barlow" " February 1996 Cyberspace declaration of independance" "On behalf of the future, I ask you of the past to leave us alone." "You are not welcome among us." "I had written on a sort of dashed of a declaration of independance of cyberespace and send it out to my friends." "And I didn't really expect it to go any further and by the morning I realized that it had gone all over the world because I was getting emails from people all kind of places." "It was a great moment I think..." "I mean I found a little disconcerting because I had not really..." "I hadn't be very careful about writing it and I wasn't necessarily delighted that it was going to be some kind of a canonical document." "But I could see that it had become so over a night." "We have no elected government, nor are we likely to have one." "But who is in charge of this "Internet"?" "Frédéric Lefebvre, Member of Parliament, UMP (Union for a Popular Movement" " Conservative Party) National Assembly, December, 2008" "How many young girls will need to be raped before the authorities react?" "How many will need to die after taking counterfeit medical drugs?" "How many teenagers will need to be cyber-bullied?" "How many home-made bombs will need to explode around the world?" "How many creators will need to be ruined because of the plundering of their art?" "It is time, my dear colleagues, to gather a G20 of the Internet to decide to regulate this modern way of communication infested by all the mafias of the world." "Ah the alleged mafia nature of this network!" "For several years, the authorities have been continually asking the same question:" "But who is behind this "Internet"?" "And who should be held responsible for it?" "May 6, 1996, first attempt to answer this question." "In France, a simultaneous police raid is conducted at 2 independent Internet access providers, World-Net and France-Net." ""Pornographic pictures of young children," "National TV News bulletin 1996 The francenet case that's what the police found on the two incriminated networks." "Both ISP managers have been indicted." "We got them!" "The responsibles would then be those managing the pipes that transport the content." "Just as if the postman was responsible for the mail he carries." "Rafi Haladjian, founder of francenet, was one of the two CEOs arrested that morning." "The issue with pedophilia is that it's an easy topic." "Pedophilia is the only unambiguous topic..." "When you see a pedophile picture, you know it is pedophile and you can immediately decide to delete it." "However the issue is that by deleting this pedophile picture, we immediately acknowledge that we have that censorship capabilty and thus a responsibility on all the contents, including all those that are much more ambiguous." "So if you delete the pedophile pictures, you are also responsible for any hateful message, for those in which there is some illegal medical practice, for any copyright violation whether you are aware of it, or not..." "What was at stake was the definition of the role of an Internet service provider." "Is it some guy that censors the whole web maintaining some kind of censored garden?" "Or is it a guy who says: "Here is a pipe and all that is behind it, is yours"?" "That was my position." "And it was actually funny because we could see the mainstream media like TF1 (one of the french main TV channels) who ran "a pedophile network arrested in France" as a headline, but when afterwards they learned more about what had really happened" "they didn't correct themselves." "Newspapers will never understand what the Internet is." "Out of laziness, out of fear, out of corporatism." "Mix all that up." "We are still paying today for this misunderstanding." "That is, the Internet, it's pedo-nazis, it's necessarily evil, it's necessarily bullshit, it's necessarily videos of skateboarding cats or babies laughing for 3 minutes..." "Or..." "But no..." "No." "In 1999, the CSA, Superior Council for Audiovisual, in France, led by Hervé Bourges back then, even organized the first international summit dedicated to the regulators of internet." "Because good grief, something really has to be done!" "Hervé Bourges Former CSA president" "Of course we said that under no circumstances we would censor the Internet nor try to prevent the development of the Internet but rather regulate it." "The Internet can say anything!" "Anything about anybody." "And we know it well now." "Someone can say that you are a bastard who's killed his wife or who's slept with his daugther and you shall protest as much as you want, it's done." "And then the Justice is available if you complain to the police, but how long will it take?" "And your reputation is destroyed forever." "We have to think about that." "There is a self-regulation of speech that emerged on the Internet." "And this self-regulation phenomenon, as studies clearly show will actually contain any rants that are conspirationist, racist, dangerous..." "This community often works fiercely, violently." "Heated discussions are the norm, but if someone starts talking nonsense, and is just plain wrong, you won't see it pop up all over the Internet, except for being labelled wrong." "Thus there's this collective capacity of fact-checking, of validation, of the facts and the norms that internet users manage themselves." "Some politicians, industrialists or public figures, are not swayed." "They still believe that someone has the key to this "Internet"." "If not the Internet Service Providers it has to be their siblings:" "the Web Hosting Services, those which allow internet users to create web sites, personal web pages and thus to express themselves." "Suddenly, an AFP (Agence France Presse) dispatch" ""Estelle Halliday (top model and wife of a French music celebrity) sues a Web Hosting Service that broadcasts naked pictures of her that had already been published in a newspaper."" "What's a Web Hosting Service?" "What's the Internet?" ""Naked, sex, debauchery!" There you go..." "Television news 1998 The Altern case" "Valentin Lacambre, libertarian web user, was really not expecting to become one day the target of a the wrath of a famous top model." "A wrath that could cost him a lot." "Valentin Lacambre is a Web Hosting Service provider i.e., he hosts all kinds of web pages in his computer memory and gives access to the Internet for free." "He makes money by selling IT services alongside, he is far from being super rich." "Valentin Lacambre Creator of 3615 INTERNET and Altern.org" "At my first trial, I was lightly sentenced." "However, as a matter of principle, because I got sentenced and I could feel more trials coming up, I appealed for the sentence." "I shouldn't have." "Because in appeal, the judge was Marie-Françoise Marais, this judge hit me really really hard..." "I got convicted to pay 300,000 francs in retributory damages." "45,000 euros = 58,200 USD" "Marie-Françoise Marais Magistrate" " President of Hadopi (The Internet "Anti-Piracy" Enforcing Agency famous for its Three Strikes rule)" "At the time we said:" ""Let's be provocative." "Let's not care whether the internet was an unregulated free space, or no." "There is a breach of privacy since we find a picture, we disregard all external technical considerations and thus we act, we enforce forbid and we grant damages..."" "And I don't remember how much we granted as compensatory damages to Estelle Halliday for breach of privacy." "I just had to pay and I really became homeless." "I simply left my appartment, without notifying the landlord because I couldn't pay anymore." "Life wasn't that great..." "So the Judicial system chose to put pressure on the hosting service rather than dealing directly with the citizen who put the incriminated content online." "Logical." "And clever." "The problem is solved by removing the middle-man." "I was held responsible for the 47,000 websites that were hosted on my servers." "As I couldn't take on this responsibility, I only had one choice which was to shut down the whole hosting service." "Which means that several hundreds, several thousands of small companies, non-for-profit organizations, information services today no longer exist because I cannot carry on this responsibility of hosting contents that might be criminal." "But it does not work everytime, Rafi Haladjian made it through." "As long as a judge hasn't ruled that this content is illegal it is not the job of people who are nothing, namely Internet service providers, to adjudicate on this content." "In any case the dismissal of proceedings pronounced in my favor in this pedophilia case, considered it unconstitutionnal that a private entity, such as an Internet service provider had a right to judge a priori over the contents that may be seen" "or not seen by someone." "Hence not only we could not do it, but it was unconstitutionnal." "Who are we to apply censorship, to decide what people should see and not see?" "Hence as soon as an authority has decided that this content is forbidden it notifies us and asks us to remove it, we are forced to remove it but we don't have authority to decide what has to be removed or not." "We have to remember, and it's a unique situation in the History of modern law," "Olivier Iteanu Lawyer, expert in Internet Rights that the first decisions made by any jurisdiction, whether it is in the US or in France, about the Internet it was in 1996, the first decision made, was not made by a commercial court or a local High Court," "it's the French Constitutional Council, the highest jurisdiction, before any case was taken to a court, which censored an amendment proposed by the telecomunication minister, François Fillon (later, the Primer Minister of Nicolas Sarkozy)," "and as part of the telecom deregulation law." "They voted in the middle of the night an amendment that was making the technical middle-men highly responsible." "The idea was already to control this thing through technical middle-men." "And in the US, Bill Clinton pushes the Decency Act, in which the Supreme Court will cancel anything related to the Internet." "These are unique events in the history of states adhering to the rule of law where it is the highest jurisdictions - against the executive power - that rule and protect the Internet consciously or unconsciously." "It is quite unique." "Bruce Schneier Cryptograph" " IT security expert" "Internet needs to be a place for freedom and liberty and not for control." "So, I would like to see governments getting involved in the Internet, but in a smart way." "Right now, the governments are getting involved in the Internet in a bad way." "I think it's a lot of pressure to control the Internet and we have lawmakers who don't understand how the Internet works or what the effect of their actions are, trying to regulate it in an overly heavy handed and overly restrictive way." "And I think that is gonna cause serious problems in the next 5, 10 years." "What the hell?" "What does it mean?" "Seems almost a message coming from space." "Mmmh, pâté de foie gras." "Captain!" "Our computer is picking up a strange signal." "Here sir, you better take a look at it." "Thanks!" "It's impossible, the computer has got to be wrong." "With those concepts of regulation, control or freedom, comes the issue of net neutrality." "The principle is simple:" "for the Internet to be neutral, nothing nor no one must modify the content that goes through the pipes." "Come on, come on!" "Relax!" "I agree that those are not normal signals but I also think the computer isn't functionning right, that's all!" "So stay calm," "I really think that our computer in there just got to be drunk." "Network neutrality means:" "Wherever you are on the network, you see Internet in the same way, you can access the same things." "This is what makes the Internet what it is." "This means, a kind of big global database through which you can discuss with everyone and especially, this means that the intelligence isn't concentrated in one single place in the network, the intelligence is not at Orange, nor at Numericable, nor at any other specific service provider" "but intelligence is distributed across the numerous branches of the network." "Thus, across the users." "Benjamin Bayart CEO of French Data Network" "Network neutrality is the cornerstone of freedom of speech on the Internet." "There is no freedom of speech if there is no network neutrality" "Otherwise, you don't know what you're watching." "Actually, without it, you're in The Matrix." "You're in the matrix, you are presented with things and you don't know if they are true, you don't know if the texts are really those written by the authors..." "You are presented with an article, stating that this politician said that, but what do you actually know?" "You have to trust it." "And you have to trust not only the journalist who wrote the article saying that" ""Paul said Jack was a jerk", but you also have to trust the network that delivered the article for not rewriting it on the fly, and you have to trust the tablet that displayed the article to you that it did not rewrite it on the fly." "We are not at all used to a system where public speaking is so easy and free." "We are used to some kind of control." "We are old Catholic country, we like to have hierarchy, middlemen, between God and us, and the Internet is, in some way, a direct access to God." "So, the middlemen are resisting." "Ok, let's sum up." "I gathered that you guys were pirates, looters, terrorists." "That's why we sentence you to a 1-year internet blackout." "You and your families." "No objection?" "Good?" "Perfect." "Happy new year guys!" "Hold on!" "I need an internet access!" " So do I!" "For my job!" " And I am looking for one!" "I am an entrepreneur!" "And I am unemployed!" " We can't even prove we're innocent!" " Exactly!" "We're willing to pay!" " Please!" " Damn it!" "WILLING..." "TO PAY" "Cases and laws go on and on but the question remains." "So it's neither the ISP's nor the hosting platforms, fine, then it's the users." "Here is a new target to control to clean up the network." "Today, in September 2012, they sentenced a tradesman on the basis of the Hadopi framework." "This is the first conviction ever." "A few hundred-euro fine." "HADOPI:" "High Authority for promoting the distribution and protection of creative works on the internet" "His wife downloaded Rihana's hit, Rude Boy, but she didn't really know how to use the peer-to-peer download software, so it has been caught 1500 times as the song was being shared against her will." "It's the same reasoning:" "to punish, to make accountable, even though we know they are not those who underpin the problem." "Hadopi has systematized the surveillance of internet users by a private company for reasons that have absolutely no ground, which are copyright reasons." "Rick Falkvinge Swedish Pirate Party founder" "The first copyright, awarded on May 4th 1557, was a way to supress political dissent in England when the Crown awarded a monopoly to London's printing in exchange for being able to censor anything printed." "It goes back to that." "We had this gate keeper culture, where a small privileged elite could decide what kind of culture and knowledge go out to the masses." "But the Internet changes all that, the Internet gives everybody a voice." "For the fist time in history, a nine year-old school girl in Paraguay who just got offered a laptop can go on to Wikipedia and add knowledge to the collective knowledge of humanity." "That has never happened before." "There really is a field in which France was leading." "It is the repression of copyright infringement." "And as soon as Sarkozy had been elected, John Kennedy, the president of IFPI, the worldwide lobbying organization of disks producers" "said: "With Sarkozy, we have our champion." "He will defend our ideas!"" "So once put in place." "Hadopi was able to send Marie-Françoise Marais," "President of this repressive commission all around the world, all expenses paid by on the house, to be part of all the industry jamborees..." "to say: "Look, it works in France.", to pull fake stats out of her hat, and then tout the French model internationally, and she still does today." "It's not just a little technical change it really is a true revolution because I truly think that we are at a crossroads of a change of civilisation." "New models are going to appear but it's not about running after people with a bludgeon." "Stop calling me the Mrs. Boogeyman of the Net, no I am not the Mrs. Boogeyman of the Net." "Absolutely not." "That file sharing may happen, I think it is a possibility but it has to be done in a way that preserves all rights, the copyrights, the rights of all Internet users, no, not internet users" "but of all those who are part of this industry." "I believe that here, there is a real issue." "Do we remunerate rent-seeking or do we reward real work?" "It's a core question." "Try to find the cure for AIDS when there are 200 known patients in the world, it's useless." "But when you start having a few millions patients here and there and casualties accumulate, for the dough, it's better." "So that, is a model where you reward rent-seeking and so you need to create renk-collecting schemes if you want to generate income." "And then there is another model that says that we pay for the actual work, that is to say that society, one way or another, through the market economy or through any other business model says:" ""I want this work to be done." "Thus I am going to pay people to get it done."" "It's quite a classic model in France, that's what makes us a soviet country to many." "We have a very developped public research." "That's the model of the CNRS, our state funded scientific research agency." "We pay researchers to do research." "And the guy who finds something, he doesn't earn millions, he is just doing his work as a researcher, during which he has been paid, a researcher salary, a decent one." "And that's it." "It's this choice that is hidding behind what the ayatollahs of copyrights are doing." "It's a world of rent-seeking against a world of income rewarding real work." "And it's a very profound choice of society." "If not regulating means letting the market regulate itself, I'm not fine with that." "No." "Because it's a deceptive way of regulating things." "Basically, I am for educating people, as simple as that." "I mean learning good practices, teaching good practices," "I find that much more powerful than prohibition." "And it so happens that life lead me to work with the music or film industry... which everyone realized are old, heavy industries, that absolutely didn't understand what was happening and they tried to go the prohibition way and they lost." "Prohibition will never promote intelligence." "Never." "We have people who are attempting to control access to the twentieth-century's culture." "We will have people who will claim control over access to the nineteenth-century's culture." "And everywhere, we have people who think that if you take a physics textbook and you make a copy for someone who's to poor to learn physics that way, that's a potentially criminal act." "We criminalize reading in the same way that we criminalize being poor and so I think of Victor Hugo who said that" ""The law in its majesty prohibits rich and poor alike from sleeping under bridges."" "And so we prohibit the rich and the poor alike from taking knowledge without paying for it, which hurts the rich not at all, and crushes the poor." "Well, if we can put an end to the evil laws like Hadopi and DADVSI we might have an Internet with human rights." "The Internet disrupts companies from retail to media to journalism, to all kinds of industries." "And the Internet also disrupts governments, because it enables people to form as a public in new ways without boundaries and borders, and it challenge government's autorithy." "So, yes I think that government and companies, old legacy companies, band together sometimes to try to restrict the Internet in their self interest against disruption." "So, we are told again and again that it is necessary to monitor, in case we could catch hackers!" "And the network monitoring tools are numerous." "It is not only the big bad state monitoring the nice little citizens." "It is much more complex." "Because all of us, in our frenzy of sharing and exchanging, we contribue a little more every day to create this surveillance society." "Timo Toots is Estonian." "He has simply built a machine that scans our identification document and retrieves, aggregates and displays all the information that we have left online willingly." "It has been scary for me to see that people really enjoyed the machine." "For me it was a reason to make it scary but actually people really get excited about it and they want to see their data." "But this is happening everyday also in Facebook or wherever you see people sharing their real lives and enjoying it." "No dictator would dare to dream of a tool mighty enough to monitor a whole population" "The great risk of the Internet is perhaps not those "hackers" who share" "Ecuadorian Embassy in London but more probably these companies which store the data that we give them willingly every day." "Julian Assange, WikiLeaks founder" "Facebook is the post modern version of the STASI." "That is the proper way to look at it." "So the STASI had up to 10% penetration of East Germany, in terms of informants." "Facebook in some countries like Iceland has 88% penetration of the population." "Information being stuffed in Facebook about people's friends, relatives, what they're doing, their connexions is putting there much greater than the frequency that the STASI informants were reporting back to the handles of the STASI." "They say that a Visa executive as a Visa credit card knows that you are getting a divorce one year before you know it yourself." "And that's just your purchase habits." "Now imagine what Google or Facebook would know about you." "If you are diagnosed with a horrible disease." "The first one to know is not your parents, your close friends, your children, your wife or husband." "It's Google." "We have built the net so that everybody's use of it is monitored, so that the web server has a log which tells who accesses what." "And if that web server is Facebook and 800,000,000 people use it to communicate, then there is one guy who has the right to know what everybody is looking at." "And that guy would be under pressure to sell or give to every government and evildoer on earth the crucial information:" "what is everybody looking at?" "Bernard Benhamou, Delegate for the uses of the internet, Ministry of Higher Education and Research" "Social networks live on the thin red line of trust while trying to go as far as possible in terms of the use of personal data." "And that's also what Google's CEO, Eric Schmidt, said:" ""Our policy is to keep driving along the yellow line and to try not to cross it."" "I don't know if this comment made by a company like Google is not the most worrying one can make on this matter." "Thus, to have a free access to the Internet does not necessarily mean being free." "IGF:" "Internet Governance Forum, Baku, Azerbaïjan 2012" "In 2012, Azerbaijan, a country rated 162nd on 179 for Press Freedom hosts the United Nations Internet Governance Forum a way to distract observers and hope they won't see the wood for the trees." "So, hundreds of Freedom of Speech advocates meet together, in Baku, the capital city." "The very same people that Nicolas Sarkosy in his eG8 for businessmen, had put aside." "Not afraid of a ironical paradox, eh?" "Protection of human liberties is one of the vital activities of the modern internet network." "Nevertheless, in this very same country, to dress up as a donkey like this blogger, Emin Milli, did and to put a video online mocking the government that has invested in a large herd of donkeys it is hazardous." "After doing that, Emin was beaten by two henchmen who of course accused him of attacking them first." "So he eventually spent a year and a half in prison for "hooliganism"." "Fresh, light, gracious." "Emin Milli Blogger and cyber dissident, Azerbaijan" "Internet is not free in Azerbaïdjan, you know." "Of course we are free to use the Internet technically." "I can go now and write anything on Facebook or on Twitter but it doesn't mean that after I leave my house, you know, I will be free, walking on the street like nothing happened." "I can be attacked or I can be framed and put in jail again." "And that happened, it's not just about me, I mean it happened with many people." "So what I am trying to say is, because this government today try to, look:" "we have more than 60% Internet penetration." "900,000 people out of 9 million people are on Facebook in Azerbaïdjan." "So they are trying to say:" ""Look and its growing very rapildy, we are a free country."" "But it's not true, you cannot measure the freedom in the country just by technical access to Internet." "Another example, still in Azerbaijan, Khadija Ismayilova," "Journalist for a radio prohibited on the FM waveband but broadcast on the Internet." "While she investigates on a corruption issue involving the president's family, she receives a letter." "Inside: a photo of her making love with her partner." "It turned out 3 cameras had been planted in her apartment, even in her bathroom and this letter was a threat for her to stop her investigation." "But she continued, and the sextape got put online." "And rather than asking to censor the website that hosted the video," "Khadija chose to sacrifice her privacy to be consistent with her views on defence of freedom." "Khadija Ismayilova Journaliste  Cyberdissidente, Azerbaïdjan" "My reaction was unexpected for perpetrators." "I didn't step back." "I said I'm not ashamed of what happened," "I'm not ashamed of what I did." "And those who are stealing people's money, who are stealing people's opportunities to enrich their families, they should be ashamed." "I made a public statement on Facebook, and then it went to media." "The criminal case was opened and my family members, friends said" "I should ask the investigation or ask the government, or the minister of communication to block the website inside the country, so my life wouldn't be threatened." "I decided not to do that, because our government is looking for legitimate excuses to block websites." "And if I would ask them to block this website, that would serve as an excuse for them to do it in the future." "So, I didn't request that." "Teufelsberg, Former NSA listening station, Berlin" "Today, if the temptations for network censorship are bigger an bigger," "Perhaps it is also a simple matter of money." "The lure of Low-cost even in surveillance." "Some years ago buying a radar antenna to spy a communication satellite was expensive and could be done only by big industrialized countries." "But this time is over." "In a world where all communications or nearly so, are digitalized, costs decrease, the temptation increases and the surveillance business becomes profitable." "Everyone is talking about cyberwar and no one is speaking about cyberpeace, but why not?" "Well it's because there is a whole bunch of rich lobbies involved in a cyber warfare operations." "There is SAIC and Northrop Grumman and all these companies trying to terrorize, saying US Congress into funding these programs so they can get a cut of the money." "European Parliament, Brussels" "I have been in the European parliament since 2009," "Marietje Schaake European MP, Democrats 66, Netherlands when besides the european elections, there were aslo elections in Iran." "And we saw, as I witnesses, because so many people uploaded videos, how thousands of men and women in Iran took to the streets and ask "Where is my vote ?"" "And I quickly became the spoke person on Iran and I got in touch with a lot of these activists, and the more I talked to them, the more they explained to me that they were often found, traced, tracked and imprisoned with the help of repressive technologies." "And I thought this needed an investigation." "And the more I learned, the more I found out that not only to Iran but also to" "Tunisia, Egypt, Syria, Bahrain, and many many other countries where repression is systematic, still european companies are able to export what I called "digital weapons"." "And I think it is high time that we curb this export that we have more transparency and accountability on the part of companies." "There is a big commercial market of over a hundred companies providing mass surveillance technology," "a south african company selling kit for just 10 millions dollars a year to permanently record all telephone calls out of a medium size country." "That is what William Binney, the former head of the national security signal intelligence automation division called "turnkey totalitarianism"." "The engine and the wheels and the chassis have been built." "The key is in the ignition and it is just a matter now of turning this on." "And actually it has been turned on for some people if you look at muslims broadly speaking in the United States it has been turned on for them already." "The essential ingredients of a new transnational totalitarian distopia have been built." "I am going to be the President of the France of Human Rights" "April 2007" "I don't believe in Realpolitik, which makes you give up on these principles without winning contracts" "December 2007" "Well, precisely, speaking of contracts December 2007" "France has signed a beautiful one with Colonel Gaddafi." "The delivery of a whole infrastructure in order to monitor the entire Libyan Internet." "Very convenient for a dictator." "Of course it was way before the so victorious French operation launched to free the country." "Long live the friendship between France and Libya!" "When the whole Libya situation started to go wrong we got wind that France had sold a global surveillance system of the entire population, to Abdallah Senoussi who was on the most wanted list of the International Penal Court who had been convicted in absentia in France for terrorist acts, no less." "We began to dig a little deeper and we found, quite quickly, a company named Amesys which was then directly incriminated by the Wall Street journal." "They discovered the Amesys facilities in Libya in an abandoned prison that had been restored to become a monitoring center." "It is legal or it is not." "If it is not, we don't sell." "But are you aware that human lives were threatened?" "Bruno Samtmann Business Manager, Amesys 2011 2003: embargo lifted, 2007:" "He shakes hands with the world leaders, ok?" "And you come here, in 2011, to ask me if I wondered whether this would be used to track opponents in his country?" "But how on earth could I answer this question?" "I mean, If I sell you a pen, or when you do an interview..." "what you write..." "The person who sold the pen is not responsible for what has been written!" "How can he, without flinching, dare to pretend having just sold a pen to a country in the midst of a revolution thereby helping a notorious dictator and even a terrorist, Abdallah Senoussi." "Say without flinching:" ""OK, I give you a pen." "Me, personally, I'm just selling a pen."" "You really must have lost all sense of shame to compare what was sold to Libya to a pen." "Amesys is not alone in selling this kind of tools." "However Amesys has specialized in legal interception which they do on a massive scale at the level of an entire country." "Now, the technology itself is French, it was born in the Lip6 lab," "The Computer Science Research Lab under the supervision of the Pierre  Marie Curie University and CNRS from which spinned off a company that comes up quite often when you do research on countries where it is suspected that these technologies are being used." "This company is Qosmos." "Qosmos:" "A Network analysis software editor" "Even though some swear that Qosmos does not sell surveillance or monitoring systems and the likes, we have significant evidence of the contrary." "It is interesting to know that this company, Qosmos, has been caught red handed while trying to sell a surveillance system through an Italian consortium to Bachar El Assad." "And they did not do that 10 years ago they did not do that 5 years ago they were about to close a deal just a few months ago." "Since then, Qosmos announced its withdrawal from the Syrian project while insisting that they had remained" ""in full compliance with the entire legislative framework currently in force"" "which is also Amesys' official position..." "But after all, that's true, today, no law prohibits a western company from selling surveillance weapons to a dictator." "Traditionaly democratic countries have had prohibited lists:" "armaments they can't sell and list of countries they can't sell it to." "Surveillance technologies, Internet control technologies, seem to have fallen off that list, I mean they are not prohibited technologies." "If we are serious about promoting democracy we have to not sell those technologies to countries that will abuse them." "And more so, we can't be a bad exemple." "Peter Hustinx European Data Protection Supervisor" "We cannot ignore security needs, this is important but we cannot ignore the balance with civil liberties either." "And it is this very balance which is the act we are discussing." "We only need to be brave enough to face the challenge of now demonstrating why you really need a measure like monitoring, and stay critical and preserve these balances at every stage." "I get angry every time I hear the word lawful interception which is the legal term for wiretapping essentially." "Because the word lawful interception is kind of phrased that way to imply that's it's ok, that it's good." "Because it complies with the law." "That's bullshit," "I mean we have seen in history so many times just because something is legal it doesn't make it morally justified, it doesn't make it right." "And history has always been extremely harsh on those who choose to follow the law when the law was wrong." "I think the law is wrong." "And that's why I went into politics, to change it." "The vice President of the European commission, Viviane Redding, saying some years ago, when she stood before the European Parliament hat she thought we had sacrificed our liberties for too long, looking for security and that it was time to do justice, to liberty." "All this is actually on the same theme." "Now, after some time, after maybe the nervousness of 911 and so forth has disappeared, we need to take a sober look." "Whether do we really need this?" "Because this is worst than a slippery slope." "The big fight is about civil liberties." "And undoing things like having my mobile phone being a governmental tracking device." "That was unthinkable in the mid eighties." "How did we get there?" "And how can we undo that?" "Technologies are no more a tool of emancipation than a tool of enslavement." "The somewhat angelic view of John Perry Barlow on a world free of states that would go towards a global betterment because it would use technologies is a view that must be seriously tempered, not with pessimism, but with pragmatism." "Technologies will be what we will make of them." "The calculator is helping to define society's most complicated problems." "It is a tool for turning inspiration into fruitful prediction." "As an information machine it has done much to broaden the base of our growing concepts." "But the real miracle is the promise that there will also be room for the smallest details that have been the bases from man's most rewarding wishes." "This is a story of a technic in the service of mankind." "In fact I think we still are in a transition period." "That is to say, it is not 1789 anymore but where are we up to?" "Now - today - what should we do?" "We reestablish the king?" "We call Bonaparte?" "We're all Robespierre?" "What should we do?" "We all know that this will go wrong but we need to postpone, as much as we can, the moment when it goes wrong and above all, if it goes wrong it should go wrong for everybody." "Hacking politics" "Some choose to act." "And they act with that damned habit made possible by the Internet:" "without asking permission." "Like the International group Telecomix, which in Syria helped the Internet users to bypass the regime's surveillance." "You can call them "hackers", but first and foremost, they are people connected with others thanks to a network and who seek to help one another." "Stephane Urbach, Hacktivist, former Telecomix, German Pirate Party member" "In Syria, the network is completely monitored by the government." "People have been arrested in their homes, for their activities on the Internet and it is probably still happening." "People must have died because they had published something on Facebook." "So we brought them tools that enable them to put things online while bypassing the surveillance." "This may sound arrogant but at the time, we were the only ones able to do that." "An NGO can't act as we did." "We attacked the decisions of a sovereign state." "In other circumstances that would be considered as a declaration of war." "We, Telecomix, have decided that it was important for the people to be able to put information online." "And we decided to bypass a state's decisions by all means necessary." "A state cannot do that neither can an intelligence service." "But we did it." "I still don't know if it was right, I am still thinking about it but I think that at that time it was the right decision to make." "Syria 2012" "Taking the photos and using the Internet is worse than you can handling a gun and shooting." "Muhamat was barely twenty, he was a student, had sisters and brothers." "I know his whole story, he told it to me." "I had scheduled interviews, with a German newspaper." "When we wanted to do the third interview I looked for him and did not find him." "I asked people where he was." "And we obtained, quite by chance, a video where we could see Muhamat being beaten to death in a prison cell." "He was barely twenty, he was dreaming of a free world of a free country" "and because he wanted to express his dreams freely he got killed." "Dear people of the Middle-East and North Africa." "This is Telecomix, we have a short message for you." "Recently, there have been massive uprisings in many countries, from Tunisia to Egypt." "We are very happy to see the success of your struggles for democracy and freedom." "We are also sad to see the violence that happens." "Telecomix works for defending free communications." "During the last week we have worked intensivly with providing modem lines and amateur radio communications when the Internet was shut down completely in Egypt." "We also provide methods for circumventing Internet filtering as well as the strongest cryptographic software available to modern computers for avoiding governments surveillance and repression." "Telecomix consists of hundreds maybe thousands of Internet activists that work in the service of free communication." "We use every communication technology that we have to keep the flow of information up." "You are free to request anything from us." "We do our best." "We are from the Internets." "We come in peace." "Let there be freedom for all people and computers." "The question is, I think, can hackers individually change the world?" "Maybe to a degree, maybe for some things." "Can they collectively change the world by themselves as a collective?" "Some degree, probably not too much, they don't intend to work that well together as collectives." "Can they in connection with other people do so?" "And I think this answer is yes." "I like this beautiful quote from Ben Shneiderman:" ""It's not enough to teach our kids about surfing the Net." "We have to teach them to make waves."" "I believe citizens have to make waves." "I think we are living in a time of profound social change and it's changing in ways that are so fast that we don't understand the effects, we don't know how to react." "We're gonna need people who were born into the Internet, who grow up in the Internet, who understand it at a level that the current generation lawmakers just don't." "We need them to be in power and then we're gonna start seeing real change." "The Pirate Party is a wave born from the network." "Thanks to it, it even ended up reaching the European Parliament beaches..." "I put up a really ugly - to be honest - website saying that:" "You know guys I think we can get 225 000 votes." "And if we do that we gonna be in parliament." "Here's our project." "This is how we gonna do that." "And I think we can do this." "And three and a half years later in the 2009 european elections we got 225 915 votes putting us in the european parliament." "When Nicolas Sarkozy got elected and we read between the lines in his program the implicit madness about policing the Internet, we decided that we had to get in marching order, to invent something." "That's when we created the Quadrature du Net." "And we told ourselves "we're going to hack politics"." "They are legions... the examples of citizen driven initatives that emerge from the network." "Just like the Pirate Party, the Quadrature du Net, which started as a small french association, shakes up the political agenda, all the way up to the European Parliament." "It's my epicurean revolutionary side." "The principle is always the same:" "Acting without asking for permission." "And behind these acts, the same dream:" "to modify society, the same way you'd correct three lines of code." "As the Quadrature du Net, we create new tools every day, to enable citizens to understand the stakes on those issues, but also to allow them to join in." "For instance, we have developed something called the PiPhone, that allows people to call the European Parliament for free." "So we choose the list of the members of the European Parliament to call, those who are yet to be convinced, those who we need to target more..." "People dial the politicians' phone number, and bam, their phone is ringing." "And they are directly put in touch with the MEPs." "It's something that we can do with 3 bits of voice over IP, 4 pieces of code, and 5 patches on the Internet." "And the hacking spirit, the patches, it does work, even in politics." "The originators of the ACTA bill still remember it..." "What is Acta?" "It is the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement." "It is an international agreement protecting copyright and intellectual property." "We do not fight against those values that already exist, but against some aspects of this treaty which go against the interests of the people and of many of our liberties." "Freedom!" "Freedom!" "Freedom!" "Freedom!" "Acta was the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement" "It was negotiated in secret." "A trade agreement made by countries between themselves but which contained many repressive provisions related to copyright and which would have literally turned Internet intermediaries into a private copyright police, and imposed absolutely inacceptable repressive measures." "For four years we campaigned and informed the citizens." "For the citizens to take up this issue and get in touch with the MEPs." "And on July 4th, the European Parliament rejected it by 478 votes against 39, which included 21 French UMP votes (right wing party)." "This is a historical victory." "A few months before, people would tell us:" ""No, no, it's completely impossible."" "Nobody saw it coming, the tidal wave that overwhelmed the Parliament about the ACTA but everybody felt the blast." "And this is the might of the Internet, when it is applied to democratic participation, to citizen participation." "That's what is somewhat beautiful and a little magic." "Because you don't control it." "You don't command it." "You don't blow in a whistle to command 100,000 people who would line up all of a sudden, with no one sticking their head up, saying: "Sir, yes, sir."" "It does not work that way." "It is completely spontaneous, organic." "Even us, we are surprised." "Share the Culture!" "Share the Culture!" "Share the Culture!" "There is a new generation of men and women in politics who did not really aspire to become politicians." "But now they do this job of politician who grew up on the Internet and with the Internet." "They know what "transparency" means, what it means to make decisions in an intelligible way," "they are used to communicating quickly, swiftly." "They are also used to the fact that there is a number of liberties." "So the German political class can no longer claim they know nothing of all this." "It's no longer possible." "What I am concerned about though is the time spent between now and maybe twenty or thirty years out when the net generation comes into power, comes into setting the tone in political parties." "Because we are at a very real risk of building a big brother society worse than any science-fiction author could possibly have imagined." "Internet?" "Do it Yourself!" "In the meantime, as some people say, we must "go on coding"." "Because, what is inside the Internet, what makes the network run, is the code." "This computing code is but a language which allows, among other things our computers to display web pages or our softwares to do what we ask them to." "It's like an alphabet that the machines interpret allowing the information to flow from one user to another." "Like any language, this code is essential to communicate." "Everyone is free to learn it." "For somebody involved in the Web, coding is magical." "You have to understand the code if you want to go further." "And more importantly if you don't want your expression to be limited and controlled by merchants, software, and law makers." "It is the reason why defending the code, what we call free software, matters so much." "With software there are just two possibilities:" "either the users control the programm or the program controls the users." "And when the program controls the users, what this is set up to?" "The owner has power over the users of that program." "That program is an instrument of power." "In order for the users to have control over the program they need certain freedoms." "And those freedoms are the definition of free software." "So we have built the free world." "The free world is where you can do computing and live in freedom." "It exists because we have built it." "And now it is up to you to escape from proprietary software and join us in the free world." "Coding is a skill that requires a lot of effort, you can't just go a day and learn how to do it well." "I do think we need to have coding literacy." "I think people have to understand how technology works and not see it as some mysterious black box." "Code transparency is a democratic prerogative." "The significance of the free and open code, of the ability for citizens to access this code is obvious." "So free software and open source movements are one thing." "But one must not be mistaken:" "Today the code is accessible only to those who can handle it, which means an extremely small minority." "One of the issues we are facing is not the accessibility of the code but the ability for citizens to promote or create this code." "Only then the situation can evolve." "If it's not just a techno-elite of 0.5% or 1% but the ability for 10%, 15% or 20% or why not even one day 50% or 60% of citizens who will be able to create code but also to create the services they will use." "And why not one day to empower them to create objects with 3D printers." "This is the obvious trend that we are witnessing." "This ability to create and not just to use networks will be a defining component of democracy." "And this is how the Internet will pop out of its box." "The spirit of those hippie pioneers under LSD seems to linger on." "The vapors are tenacious." "Nowadays, machines called 3D printers, designed by hackers-tinkerers-makers, open up new horizon and take the concept even further." "A 3D printer is just something that will mold plastic into a three dimensional shape, to create an object." "So you can create objects for yourself with it." "The important part is the reappropriation of industrial processes which are very expensive and which are now democratized." "You must realise that something like that now costs less than € 1,000." "The big industrial machine itself costs several tens of thousands euros." "So this is something that will allow us to have fun, to play around with." "For me, this machine is selling the dream." "I'm thinking to myself:" ""There, real life can be just like the Internet."" "You can hack processes, you can hack objects and make things ourselves, and become the owners of our own little common good be it material or immaterial." "I love the idea, I love the principle." "I love to think about the possible impacts granted by the ability to hack objects and that what happened to the music industry could happen to the comb industry." "We are still at the very early stages and it is very tedious, very difficult and very expensive, today." "But it's very exciting." "Hackerspace, NYCRESISTOR Brooklyn, New York City" "Beyond 3D printers, hackerspaces also stem from network culture." "Those warehouses, studios or garages, filled with all kind of tools, are open to anyone, night and day." "Mitch Altman, a hackerspace pionneer, goes as far as giving the keys to his own space in San Francisco to everyone." "In these places, people create solutions to real problems and so, act on our everyday life." "And the applications are numerous." "Mitch Altman Pioneer of the Hackerspace movement" "After the earthquake in Japan and the unfortunate currents with the power plant in Fukushima, the government didn't want everyone to panic, so they were not being all that forthright about actual information of radiation levels." "And hackerspaces in Tokyo, and hackerspaces around the world actually started to make their own Geiger counters." "But the one in Tokyo, they had some pretty good incentive to make a good Geiger counter." "People who were really good with electronics and they colaborated and created a really good and very inexpensive Geiger counters." "They were friends with some people that hackerspace in Los Angeles "crash space", and together they created "safecast"." "So they take this inexpensive Geiger counters, and they sell them for cheap or they give them away to people." "The idea's travelled around and they created a system that would automatically record the data trough the Internet, so that we can see the radiation levels all around the world." "From LSD to 3D printers." "From research labs to hackerspaces." "It's a hell of a long way." "And for all this time, Internet remained a network shaped by those who connect to it that is to say, us, the users" "And it's not gonna stop changing anytime soon..." "It would be wrong to see the Internet like an immutable creature." "Today the Internet is an Internet of computers." "Most of the data comes from computer users." "In the years to come, most of the data routed through networks will come from sensors, from connected objects, and not necessarily from human beings." "The architecture that will arise from this mobile Internet, and then from this Internet of Things could be very different." "This is a real challenge." "Because of the technical temptations to organize the Internet of the future around known and identified stakeholders who would be given the keys to control the Internet." "This temptation is huge." "And so I believe that for the years to come, as public agents, our job on those matters will be to prepare and organize our action to avoid such tempations" "Which is, to me, much more troubling than the tendencies we are witnessing today." "I want to spread the idea that we have a natural right to know." "Jefferson talked about an inalienable human right, there is an inalienable human right to know everything that is... that can be known that is of general utility." "Nobody ever bothered to declare that right before because there were no means of convey." "But now there is." "I think we need to fight for that right." "We need to be good ancestors, because if we win that right in this primitive time, it will be there for ever." "The worst thing that could happen, would be that we think:" ""No, no, it is all good, it's all right, freedom of diffusion, of printing, is gained once and for all." "No, I think it's an everday fight for everyone." "I turn on my computer:" "What do I do?" "Do I want to play my part in all this, or not?" "Knowing that the whole thing is a mess, it is noisy, it is pretty much like life." "It could be the end... or not." "Today almost 200 cyber-dissidents are incarcerated because they dared to express themselves on the networks." "These same networks that are monitored thanks to system designed in our democracies, a full-scale attack on freedom of speech." "In our democracies, actually, all the contents flowing through the Internet are more and more controlled, censored." "Our computers, tablets, phones and files are all infested with cookies and spywares." "This time, it is everyone's very right to read which is being threatened." "So this counter-history of the internet from information access, to expression and knowledge, is far from over." "This movie is only one chapter..." "It's up to you to write the next ones..." "Subtitles (with datalove) by the Internets We come in peace" "I've been answering my emails All the god damn day" "I've been answering my emails 'Cause my work gets done that way" "Can't you feel the fingers aching Typing till early in the morn'" "Can't you see the letters blurring It's just an ad for porn." "But my song is obsolete, the spam nowadays doesn't have ad for porn..." "Rats!" "They ruined my song!"