"Shelter is the Backbone of civilization." "It is the scaffolding that Supports our modern world." "Hidden in plain sight, Our homes, buildings," "And cities fundamentally Shape human existence." "They sculpt our worldviews And unite us as a species." "With shelter, we built Order from chaos." "We dreamed and imagined." "We discovered that reality Was no longer fixed." "It could be built, Engineered, and designed." "The world was ours to create." "From treetops to skyscrapers," "Our shelters have Evolved with us," "Every step of the way." "Small nomadic tribes Have mushroomed into." "Megacities of millions," "Connecting billions Of people and ideas," "Each metropolis like A collective brain for." "The human race." "Our shelters are More than just protection." "From the elements." "They are windows into The human condition." "Our spaces reflect who We are and what we value." "This is the story of how our Species banded together and." "Built a world of Our own design." "How shelter inspired new Technologies and societies." "And how the modern world Was built through blood," "Sweat, and tears." "This is origins." "It's the greatest Adventure story ever told," "The story of humankind." "We're going back in time to Explore some key moments." "Origin moments That changed the course of." "Our shared history." "Humans are a social, Cooperative species." "And the story of shelter is The story of learning to live." "Together as we carve out our Personal space within nature," "And find our place In the world." "Today, that place Is unmistakable." "We are seemingly everywhere, Everywhere we want to be." "Shelter is the story of how We shaped the world around us," "And how that world Shaped us back," "Shelter brought us together, But it also separates and." "Divides us..." "We are one species, but Billions of individuals." "The end result Is civilization." "In the beginning, we created Shelter just to keep us safe." "Eurasia, 12,000 b.C." "A hunter-gatherer is Exposed in a hostile world." "Wounded, he's on The cusp of death." "His only chance is to get Back to the refuge of his tribe." "If you imagine For a moment living in a." "Treeless environment, Where sub-zero winters." "Lasted nine months." "How are you going To live safely?" "If you have no wood, What do you use?" "They used the bones of large Animals like the mammoth," "Which formed a dome over Which they would put hides." "They were in a sense a form Of igloo built of bones." "I wouldn't say it was Comfortable but it was viable." "Bring the healer!" "What happened?" "Lions." "I ran, but could Not run fast enough." "I'm with you." "Bring him inside." "Stay with us." "If he dies, we need Someone strong to lead us." "In a dangerous And uncertain environment," "A tribe's idea of shelter Extends not only to the living." "But to the dead as well." "It is time To go to the gods." "This notion of a Ritual is this thing that you." "Need to think about in Regards to architecture." "And the first ritual, From the very beginnings," "Pre-civilization, was Honoring the deceased, burial." "It was a very powerful Statement of infinity," "Longevity, and Of eternal life." "The idea of Sheltering a fallen companion." "With burial means no Person is ever forgotten." "A concept of lineage emerges, Of revering past generations," "While celebrating new ones." "I'm honored and Will be a strong leader." "I'm happy." "When scientist First found these bones," "They thought they were Actually kill sites." "But in reality, they Were places of gathering." "And this is fundamental To architecture," "Because architecture Is a social act." "This instinct Of cocooning in a way," "Obviously stems from Being warm and ultimately," "Emotionally, from being close." "Because when you're around The fire in a small hut," "There was a sense of Community between you all." "This clearly plays Into providing shelter." "Once you meet the Fundamental requirements for." "Survival, you have food in Your belly, you're warm." "You're in a place of comfort," "Enough so that you don't Have to think about your." "Bodily functions in Terms of survival." "What we start to do is, Our minds start to actually." "Put order," "And it's an intentional Order that the ego puts in." "Place, then you start to Create a sense of identity." "Once Human beings start to think." "About themselves in a Self-conscious way." "They aren't just a herd Of gazelles galloping." "Across the plains." "They are human beings, With children to look after," "Who require many Years of tending." "And it no longer makes sense To keep on moving around." "Because they have Shelter and a community." "But throughout A great deal of history," "They all essentially Shared the same space." "Before fireplaces And chimneys," "When people just gathered Around an open fire in the." "Middle of the room, there Was no privacy at all." "Everything that we Do in private now," "You would do publicly Then, more or less." "It wasn't until about Early 1300's that modern." "Chimneys were invented." "And that changed everything Because it allowed the smoke." "To be directed out of the House, and because of that," "Then people could Build upstairs." "And so people discovered An entirely new concept," "Which is privacy." "As soon as people were able To retreat to private rooms," "They could start doing All kinds of things." "You could have illicit Relationships, for instance." "You could have conversations That couldn't be overheard." "You could also develop modesty In a way that wouldn't have." "Been known before." "And it changed the way People dealt with each other." "Within families and Societal arrangements." "Attitudes between the Owners of the household and." "Their servants became Much more remote and stratified," "Bedrooms evolved, and it meant That people began to live." "Separate lives, and you Could come up with new ideas," "And that utterly Changed the way we live." "Shelter Gave us time, space," "And eventually a New social order." "It unites us, but Also divides us." "Brings us together as a Species but allows us to." "Become individuals." "We began to dream about How to change the world." "We started small, tribal huts." "Now we have cities that House tens of millions." "Modern cities are miracles Of design and engineering," "They come with consequences." "Energy consumption, Overcrowding," "These problems plague The modern metropolis." "Ancient designers built Shelters that complemented." "Nature, not Battled against it." "And now we are looking To the past to solve." "Our problems today." "From About ad 600 to ad 1300," "The ancestral pueblo People lived here." "It would have taken a lot Of social organization to." "Build a village like this one." "Over 150 different rooms," "Probably that many People coming together." "People were living in what Amounts to apartment buildings." "All together, stacked one On top of one another." "We're in a shelter that's A societal shelter." "You would be buffered Against risks," "So if your farm plot Didn't pan out for a year," "You had neighbors who Could help you out." "I mean, you'd also be in This very defensible space." "In case people attacked you." "These walls, which Are really thick," "Also have great Thermal properties." "They're soaking up heat During the day and they." "Release that at night." "By the morning time, They're nice and cool and." "They take a while to warm up." "So it would have kept things Sort of air conditioned and." "Ventilated throughout The entire village." "Earth is very much Of an insulating material," "Dirt, ground, clay." "And we forgot about all of This when we invented air." "Conditioning and heating, but It ended up creating an energy." "Crisis later on." "So we started revisiting A lot of these things that." "We had abandoned." "There are many Elements that we've taken from." "The past that are still Relevant today, if not," "Even more relevant today." "Such as solar orientation, The preservation of water," "The orientation of the wind." "How that begins to sort Of impact the structural." "Soundness of a building And the form as well." "We completed the Shanghai tower in 2015," "And part of the concept was Creating this double skin," "And that serves as Multiple purposes," "In terms of how the Air flows through it," "And the curve going up the Building is about really." "Working with the wind." "If that building was being Designed in new york or in" "Tokyo or in the middle east, It would take on a very." "Different shape." "It's very much designed For its context," "Designed for its location." "In our Imaginations of the past," "We tend to Oversimplify things." "People call it Under-imagining the past." "These were large villages." "They took cooperation, They took coordination," "And ritual solidarity." "We need to appreciate that." "Our First shelters were centered." "Around the hearth." "The warmth and the power Of fire cemented the bonds." "Between families and friends." "This is the origin of Community, of humanity." "Then the human genius For innovation kicked in." "Out of it grew villages, Fortresses, cities." "But as big as we built, We have always cherished the." "Concept of a special Place, a place called home." "But it took one amazing leap Of imagination to make the." "Homes we live in Today possible." "Someone had to frame a Window to the future." "For most Of human history," "Our species roamed the earth In small isolated bands." "What unified these Distant tribes?" "What drove us to unite and Build towering cities where." "Millions of strangers Live side by side?" "11,000 years ago, In the middle east," "Stone age people Came together to celebrate." "A mysterious religion." "They traveled huge Distances to gobekli tepe," "Humanity's oldest Known temple." "Serpents, foxes, wild boars, Carved into limestone pillars;" "Animal spirits they revered." "The centerpieces of an Ancient religion that we." "May never understand." "This place was a Towering achievement," "Built thousands Of years before writing." "And metal tools." "There was nothing like it." "Their foresight and Coordination foreshadowed the." "Rise of modern engineering." "Around the globe, at Stonehenge and beyond," "We united under a communal Reverence for the earth," "The heavens, and The supernatural." "Shared traditions and customs Blossomed into group identity." "This mentality paved the Way for the formation of." "The first great empires." "Empires that were united By a common religion," "Ruled by kings who Channeled their very gods." "The power of belief and Symbolic thinking lit the fuse." "That ignited civilization." "The entire concept of shelter Was to keep nature at arm's." "Length and protect Ourselves from its furies." "But accessing the best of Nature while keeping out the." "Rest has always Posed a challenge." "Today, we build great Towers of glass," "So tall they almost Reach the heavens." "It's hard to imagine that Something so basic as a pane." "Of glass was once considered An incredible luxury," "And that for many Thousands of years," "Despite conquering language, Communication and even taming." "Fire, we lived mostly In the shadows." "That all began to change In the time of the romans." "79 a.D." "The roman empire's newest Innovation, glass windows," "Are appearing in buildings in The fateful city of pompeii." "Throughout A great deal of history," "There was no glass Available for windows." "So if you wanted to have light Enough to see what you're." "Doing in the daytime, it Also meant you had to have an." "Opening in the wall, which Would allow wind to come." "Blowing through, and rain to Wash in, and birds to fly in," "And all kinds of other things." "Your only option would Be to cover that opening," "But then you'd be in darkness." "So there was a trade-off." "Will it fit?" "It should be fine." "How is she?" "Not well." "Hello mother." "No more wind or rain inside." "No more cold for mother." "What's happening?" "The volcano is just Letting us know it's there." "It's amazing." "It could Erupt at any time." "Take the baby." "I will stay with mother." "I will see you all soon." "I promise." "As mount vesuvius Rained down volcanic ash and." "Rock over a matter of hours, Pompeii was wiped out." "Thousands dead." "Culture destroyed." "But buried deep in the ashes, Glass windows survived." "In pompeii's destruction," "Roman innovation Was preserved." "So this is A piece of raw roman glass." "The material that was Shipped round the world." "For example at pompeii, they Were able to shape it into." "Windows by re-melting it." "Once people had established You could make a transparent." "Material, it must have Made a big difference." "Windows had always Been quite small," "Because they needed to Keep the house warm," "But once they could put Glass in their windows," "They made houses and buildings With really big windows," "Which were lit by Natural light inside." "It must have made a Big difference to the way." "People could live." "Throughout Most of history," "Most people lived on the very Edge of profound darkness." "If you were at home with Your family in the evening," "You would all be gathered Around a single light source," "A small lamp or a candle Or something like that." "So you had to be at the same Table or sitting very close." "With everybody else." "It's an amazing fact that Every time you open your." "Refrigerator, you get more Illumination than the average." "Household had anywhere in the World in the 19th century." "As a species, we Have been really," "Really very uncomfortable." "It's only in the last century Or so that we have been." "Routinely well illuminated, Warm, out of the elements." "What if we Could create our own light?" "Banish the darkness forever?" "Then not only would Illumination give us comfort," "It would give us freedom." "The invention of Artificial light was a huge." "Transformative event." "It made night as Useful as day." "And once household Lighting became common," "So too did magazines, Periodicals," "Newspapers proliferated, Books of all kinds proliferated." "People became a lot more Interested in the written." "Word, in a way that Will never happen again." "It was that sort of spread of Knowledge that really made the." "Modern world." "Humans thrive In the light of the sun." "We crave it." "The invention of the window, We brought that light inside," "And the electric light Made us magicians," "Able to conjure the light Seemingly out of nothing." "There is another source of Power that sparks humanity," "A power strong enough to bring Together whole populations and." "Inspire buildings of Incredible size and beauty." "The power of faith." "With the Rise of civilization," "Shelter has evolved from a Basic need into a form of art." "Ever since the first stone Masons laid the cornerstones." "Of civilization, builders have Brought our dreams to life." "Pride." "Unity." "Power." "Faith." "Our buildings are a window Into the values of our culture." "In ancient egypt, an obsession With the afterlife drove the." "Construction of The great pyramids," "Massive tombs built as Vehicles for immortality," "An embodiment of Egyptian culture." "Ancient builders in assyria And rome knew that buildings." "Project power, and could be Used to intimidate and coerce." "By altering the world With our own designs," "We have the power To alter ourselves." "But nothing Shaped architecture more." "Than our beliefs." "All over the world, we sought A connection to the divine," "Through temples and Churches that seemed to reach." "Up to the heavens." "With every new design, We pushed the envelope of." "Self-expression." "Our structures are so much More than brick and mortar." "They are reflections Of ourselves." "They reveal what we value, What we think, and ultimately," "Who we are." "Man has always strived To find his place in nature." "And to transcend it." "Not just in the shelters We build for ourselves," "But in the shelters We build for our gods." "But like so many Nesting dolls," "Religious buildings And sacred sites begin to." "Build upon themselves." "A shrine replaces A sacred space," "A church or a temple Replaces the shrine," "An even bigger temple," "Cathedral or Basilica replaces that." "Why?" "To draw attention to each Religion's houses of worship." "By building bigger and taller, By using the most cutting edge." "Architecture of the time." "That's why we look to These places to find where." "Innovation starts." "The origins of all the mighty Superstructures around us." "Today lead back to Medieval europe." "Durham, england, 1080." "After many years of war, The normans are looking to." "Build a symbol of their power As the conquerors of england." "They have their sights on Saxon land in the north," "A strategic location That's very appealing to." "The catholic church." "These Were powerful politicians." "They were there To impose their power." "And their authority." "And I think there's No doubt that one of the." "Motivations Would be to show," ""We normans can make an even Better and more holy space." "Than you saxons Have ever done."" "The ground is flat here." "This site is perfect." "Why are they back?" "I don't know, But it isn't good." "We flatten the existing Church, st." "Cuthbert's." "To make way for this Wonderful monument." "But we will need more land." "Destroy the town." "You understood What they said." "Tell me." "Your church Is to be knocked down." "Your house too." "Norman Bishop william of st." "Calais." "Wanted a structure that Would surpass all others." "It would take 40 years of Unrelenting labor until a." "Cathedral, the likes of which Had never been seen before," "Was revealed to the world." "Durham sits On this great crown of earth." "Looking down to the River wear on most sides." "It's a powerful building That you can see for miles." "To see it from Outside is a genuinely awesome." "Experience because it is Just, it is just massive." "You have to try to imagine What it must have been like." "For people who'd, who'd never Seen anything larger than just." "A, a hut or a small house." "It would have made them all But fall to their knees and I." "Think one of the great Disadvantages of living in the." "Age we do is that we cannot See these buildings with the." "Eyes that they were Intended to be seen with." "These were buildings that Would take maybe a couple." "Generations to build." "And so the people that Were designing them," "Starting out on them, knew That they didn't have any," "Any hope of seeing Them completed," "And yet they were willing to Devote their whole lifetimes." "To working on them." "What was really Interesting about the durham." "Cathedral was this new Innovation of the ribbed vault." "Which is two barrel vaults Intersecting together." "They were coming up with New construction methods to." "Introduce natural daylight." "Why is it important To bring natural light into." "A gathering space?" "Not only because you can see, Obviously that's a practical." "Reason, but it was a Way of manifesting god." "Into the space." "That god was light." "Because of the height of the Building and because of the." "Openings being a certain size, The rays of light that came in." "Almost became tactile because You could see the edges of the." "Light, and that in itself Was a manifestation of god." "In a tactile form." "The english Cathedrals in particular were." "Built for length As well as height." "They are much bigger than they Need to be for the communities." "Who worshipped in them." "And that poses the question Of why do we need such a," "A spectacular structure." "When I Think of a cathedral," "I think of the ability to Build something bigger." "It's bigger than man himself." "Why was that important?" "You start to see As architecture has." "Evolved over time." "A car factory." "A skyscraper." "Look at the size of an Amazon distribution center." "That's probably one of the Biggest footprints of a." "Building you'd ever see." "It's really been a reflection Of what that building is." "Trying to represent To its own community." "It is really about purpose." "We always Aspire towards greater." "Things than ourselves." "We have always wanted to fly." "We've always wanted To scale mountains." "It's because it brought us Closer to something that was." "Bigger than ourselves." "For millennia, We wanted buildings that could." "Scrape the sky, Touch the heavens." "But the heights we hoped to Scale were limited by the." "Shortcomings of our Construction materials and the." "Weakness of the human body." "When steel and concrete Came on the scene in the late 19th century, we finally Had the tools to build tall." "We lacked one key Piece of technology," "Something we all take For granted today." "Before We had skyscrapers," "We could only build to Approximately seven stories." "A part of it was because Of masonry construction," "But part of it was also Because of the human limits of." "How far we would climb stairs." "So we would climb stairs, Maybe when we'd get to seven." "Stories and we would Be out of breath." "So then you needed This transport system." "One of the most critical Developments that allowed for." "Skyscrapers to happen Was the otis elevator." "We take Elevators for granted today," "But when they first came into Existence people couldn't." "Believe it." "In the mid-1800s People did not ride on." "Elevators because They were unsafe." "Elevators were an Industrial invention." "They moved factory goods from Floor to floor via a rope." "The invention of the safety Brake in 1853 kind of turned." "That on its head." "When that rope broke the Platform with all of the goods." "Was immediately Prevented from falling." "Four years later, the first Passenger lift was installed." "It just Seemed unbelievably fantastic." "Tourists to america in the 1850's and '60's went out of." "Their minds when they Encountered an elevator." "There's a story of the Duke of devonshire who went to." "New york and he tried an Elevator and then he wrote." "Home to his family to say," ""I just rode on a Vertical railroad."" "the invention of The safety elevator enabled." "The opportunity to go tall." "We saw the change from the Most desirable space being at." "The bottom of the building to Now the floors at the top of." "The building, above the Noise and the smell," "And with the ability to have A view and more natural light." "So we see the urbanization, The trend of putting more." "People in a smaller space Evolving to be a vertical." "Space to what we See today, 150, 160, 200-story tall buildings." "At its most basic," "Shelter keeps the Rain off our heads," "Keeps our enemies at bay, or Just keeps us warm at night." "But we have made it so Much more than that." "From durham cathedral To the burj khalifa," "Our buildings are Projections of power," "Embodiments of our Engineering prowess," "And manifestations of our Uniquely human love of beauty." "Today, just About anyone can create." "Their personal masterpiece." "By the 20th century As the saying goes," "A man's home Became his castle." "For centuries, Humans have been trying to." "Find the best way to live Together without sacrificing." "Their privacy." "We've built forests of Tall buildings to work." "In but most of us don't Wanna live in them." "At the end of the working day," "It's nice to head home to a Place we can call our own." "In america, that dream led To the origin of a new way of." "Living, a way to let People live near the city," "But have the space and Privacy of the country." "1947, levittown, new york, the Birthplace of modern suburbia." "Intelligent Planning of communities is not." "A utopian dream." "It's plain common sense." "After the War there was money to be." "Made in america in building Homes for the returning vets." "And these new families." "Well, abraham levitt and His two sons william and," "And alfred had an idea, Buy big plots of land," "Build lots of little starter Homes for these new families," "And then offer a low cost way For individuals to begin to." "Enter into the middle class." "Well, that was levittown." "I wanna build a town We can all be proud of." "Yeah." "It was Really a stroke of genius." "Between these two brothers." "Alfred was very much into this Idea of creating some kind of." "A new, utopia might be Too strong of a word," "But something like that." "Alfred's idea was that we're Gonna sell you this pod that." "You can accessorize." "You can build out the attic, You can build out on the." "Homes, and this was a really Very progressive idea to such." "A degree that no Two look alike." "Bill helped to Exploit the gi bill," "Get the government money that Could help to subsidize the." "Creation of levittown And also allow people to." "Buy homes for $8,000." "This whole notion Of the american dream is tied." "To being able to have a Single family home, a yard," "A place of your own." "What was incredible About levittown was it." "Was made possible." "Because of all these great Advances to be able to." "Construct materials Cheaply so that the," "The pieces would come in A kit of parts that were," "Some of them were Pre-assembled but then they." "Would be delivered on site And then they could be put." "Together very quickly." "It was a confluence of Technology and desire coming." "Together and so it spread Like wildfire all over." "The united states, This notion of a suburb." "Can we afford it?" "Veterans Program, we can." "Then we Can get married." "You'd have a garage." "And you Would have flowers." "Thank you." "Comes with the Latest appliances." "No fences." "Every house painted the Same color and." "We want to look At a model for sale." "I'm afraid That's not possible." "Why is that?" "The owners of this Development have not as yet." "Decided whether they're going To sell the homes to negroes." "What?" "That's in the contract." ""The tenant agrees not to Permit the premises to be used."" "Or occupied by any Person other than members." ""Of the caucasian race."" "that's illegal." "We have the right To buy a home." "I'm sorry." "It's, it's in the contract." "I think you Should look somewhere else." "Next please!" "Yeah, you keep walking." "Go on, get!" "Get out of here!" "These homes Were really meant for only one." "Group of, of americans:" "White americans." "No blacks, no jews Need to apply." "In fact, abraham levitt Wouldn't have been able to." "Live in the very homes That he was building." "In the late '60's my multi Heritage family thought," ""Let's buy a House in levittown."" "So we drove out to Long island and we were met." "With the most horrific stares." "From the others who were There to look over the house." "We came across this One book titled zog," "Which apparently stood for Zionist occupied government." "The whole library Seemed filled with." "Anti-semitic texts." "That pretty much put the Kibosh on the cathcart family." "Moving to, to levittown." "We didn't wanna go live any Place where anyone was going." "To be hated." "Progressives Within levittown were taking." "Part in a, a kind of a Community discussion group to." "Talk about the fact that This, this community had this." "Exclusionary policy." "I was terribly Shocked to find that there." "Were people in this Community who would be so." "Violently opposed to it." "I rather thought that Everyone would just accept." "It as I would." "Well my child and I hope my Children go to and live in a." "Group that is Representative of the world." "And not being an Integrated group it is," "It is not now a Representative of society." "You started to See a kind of a rift within." "This great american suburb Of people who were supporting." "Change and those who certainly Were rallying against it and." "As is often the case, it was A very loud but vocal minority." "Of people who Were against this." "But in the face of just Terrible, terrible evil," "There can be Incredible goodness." "And I think it's just Something that we see in our." "Lives today so it was a Complex legacy that is left." "Levittown Was finally integrated." "The slow trickle of progress Opening up the american dream." "To everyone." "It's never easy getting Groups of humans to live." "Together in harmony." "Now try to imagine designing Shelter for astronauts bound." "On interplanetary missions." "These pioneers will have to Live and travel together for." "Many months at a time." "Once they get to their Destination they will need." "Shelter from the Most hostile environment man." "Has ever encountered." "Desert plains of mars, No air, no water," "And an atmosphere that can't Shield you from radiation." "The Further you are from earth," "The more important larger And larger volumes are." "So, if you were going to mars All the other architectures." "Are nonsense when I talk About a 100 cubic meter system." "Or 150 cubic meter system to Transport people on a mission." "That borders on cruel And inhumane punishment." "The beam is a Testing facility." "It's the first time that nasa Has an expandable habitat." "Attached to station." "The Beam has been up on the." "International space Station since may." "It's 16 cubic meters Fully expanded," "But the b330 is 330 cubic meters." "So, if you Were going to mars you'd." "Probably want two or three or Four of these 330s together." "Here we are In the core of the b330." "It's designed to house Up to six astronauts." "Different areas to eat in," "Different areas to exercise in." "All of those things become Very important to make the." "Psychological experience As good as possible." "This Spacecraft can be modified to." "Serve different missions;" "It could be a dormitory," "It could be a farm, it Could be a hospital." "That would change The way that we send people to." "Space and it would Change the way we create." "Destinations for space." "We've come a long Way from using mammoth bones." "To protect us From the elements." "But these space capsules in Many ways bring us back to the." "Origins of human shelter." "The need to create a special Place where we can huddle." "Together and find some warmth And security in an otherwise." "Hostile universe." "The daunting journey to the Modern world had its humble." "Beginnings long ago." "From mammoth bone Huts to megacities," "The evolution Of shelter mirrors the." "Evolution of humanity." "It all began around the fire, As we shed our nomadic past." "And crafted our first Homes around the hearth," "The centerpiece of Human culture where our." "World was born." "But to truly become Modern, we had to unite." "It was our common beliefs that Drew us together and set us on." "The path to civilization." "The pursuit of safe havens Has spurred new innovations," "New frames of mind, And new societies." "We've built a World of wonders," "A world of our own design." "Our shelters are the Children of our imagination," "Monuments embodying The human spirit." "These are some of our most Towering achievements." "With brick and mortar we Have conquered the earth," "From the tropics To the arctic." "We have seized control From nature and built." "Our own environment, Radically reshaping the face of." "Our home planet." "This global civilization Reveals who we truly are:" "A species of Limitless ambition." "Our outward expansion has Left us nowhere to go but up." "The void of space and hazards Of other worlds pose the." "Biggest challenge to Survival we have yet faced." "How will our species fare in The centuries to come against." "The perils of the unknown?" "Only time will tell."