"Tonight on DNA, three teams race for glory..." "One famous:" "I like making discoveries myself..." "One obscure:" "...I slipped in like a spy..." "And one led by a brilliant young woman:" "...most of young men who worked with her ?" "in love with her..." "Watson and Crick would win the race." "...oh my god, we got ?" "And fame." "But did they steal the secret of life?" "Who are the bad guys depend on your ?" "and the facts you have." "DNA was made possible by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to enhance public understanding of science and technology." "The foundation also seeks to portray the lives of men and women engaged in scientific and technological pursuit." "Funding is also provided by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, a philanthropy serving society through biomedical research and science education." "What is the force at the heart of life?" "What is the engine that drives it forward?" "That links all living things from the smallest to the largest?" "That links families through the generations in looks" "and personality in health" "and in sickness?" "Scientists have searched for the answer for hundreds of years." "Until in 1953, when two young men ran into a British pub shouting that they'd discovered the secret of life... ?" "beautiful girl on the world you want to see her again, you know..." "It was great!" "The secret was DNA." "A microscopic strand of only for chemicals but capable of such infinite variety that it carries the blueprint and directs the growth of every living thing on Earth." "The genetic revolution was about to begin." "For the next 50 years whole new fields of science and technology burst into being as our understanding of the genetic code buried in DNA grew." "...going to transform everything we just the bear surface has been scraped science will never be the same..." "There were hopes for healthier lives:" "...that stuff kept me alive and is keeping me alive right now..." "Promises of an end to inherited diseases." "I think I've met a gene for inherited breast cancer." "Cancer is a solvable problem." "...I am going to cure cancers..." "The excitement of discovery... dizzy." "Sometimes when I start talking about it I get ?" "...scientists are falling in love just want to work all the time, I don't want to go home..." "And the fear of scientists playing god." "Contamination the most dangerous and outrageous experiment we are worried about some of these experiments something that could ?" "of the laboratory such as a Frankenstein if we don't play god, who will?" "Even the course of human evolution may soon be ?" "to control." "This is potentially the most important organized scientific effort that the human species has ever mounted aspects of society never will be the same again..." "This is the personal story of the scientists whose struggles and breakthroughs are transforming our biological future." "The first generation to live and work in the age of DNA." "...this is a hard problem... ?" "were contaminated in the most ?" "...hostility tempestuous discussion selfish bastard it was like running a ?" "race that lasted for four years this is absolutely fascinating..." "The DNA story begins more than a half century ago, with a group of brilliant, competitive and temperamentally young scientists, all driven to uncover the same illusive mystery." "And with Francis Crick and James Watson two complete unknowns, who somehow found what they were all looking for:" "the secret of life." "To appreciate what Watson and Crick did we have to imagine we were in the 1950's and all that is known about life is what could be seen through a microscope." "Cell was dividing..." "They divide and divide again until somehow they eventually form a plant a penguin or a person." "But how?" "How would these cells know what to do?" "Most believed there was a magical life force that would forever illude science..." "But some had faith in a more rational answer." "To tell the story of how the extraordinary breakthrough was made one has to come to Cambridge University in England." "It's a place where many great discoveries have been made during the past 700 years." "But, if the place has the hallmark of greatness," "Watson and Crick did not." "Today Francis Crick has a house on the edge of the Mohave desert in California." "And he has became a little reclusive when it comes to discussing the early days of DNA." "Some say it's because he is ill... others say he finds the whole subject uncomfortable..." "Or maybe he is just busy with his most recent work, studying the chemical nature of dreams." "Whatever the reason, he rarely gives interviews." "But Jim Watson does." "Today he is 74 years old, world famous and a multimillionaire." "But he was just a 22 years old junior researcher when he set out to explain life in the scientific terms." "Still all these years later one gets a sense of brash young man who was planning to overthrow the old was of thinking." "If you looked at Cambridge ?" "was product of god." "The statement that life could be understood finally in terms of molecules" "?" "?" "what united us was" "?" "wrong." "?" "but wrong." "There was no god and we would have to make our own worlds and naturally just a ?" "because some said it came from god." "who ?" "That people thought we were like a crazy." "But we didn't think we were so we thought the other people were dull." "Dull or not, the other people at Cambridge didn't hold that much hope of Watson and Crick doing anything at all leading on finding the secret of life." "Watson, this geeky American kid with his friend Crick, who acted like some dandy English gentlemen, a splendid joker who would quite never manage to finish his PhD." "They were seen as lazy jokers." "But they shared the same dream." "Like other scientist of the time they believed that there was some kind of script or instructions that told cells what to do." "The search for this script focused on the chromosomes, right in the middle of every cell." "But that was as far as they could see." "Still it was known the chromosomes were made of two distinct ingredients:" "proteins and DNA." "Most scientists expected to find the script in the proteins because they are really complicated, made up of lots of different chemicals." "So they distracted the best minds." "But Watson and Crick decided to look at the simpler DNA." "DNA is composed of only four ingredients." "They thought, if they could work out how the atoms of these four ingredients were arranged in physical space, they might be able to work out what they did." "They had a hunch that the 3 dimensional structure of DNA might reveal its function." "But while Watson and Crick had never found the structure of anything, 60 miles away in London were another pair of scientist who had." "Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins." "Rosalind Franklin is often seen as the heroine of this story." "She was Jewish from a wealthy background and had attended the best schools in England." "She'd chose to become an expert on taking photographs of things that are too small to see." "She has been called the dark lady of DNA as she died without ever getting credit for her part in the discovery." "Some say she was betrayed by her colleague at King's College in London." "If you go to King's along a remote corridor and down these stairs," "fifty years later you will still find that colleague:" "Maurice Wilkins." "And on the walls of his office are clues which ?" "to what he has been through." "During the Second World War he helped to create the atom bomb." "The night it was dropped on Hiroshima he was at a party celebrating the culmination of that work." "When a man came up to him and said something that would change his life." "It has been Monday when the bomb went off and he said "I call it black Monday," "I always hoped it wouldn't work."" "I sort of stood there ?" "small." "and I said ?" "But it did work and so we are living a kind of... in the aftermath of that." "Disillusion with the science of death, he chose the science of life instead." "And that's why he decided to look for the structure of DNA." "And here is one of the x-ray generators we are using in this work." "Her is the x-ray tube." "Wilkins' strange contraption is in fact a kind of camera." "It's used in a technique called x-ray crystallography." "A crystal in form of DNA is placed inside the camera and when x-rays are fired through it the scatter on the photographic paper and form a regular pattern." "It's a bit like shining a spotlight into a chandelier." "Light hits the crystal and then diffracts onto the wall." "Now imagine you can't see the chandelier, you can only see the light on the wall." "From that you have to guess the shape of the chandelier." "And that's what these photographs are." "Taken by Maurice Wilkins, they were the first clue to the structure of DNA." "But his boss realized he was under something big and decided to bring in an expert, Rosalind Franklin." "Suddenly it wasn't just Wilkins taking photographs of DNA." "So Watson and Crick were looking for the structure of DNA in Cambridge, and Wilkins and Franklin were doing the same in London." "But the was someone else lurking out there, someone with a formidable reputation:" "the brilliant American chemist Linus Pauling." "He died years ago." "But his son witnessed the dramatic events and we found him in the middle of Wales, miles from the nearest town." "In this house is Peter Pauling." "It's very oftening science that the times are right and people have, different people have, the same idea in roughly the same time." "And getting in first somehow is important." "They were in a race." "Peter Pauling knew them all and watched this piece of history unfold." "His father, who was to become a double Nobel prize winner certainly had the best credentials." "Pa did very few things by accident." "He did things..." "He had a reason for doing things." "For Pa DNA was just a substance like sodium chloride." "Linus Pauling looked for the structures of many molecules and he usually found them too." "That's why in the world of 1950´s science he was one of the most recognizable figures." "I like to understand the world," "I like to learn about new ideas." "But I also like very much having new ideas myself, or making discoveries myself." "This pleases me immensely." "He had a different approach." "He was going to guess the structure by building ball and spoke models that looks like a child's tinker toy set." "The balls represent the atoms the spokes determine how far apart the atoms must be from each other according to the laws of physics." "Linus Pauling would work at seeing how the fit together." "Solving a structure this way was like doing a 3-dimentional jigsaw puzzle." "So Watson and Crick had a choice:" "to do the painstaking x-ray work or try their luck building models like Linus Pauling." "For them the choice was simple." "To build models." "There was only a question when you started to build the models." "Would you do that after you collected the years of experimental data or would you try to build the model with a minimum of data?" "They went for model building with the minimum of data." "Some might say a more leisurely approach but that was the Cambridge ?" "And Watson and Crick seemed to be the epidemic of that." "Whiling away the hours chatting about the secret of life." "?" "less effervescence if we say "oh, we were doing experiments"." "just take these long walks at lunch and" "?" "talking ?" "experimentally." "People see you do no experiments." "It was sort of thought we were parasites, other people did the work and we had the glory." "But the truth was, you know, complicated." "In fact, Watson and Crick were asking all the right questions." "What was common to all forms of life?" "And..." "What finely seemed to be common for all forms of life was:" "there was a script." "We've been thinking it was DNA, but we didn't know the shape of the script and always the prime problem was the copying" "Who copied it?" "Were there, you know, little monks inside the cell copying the scrip?" "By not getting bogged down in the details of experiments their minds were free to concentrate on the big ideas." "Three teams, three different approaches and Watson and Crick weren't the favorites." "I would say that" "Watson and Crick were on number two." "And at that time I'd put my money on this girl, maybe." "King's College in London should have been the place to find the structure of DNA." "King's had cutting edge equipment, and a team of dedicated experts working on the problem." "But trouble was brewing." "While Maurice Wilkins blended in the shadows" "Rosalind Franklin was making a big impression on those around her." "She was of medium high and had black hair, which she used straight, just in no particular arrangement." "But she had the most startling dark eyes which showed the intense nature of her personality." "Most of the young men who worked with her would fall in love with her." "One of these young men was Raymond Gosling." "At the time he was a lowly lab assistant working for Rosalind Franklin." "Looking back on it I think I was very privileged to have been there." "I only wish I had known at the time that it was that important." "I might have remembered more or worked harder, who knows," "?" "try building models secretly." "Model building was in the air, but her view was you could build models all day but how did you prove what was right?" "On the other hand, if you made the measurement, you did all the correct of geometry and you put them into the equations, you would let the data speak for itself." "And out of that would come a definitive structure." "But there was a problem." "Wilkins was on the impression that the DNA was his project." "Their boss had told Franklin it was hers." "No mention was ever made of the fact that Wilkins was the ?" "(overarcher), person concerned in the lab." "She certainly felt she was coming in, she was taking over that diffraction work." "So it often ?" "at the corridor" "Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin worked on DNA." "Occasionally they would announce they results to the department." "One afternoon in November 1951" "Franklin was to reveal her latest DNA data to a selected group of King's College scientists and one outsider." "?" "this is as I came in." "Early November 1951 ?" "Rosalind Franklin talked about her newest results on DNA." "And was terrible King's to know what she had done because of ?" "a model." "And I thought I would learn possibly something about the structure." "There were possibly 30 people in the room and I slipped in." "So, I was inside it ?" "like a spy." "And Rosalind was seemingly much on control." "?" "Having taking in as much as he could of the x-ray data," "Watson rushed back to Cambridge to tell Crick what he had heard." "For the next two weeks they worked on a model." "And on November 28th, 1951" "Watson and Crick announced that they had found the structure of DNA." "Francis ?" "and said "we made the model"." ""Come have a look" so ?" "?" "It was a pretty weird structure." "Francis liked it, I don't know..." "He called up the people at King's and said "we've done something clearer" and" "I was a bit worried." "Felling apprehensive, the King's team left for Cambridge." "Rosalind Franklin took one look at the model and..." "She laughed at it." "Much to their discomfort I think, she said "oh, look you have got it inside out"." "Watson's memory had let him down over how much water was absorbed in the DNA crystals." "The water content is vital for the structure so their model was a complete disaster." "Rosalind was tincked pink." "She was right." "The building of a model of a crystal structure was a waste of time until you let diffraction speak for itself." "And that was hard work." "?" "I might say "why not?"" "In really is an exploration to make a model." "I mean, make a model and if you make ?" "may be lucky." "?" "what is strange about science is how stupid people can be so much of the time." "And, so Francis ?" "still good." "Worse than that they've ?" "of a London's team boss, sir John Randall who called that once Watson and Crick's boss, sir Lawrence Bragg to complain about their behavior." "And Bragg was furious." "In those days it wasn't gentlemen ?" "to have knowledge of somebody's current unpublished work and to make use that working on the same problem." "It was rather like having an affair with his wife, I mean it happened." "but you didn't really take much credit in doing it." "Watson and Crick were kicked off the case." "And even their model building equipment was sent to King's." "Watson and Crick were officially barred from the race." "The way should have been open for the King's College team but Maurice and Rosalind didn't get along." "With a stake so high why couldn't they just resolve their differences?" "Maurice was so shy that when he was talking to you and he didn't know you he habitually talked at an angle, so you might find that you were addressing the back of his head." "Scientists in particular tend to be rather... or rather as of a bottled up with... serious thoughts and... and wonderful theories that... and the secret of life or something." "He would slide into a room and and mumble something and be very difficult to ?" "he was never to come in and say" ""well, I'm glad you've joined my team"" "and say "this is the way we do it ?" ","" "which had he done would have cleared the air." "You know, he wasn't able to talk to her." "He should have made as more senior made the effort to bring her into the camp." "And that he ?" "far too often." "I think he knows this" "And it ?" "him." "Today Rosalind Franklin is an icon." "Outside the dormitory for female students that bears her name, stands her statue." "The only thing that survives that gives a sense of what she was like are her letters." "In one that she wrote to her religious father she argues for the importance of science in understanding the world." "Science to me gives a partial explanation of life in so far as it goes it is based on fact, experience and experiment." "Your theories are those which you and many other people find easiest and pleasantest to believe." "But as far as I can see, they have no foundation other than they lead to a pleasant view of life in an exaggerated view of our own importance." "Anyone able to believe on what religion implies" "?" "have such faith." "But I maintain that faith in this world is perfectly possible without faith in another world." "The picture to me seems to say something about Rosalind." "Rosalind as a... sometimes seems a bit sort of heavy in ?" "I mean, not always but sometimes." "And I thought, well, it would have been nice if she had been able to sort of trip around on her toes and... you know, look pretty and cheerful." "But I think it was very sad because... we had thought we might ?" "to join together you see in the scientific work." "It's a..." "That adds two sides to the whole thing." "Back in Cambridge, Watson was down on the ducks." "Banned from working on DNA" "His dream of showing that it was the secret of life was slipping away." "But Crick had some good news." "Someone was coming to dinner in Cambridge who could help them." "Erwin Chargaff had never intended to help Watson and Crick." "Even at 96 years old he is still bitter about what had happened." "Chargaff was an expert in the chemistry of DNA." "Over dinner, Watson and Crick tried to plum him for information." "?" "But something I get the impression" "?" "?" "?" "apparently was the man who had the ideas." "I think he wouldn't like him because he... sort of didn't, you know... ?" "you know, you could solve the structure of DNA by model building." "He both showed an extreme contempt for chemistry." "?" "They were more like children in their behavior." "?" "enemy." "Despite his extreme dislike for them, he did explain his chargaff rules that states the relative amounts of the four basic ingredients of DNA." "By comparing samples from three different species he discovered a strange correlation." "No matter what life form, the amount of A equaled the amount of T, and the amount of C equaled the amount of G." "This suggested somehow the chemicals went together in pairs." "For Chargaff this was an interesting correlation, but for Watson and Crick it was the first clue to the structure." "I think DNA to him was a... the objective whose time had not yet come." "?" "On his desk is the original equipment that helped to reveal the structure of DNA." "So, this is the first camera, this is the first DNA" "It's worth a fortune today." "I mean, putting them in a frame like that is much better than just sort of let them lying on a table." "The x-rays go in here photographic film is put on the inside here than that is put around the DNA." "Like everything with Maurice there is more to it than meets the eye." "You want to say something about these..." "These small scale models" "Maurice also wanted to build models based on the x-ray data." "But Rosalind had all the best DNA samples." "And they weren't talking..." "No one else at King's really had the imagination to help him." "At King's, if anybody did perhaps see the overarching picture Wilkins did." "Because he often said, you know, we should all wake up, we should all try a number of different things instead of plotting alone trying to solve the x-ray diffraction pattern, because we are in a race," "it is an important problem and there are other people." "I mean, there was this ?" "man sitting in America called Linus Pauling, who already had two Nobel Prizes, not one and he was thinking about it." "By now, Linus Pauling had turned his full attention to DNA." "Suspiciously, this coincided with a certain playboy traveling from California to England to work in Watson and Crick's office." "In those days, Linus had a son that was about the same age as Watson." "And knew Watson." "And Pauling came across, he came to our lab, he went and stayed with Watson and Crick." "And I thing he put the fear of god into them that dad was thinking about this." "I had the feel what was he doing in the laboratory was a... for other big competitor." "I was accused of being a double agent, but..." "I don't accept that because..." "I'd write to Pa and just say what I'm doing and he'd write back you know, what he was interested in." "And Pa was not only writing back to Peter, he was busy writing other letters too." "I wrote to Wilkins at the King's College asking... if I could have prints of the photographs that he had obtained, but I... my effort was not successful." "Back at Kings College in London they have made an astonishing discovery:" "the scattered dots of light that suggest how the atoms of the DNA might be arranged were coming into sharp focus." "Rosalind Franklin had taken this." "The clearest picture yet." "The x pattern indicated that the DNA ingredients are arranged in a spiral, what scientists call a "helix."" "But Rosalind Franklin wasn't letting anyone else see it." "So, Linus Pauling never got his hands on this x pattern." "Could he have caught the right answer without seeing the King's data and of course I hoped he couldn't." "It wasn't until but the last day of January that Peter came in after lunch and... had a manuscript." "I had a letter from my father in December 1952 seeing." "He had proposed the structure for DNA." "So I told to the boys, all the ?" "over" "My stomach sank, you know, I was scared to death about what was going to be in it." "I opened it and read it and they discovered that, you know, that it it was wrong." "?" "what got into Linus?" "Pauling´s model not only didn't fit the data, it also failed to explain anything about what DNA did." "He had blundered by trying to get the structure by too little information." "?" "?" "So, we were both pleased and a bit scared because maybe someone else at Caltech's ?" "told Linus this was chemical nonsense." "Little did we know that no one at Caltech really had the courage to tell Linus he was wrong." "Linus was like the pope," "Linus wasn't used to people saying he was wrong." "So, I've had a very fortunate life." "I thought the people at King's should be relieved so, without being ?" "the manuscript down to... the King's." "We were just pumping over the fact that we had another chance." "Pauling had got it wrong and we should go to action fast." "Watson was still not even supposed to be working on DNA but he took the risk of going to King's again." "I didn't have that much time." "I wanted something to happen now." "So, I went on and looked for Maurice and didn't spot him and someone told me where Rosalind office's was so I went to towards it and waked in." "And she wasn't there." "I wasn't trying to read the letters on her desk or anything like that but... but obviously I was looking around and she came in." "Someone told her I was looking for her..." "She had a very negative reaction to me and furor was rising." "She didn't take it I should be there." "So I got out that room as fast as possible and then Maurice Wilkins ?" "and there he was and..." "I said: well, Maurice, I thought she was going to hit me and he said:" "I thought she was going to do that to me once." "And... so I went to... he took me to his office and" "?" "took out a photo and there it was: the cross, which I had never seen and which they had" "?" "were talking about." "It showed this sort of a... x type of ?" "type of a cross pattern which was an indication of a helix." "?" "?" "were beautiful photographs, as if you see the most beautiful girl on the world you going to see her again, it was great." "If I got ?" "about the results" "I would had it ?" "them all." "I don't know, I think it's a..." "I didn't fell there was any kind of bombshell in this." "Well, the picture came ?" "racing ?" "hand," "I had to be sure I got it right, so I wrote it down, it was just a... ?" "3.4 Angstroms and" "?" "no one could look at it and say it was not a helix." "The reason that Watson realized it was a helix:" "So do you get a cross when a diffraction happen." "It just so happened that Crick knew this bit of x-ray diffraction theory and he told Watson that an "x" indicated a helix." "This wasn't his specialty, but Cricks mind was able to absorb ideas of many disciplines and now it was paying off." "...going to be a tendency to throw  I felt ?" "get the answer until ?" "fell we were close I thought ?" "close!" "Wilkins indubitably and I think if you ask him he will say that he feels that he did." "If there were any cats to be let out of any bags, he'd done it." "?" "was perfectly true, as I think that science isn't supposed to be ?" "bags" "No more than cats, I mean I don't know what he means but..." "I mean, I don't like as a scientist this sort of working away and... sort of ?" "tell the other scientists sort of something" "I think it's a way to be working." "Science ought to be an open activity." "So you can work as a community." "?" "been impossible not to build models ?" "Spring came early to Cambridge in 1953." "Watson and Crick were given official permission to return to their work on DNA." "By now they had managed to acquire all the information they needed." "Chargaff data suggested that the four chemicals in DNA might go together in pairs." "It was time to see how these pair would fit together." "To discover whether the shape of DNA would tell them what it did." "?" "models." "and it took too long, and finally in desperation I made some of cardboard." "I sort of finished the job on Friday and didn't get back into the ?" "before ?" "on Saturday morning." "So I came in the morning and began moving them around." "And I wanted to do the arrangement where I had a big and a small." "So, how would you do it?" "Somehow you had to form linked bonds, so here is a "A"" "and here is "T"." "And, I want this hydrogen to point directly to this hydrogen, so I had something like this:" "So then I want to link the pair," "I want this hydrogen to point this one." "?" "like this, they look the same!" "So we had two base pairs in a helical chain." "Well, I could hardly believe it." "Franklin's photos suggested that these pairs had to fit into some kind of helix." "And when they saw that the pairs were the same shape they realized that they could stack on top of each other." "?" "put right on the top of the other." "And they realized that to form a helix they not only stepped on top of each other, but they also twisted around like the steps in a spiral staircase, onwards and upwards." "In their minds, the double helix of DNA emerged." "So you can have small one and big one, any sequence." "Even if it got to the ceiling we ?" "just a tiny fraction of the molecule." "Hundreds of millions of these base pairs in one molecule." "So unbelievably all united by this helix were A-T, T-A, G-C, C-G... all fit into this wonderful symmetry which we saw the morning of February 28th 1953." "The double helix was a structure that revealed far more about the way life works than they could ever have dreamed of." "They've been looking for something that could divide just like cells do." "And it was easy to see how a double helix could unwind and form two more double helixes." "They've been trying to find out whether DNA was a script or instructions for all living things." "They realized that the millions of G, A, T and C must be written into some kind of code the script of life." "And they even saw how the script could be copied exactly." "As the double helix unwinds, each of the letters forms a new pair." "And, because A always goes with T and G always goes with C, the resulting two pieces of DNA are exact copies of the original enabling the script to be passed from cell to cell and ultimately from generation to generation." "It was clear now:" "DNA was the molecule that controlled all living things." "Watson and Crick ran straight to the pub where their news was going to be hard to believe." "It was hard to content the fact that maybe we had a gigantic breakthrough." "We had done something really important, we discovered the secret of life." "You could say that they were the beginning of the new genetics." "They had the idea, but now they wanted to check that it was right." "They set about building a ?" "model as quick as they could crosschecking the coordinates with the kings data." "It all fit." "We would have to tell the people at King's and.." "we were a bit apprehensive because we didn't want to say" ""well we've beaten you."" "You have to remember that I've been there before and seen the model that was wrong." "And that gave us a ?" "in a high then you got there and you see this thing, it looked right when you saw it." "It was so brilliantly, elegantly symbol." "I thought, oh my god, we got ?" "because I really thought we ?" "to come up with something like that ourselves." "It was terrible for Maurice." "I said that the double helix was somewhat similar to a young baby, standing there all alive and saying I don't care what you say or what you think." "I know I'm right." "Rosalind would have been a poor to learn that they had taken quite so much detail of her current work and put it into their model." "I ?" "we behaved right or wrong or... who are the bad guys depends on your ?" "and the fact you have." "The extent to which Rosalind Franklin was badly treated is still debated till this day." "She is an enigmatic character who kept her distance from other people in the story." "She spent her time working alone in her lab." "People have wondered how close she came to finding the structure of DNA." "The only way to know is to visit this archive in Cambridge, where her notebooks are kept." "Her notes suggest that she nearly got there." "In one of her final entries she is thinking in terms of a two chain or couple helix." "But that is as far as she got." "She died 5 years later in 1958 without ever being told the extent to which Watson and Crick used her data." "And, when the Nobel prizes were awarded for the discovery they went to Watson and Crick and Maurice Wilkins." "She didn't get one because Nobel prizes can't be awarded posthumously." "People who knew her say that she cared about most was that her work moved science forward." "It was one of the few things she had in common with Maurice Wilkins." "Without their work, Watson and Crick could not have build this model." "And the model was just the beginning." "Over the next two decades scientists delved into the molecular work of DNA and discovered how it actually controls life." "The genius who did more than anyone to unravel its mysteries was Francis Crick." "Today he is at the Salk Institute in California." "In one interview that has never before been broadcast" "Crick did talk about what for him came after the double helix." "It involves thinking beyond what he calls the narrow limits of normal human experiences." "Now, when you want to understand the world you have to go beyond those narrow limits both ?" "up and down, both in space and time." "And then you find that there is a uniformity and extraordinary things happening which you have no idea of just looking at the world." "And this is the fascination of science really I think." "To uncover so much which is not apparent just in everyday life." "Today we have a way to see the molecular world." "This is what DNA looks like when you put the very latest scientific data into a computer simulator." "It's a long way from tinker toy models." "What is apparent is that everything in the molecular world is more strange and sophisticated than anyone had thought." "Biological systems are the result of evolution, and they produce very complicated things." "Now, the reason that DNA looks so beautiful and simple is that it goes right back to near the origins of life, where things had to be simple." "But if you look at the actual process of DNA replication it isn't at all the way that that used to describe." "All sorts of funny things happen." "You have TAP proteins which will unwind the helix and ?" "them join together again." "?" "enormously ?" "complicated apparatus which you might say molecular gadgetry which actually does the job." "This is the incredible way DNA copies itself." "But DNA is much more than a self replicating molecule." "It is the essence of life carrying from generation to generation the information needed to make all living things written in the DNA language of A, C, G and T." "Francis Crick wanted to crack this genetic code to understand the complete process of life." "To achieve this would involve deconstructing the gadgets of the molecular world." "He started by working backwards." "What sometimes is called reverse engineering it happens in the commercial world when one firm produces a gadget and another firm buys it and tries to take the pieces and find how it works." "That's called reverse engineering." "But in our case it's reverse engineering what you might call a foreign culture." "As result of their process today it's possible to see how DNA makes living things." "How DNA´s code is turned into flesh and blood." "And for scientists life is no longer a mystery." "The blue molecule racing down the DNA unzips the double helix and copies one of the two strands." "This copy is then released for the next stage of the process." "The yellow copy fits into another machine which deciphers the code and orders up the right components one unit at a time from the surrounding chemical soup." "The product of this machine is protein." "This could be a thousand of an eyebrow." "The same process could make a tiger's claw, or part of the wing of a duck." "It's the same for all life." "What is made is all down to the DNA, at a specific order of the chemical code." "And today these machines can read that DNA code." "How a person is made is been revealed." "How our brains are build is been explained." "In the G, A, T and C they are beginning to read differences in our characters and personalities." "The genetics of human nature is slowly unfolding." "Even our story can be seen in this way." "The fate of our characters determined by their individual natures." "I thought the problem would last all my life time." "?" "solved within 20 years." "You see, it was embarrassing almost we got to this stage when so that this problem lasting for one's life, well lets look around for another problem." "Now Francis Crick is trying to find out how the brain works." "He has always only been interested in making new discoveries." "Jim Watson runs Cold Spring Harbor laboratories on Long Island, New York." "He employs 8 hundred people and is still in the cutting edge of DNA science." "He had a house build on the grounds and erected an enormous sculpture of the double-helix." "He travels the world giving lectures and arguing for the benefits of genetic engineering." "Well, there are people who will say we are playing god." "And I have a straightforward answer:" "if we don't play god, who will?" "And Maurice Wilkins couldn't be more different." "Having worked on the atomic bomb he chose to study DNA because he thought it wouldn't be controversial." "Today is the newspaper's talk of creating designer babies and the birth of human clones." "He lectures at King's College in London about the social responsibility of science." "He hopes that human race will use this knowledge wisely." "Next time, DNA split and genetic engineering is born." "I could see that this would going to change biological science." "The race is on." "First place was all that really mattered, there was a competition..." "For drugs." "Insulin saves people's lives." "For foods." "For profits." "This technology was ready to commercialize." "Welcome to Genentech." "But is the reward worth the risk of playing God." "There is people who resist any tempering with gods scriptures."