"{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} (STEPHEN HAWKING) Science is on {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} the brink of changing your life." "men and women {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} around the world" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} are making amazing breakthroughs." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} This is incredible!" "{\cHFFFFFF}Wow!" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'Our team of leading scientists {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} have chosen the discoveries" "{\cHFFFFFF}Whoa!" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} An almost limitless supply {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} of clean energy." "{\cHFFFFFF}It's these which are the basis {\cHFFFFFF}of one of the most important" "{\cHFFFFFF}of all conservation enterprises." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'From the car you drive...'" "{\cHFFFFFF}Aahh!" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} '..to medical advances {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} that could save your life.'" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} This miracle means {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} that we can replace surgery." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'On a journey that spans {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} the jungles of Africa...'" "{\cHFFFFFF}I'm here to hunt for one of the {\cHFFFFFF}biggest threats to human survival." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} '..to the quads of Oxford...'" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} This is arguably the most {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} complicated thing in the universe." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} '..we will show you how science {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} is a force for good.'" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'Prepare to see your future.'" "{\cHFFFFFF}This is the beginning {\cHFFFFFF}of that brave new world." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'Tonight" " Health.'" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} The breakthroughs we think {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} are most important in the fight" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} against five big killers." "cancer... {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} malaria... {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} brain disorders and viruses." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} We will show you {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} how a handful of scientists" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} could save the lives of millions." "{\cHFFFFFF}'My name is Aarathi Prasad." "{\cHFFFFFF}I'm in Cameroon in Central Africa {\cHFFFFFF}and I'm here to join the hunt" "{\cHFFFFFF}to find one of the biggest {\cHFFFFFF}threats to human survival... {\cHFFFFFF}..the next big killer virus." "{\cHFFFFFF}'Viruses invade healthy cells {\cHFFFFFF}to stay alive and replicate. {\cHFFFFFF}'but also much more dangerous {\cHFFFFFF}and deadly diseases.'" "{\cHFFFFFF}'This is what Spanish flu {\cHFFFFFF}looks like.'" "{\cHFFFFFF}'it wiped out about three percent {\cHFFFFFF}of the world's population." "{\cHFFFFFF}'And this is smallpox.'" "{\cHFFFFFF}'It was responsible for 300 million {\cHFFFFFF}deaths in the 20th century alone.' bird and swine flu {\cHFFFFFF}have surfaced and these new viruses" "{\cHFFFFFF}'that originate in animal species {\cHFFFFFF}pose a very real threat to humans.'" "{\cHFFFFFF}but we have to know our enemy.'" "{\cHFFFFFF}It's very heavily forested." "{\cHFFFFFF}It's absolutely beautiful." "{\cHFFFFFF}what I'm thinking is in this beauty" "{\cHFFFFFF}is some of the most dangerous {\cHFFFFFF}viruses and parasites known to man. {\cHFFFFFF}a research co-ordinator of the {\cHFFFFFF}Global Viral Forecasting Initiative." "{\cHFFFFFF}He's spent the last eight years {\cHFFFFFF}investigating the flashpoint" "{\cHFFFFFF}where viruses cross over to humans." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} 75% of all new and emerging {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} infectious diseases" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} come from wildlife. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} even." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} This is something that's really {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} part of our existence. {\cHFFFFFF}you might be spotting something {\cHFFFFFF}that could be incredibly important" "{\cHFFFFFF}to the rest of the world? {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} try and work out what's their {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} potential in terms of whether {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} and try and stop them before {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} they get into communities like this." "{\cHFFFFFF}It's in communities {\cHFFFFFF}where they hunt for bush meat" "{\cHFFFFFF}that people have far more direct {\cHFFFFFF}contact with virus-carrying animals." "{\cHFFFFFF}Some hunters have just found {\cHFFFFFF}an antelope in the forest" "{\cHFFFFFF}and they're about to kill it. {\cHFFFFFF}so we're going to take a look. {\cHFFFFFF}he gets the hunters to collect {\cHFFFFFF}blood samples from their kills..." "{\cHFFFFFF}..samples that Matthew {\cHFFFFFF}can screen for unknown viruses." "{\cHFFFFFF}one potential source {\cHFFFFFF}of virus outbreak... {\cHFFFFFF}..the process of butchering meat." "{\cHFFFFFF}It's at this point" "{\cHFFFFFF}when we come into contact with {\cHFFFFFF}infected blood of these animals {\cHFFFFFF}that the virus crosses over {\cHFFFFFF}from animal to humans." "{\cHFFFFFF}This kind of contact {\cHFFFFFF}with wild animals" "{\cHFFFFFF}has been a part of life here {\cHFFFFFF}for generations." "{\cHFFFFFF}New viruses used to be contained {\cHFFFFFF}within these places." "{\cHFFFFFF}But what's different now {\cHFFFFFF}is these once isolated areas" "{\cHFFFFFF}have opened up to global travel." "{\cHFFFFFF}I could spread a virus" "{\cHFFFFFF}way faster than it could {\cHFFFFFF}spread itself naturally." "{\cHFFFFFF}I personally could start a pandemic." "{\cHFFFFFF}One particular deadly virus {\cHFFFFFF}that broke out of Central Africa" "{\cHFFFFFF}has claimed 25 million lives." "{\cHFFFFFF}It's now believed that HIV {\cHFFFFFF}originated here" "{\cHFFFFFF}mutated into HIV." "{\cHFFFFFF}This is what a cell infected with {\cHFFFFFF}HIV looks like under a microscope." "{\cHFFFFFF}It's now thought that HIV made {\cHFFFFFF}the jump from monkeys to humans" "{\cHFFFFFF}as long ago as the 1880s." "{\cHFFFFFF}But we had no idea what it was {\cHFFFFFF}until the 1980s." "{\cHFFFFFF}Science was a century behind." "{\cHFFFFFF}traditional to hunt monkeys for meat." "{\cHFFFFFF}The hunters have just caught {\cHFFFFFF}these two monkeys. {\cHFFFFFF}they're very related to us humans. {\cHFFFFFF}there's a greater possibility that {\cHFFFFFF}humans will be susceptible to them. {\cHFFFFFF}which used to be logging roads." "{\cHFFFFFF}connecting these remote villages" "{\cHFFFFFF}straight into the capital city. {\cHFFFFFF}in just a few hours {\cHFFFFFF}it could be in the next town." "{\cHFFFFFF}anywhere on earth." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} I'm virus hunting in Cameroon" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} with an international group {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} of scientists" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} working to predict {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} and prevent future pandemics." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} It's by collecting blood samples {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} from animals and humans" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} that they hope {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} to identify new viruses" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} that have deadly potential. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'the samples we've collected {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} are taken to the lab for analysis." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'These scientists {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} recently discovered {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} two new viruses related to HIV" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'HTLV III and IV." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'They can cause cancer and paralysis {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} and have already crossed over" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'from animals to humans. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} If we have the ability {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} to detect these viruses earlier {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} it means we can potentially stop {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} them getting into human populations" "or it lets us {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} be more ahead of developing" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} vaccines and treatments if they {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} manage to escape from our control." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} It's definitely possible in this {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} day and age to use our knowledge" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} in a way to stop these viruses {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} from becoming pandemics." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'History has shown that viruses {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} can sweep indiscriminately" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} killing millions. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'hopefully we'll have a head start.'" "it was thought" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} to the future of the human race {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} would be nuclear war." "if you were to place a bet {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} on our species being wiped out {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} you might be better off putting {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} all your money on the virus." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} But what I'm holding here is {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} part of an advance warning system" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} that might be the key {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} to saving our entire species." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} The medical breakthrough {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} that's had the most impact on me" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} personally is the MRI scanner. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} it was the MRI scanner {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} that picked up the tumour." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} The contraceptive pill." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} I think for me how many {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} to have and when to have them." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} The medical breakthrough that's {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} meant the most to me personally" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} was fertility treatments - without {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} them I would not have any children." "anaesthetics." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} That's a huge breakthrough." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} I think we've forgotten {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} what it must have been like {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} just filling your teeth." "the latest from the battle {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} against heart disease." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} It kills seven million of us {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} every year." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} But now a combination of technology {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} and robotics is giving new hope." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH4040FF} {\cHFFFFFF} HEARTBEATS" "I used {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} to wonder what the doctor was doing" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} when he listened to my heart {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} with a stethoscope." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} and the valves opening and shutting {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} and the blood flowing through it." "but see it." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} 'The problem comes {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} when it goes wrong." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} 'Repairing the heart {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} often means major surgery.'" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} My name is Robert Winston." "London." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} I also sit in the House of Lords." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} Some of my time is devoted {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} to arguing for new strategies" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} in the fight for health." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} Now at least a third of you {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} watching this programme {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} and that often means major surgery." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} So the medical advance {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} that most excites me" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} is one that could change that. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} computer scientists " "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} have put together {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} a sophisticated piece of kit" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} which could revolutionise {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} cardiac surgery." "they're combining {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} powerful medical imaging" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} with bio-robotic surgery." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} advanced X-ray and MRI scans {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} provide a 3D road map." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} The surgeon uses this {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} to guide a remotely controlled {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} flexible tube or catheter" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} to the damaged area." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} It's all done {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} through a tiny incision. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} and the operation {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} is about to save his life. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} an abnormal rhythm of the heart" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} or even sudden death. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} probably between 1.5 and 2% of the {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} population have atrial fibrillation." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} We're talking almost {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} up to a million people." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} A million people?" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} The vast majority {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} in the second half of their lives." "10% of the {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} population have atrial fibrillation." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} The catheter uses {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} high frequency radio waves" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} to destroy the rogue tissue {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} that causes the abnormal rhythm." "it looks like {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} a very complicated concept." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} 'The catheter is remotely controlled it can be {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} more precise than doing it by hand.'" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} So this is the...?" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} These are the upper...?" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} Upper pulmonary veins." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} The right upper vein." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} 'The patient's operation {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} has gone well." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} 'Now they're going {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} to let{\cH00FFFF} me{\cHFFFFFF} have a go.'" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} The patient's not going to have {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} a cardiac arrest if I do this?" "of course." "I'll be performing {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} surgery on this " "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} 'a phantom heart." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} 'This glass model is used like {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} a flight simulator for surgeons.'" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} This moves the catheter around." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} Yes." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} 'The joystick controls an intricate {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} mechanism of wires and pulleys" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} allowing me to steer it" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} 'to the hardest to reach {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} chambers of the heart.'" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} 'The very tip {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} of the catheter delivers" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} 'the high frequency radio waves {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} that destroy the abnormal tissue.' isn't it? {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} 'but it's hard to resist {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} taking a peek at the heart model.'" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} It's very much like a computer game." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} 'This combination of extraordinarily {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} detailed images of the heart" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} 'and with less trauma.' {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} but perhaps not {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} quite as well as a robot." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} 'Only about 200 physicians {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} in the world" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} 'Yet hundreds of thousands {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} of people worldwide" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} 'need this life-saving operation.'" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} So how could it be {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} rolled out for everyone?" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} The team here have a plan." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} where the mind of the surgeon" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} is replaced by autonomous software." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} The next thing we need to do {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} is harness the precision" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} of the robot." "We can see {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} a situation arising where" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} we can image the heart {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} in real time" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} and take into account every beat {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} and movement of the heart. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} This team predicts a time when {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} instead of just doing two or three" "they supervise {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} an array of robotic catheters" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} simultaneously performing {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} ten or even 20 procedures" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} in the same time." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} I do find this pretty mind-blowing." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} It looks incredibly complicated " "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} all these catheters with sensors {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} and the ability to receive" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} and deliver impulses to the heart." "means {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} and that must be one of the great {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} promises of the future." "{\cHFFFFFF}Now we go inside the brain" "{\cHFFFFFF}to a whole new science which {\cHFFFFFF}is at last unravelling its mysteries." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} My name is Richard Dawkins." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} I'm an evolutionary biologist." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} The work I want to show you gives {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} a vision of how human health" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} might be cared for in the future." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} there's one inside yours. language." "in there" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} Problems in the brain cause terrible {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} and dementia." "and they're on the rise." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} It has been a dream of science to be {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} able to identify specific" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} neural pathways and control them." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} elusive so far." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} an Oxford neuroscientist." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} He wondered if it was possible to {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} have switch-like control over to be able {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} to turn them on and off." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} He began his quest by studying {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} not the 100 billion or so" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} neuronal cells of the human brain {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} but something far simpler - 000 brain cells of the {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} tiny fruit fly." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} He's being trying to {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} control its mind with light." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} He began by getting {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} a light-sensitive protein" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} into the fly's brain. there are cells in nature {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} that naturally respond to light." "are the {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} photoreceptors in our eyes" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} What if we could borrow the light {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} sensing devices from these through genetic into cells that are not {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} normally light responsive?" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} This technique has given Gero {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} such precise control over" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} the fruit fly's mind that he can {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} make a female think she's a male." "you will see a male" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} and a female. chasing the female. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} which presumably the female hears." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} I can't hear it." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} So this is a behaviour that's {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} entirely sex specific - stick out one wing." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} Gero genetically engineered {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} the brain cells that govern" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} sexual expression so they would {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} respond to light." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} So when light is flashed on {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} the female it shines through her" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} transparent exoskeleton and hits {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} those targeted cells" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} causing her to perform {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} a male sex ritual." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} We were able to make females {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} exhibit part of the male" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} courtship dance." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} started to vibrate it" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} just like a male would." "presumably?" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} It's never been seen before" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} because the behaviour never occurs {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} in nature." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} Gives a whole new meaning {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} to turning one on." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} This way of controlling brain cells {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} is called optogenetics." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} It allows us {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} to target specific bits of the brain" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} so it's a discovery that could" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} revolutionise the way {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} we treat brain disorders." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} and with an organ as complicated {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} as a brain it's not surprising" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} that up to 1 in 7 people have some {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} sort of brain malfunction." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} But could optogenetics actually" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} taken things one step further." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} Here they're using optogenetics to {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} control the minds of mice." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} an MIT physiologist" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} and electrical engineer." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} All right." "So this is the main {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} microscopy area." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} He also dreams of using optogenetics {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} to treat human brain disorders." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} a probe is in the brain you can {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} scan it with X-rays. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} for our research right now." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} It's a cool device anyway." "It's {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} called a FIB" " Focused Ion Beam." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} "We should do something with that." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} We might be the only neurotechnology {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} group with a piano in the atrium." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} Professor Boyden developed a fibre {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} optic cable" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} that delivers a pulse of light {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} directly to a mouse's brain cells." "the mouse's {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} brain has been genetically modified" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} to respond to light. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} it's the bit of the brain that {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} makes the mouse happy. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} it gets a zap of light that {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} triggers a flood of dopamine" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} from the pleasure {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} centre of the brain." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} In less than 30 seconds the mouse {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} learns that it feels good" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} to stick its nose through the hole." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} A number of people are trying {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} to hunt down the neural targets {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} We're now starting to find that you {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} can activate very specific" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} sets of cells in the brain and {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} overcome those pathological states." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} because it's very hard to treat {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} these kinds of disorders." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} Treating anxiety or post-traumatic {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} stress disorder is very difficult." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} The drugs being used {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} have a lot of side effects" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} and they don't work as well as {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} one might hope. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} have the most powerful {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} therapeutic benefits." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} Using optogenetics on humans is {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} still a long way off. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} it could even be used as a treatment {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} itself." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} The great Oxford physiologist {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} Sir Charles Sherrington" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} likened the brain to an enchanted {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} loom." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} It's an enchanted loom {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} of immense complexity" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} for working out the principles {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} by which brains work." "{\cHFFFFFF}The great thing that makes humans {\cHFFFFFF}different from other species is that" "{\cHFFFFFF}we are fundamentally inquisitive in a {\cHFFFFFF}very influential way." "{\cHFFFFFF}We're programmed to ask questions" "{\cHFFFFFF}humans have achieved so much." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} It's a difficult question {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} for an evolutionist to answer something equivalent to" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} modern scientific curiosity {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} must have aided our survival." "{\cHFFFFFF}and I think the best discoveries are {\cHFFFFFF}always shocking" "{\cHFFFFFF}and fly in the face of given {\cHFFFFFF}knowledge." "{\cHFFFFFF}That happens again and again." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} taken an unusual approach to {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} combating one of our oldest" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} and most deadly enemies... {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} malaria." "{\cHFFFFFF}Many of us just think of malaria {\cHFFFFFF}as something we might catch" "{\cHFFFFFF}if we go on holiday somewhere exotic." "{\cHFFFFFF}The truth is malaria is still one of {\cHFFFFFF}the biggest problems facing mankind." "{\cHFFFFFF}Somewhere on Earth a child {\cHFFFFFF}dies of malaria every 30 seconds." "{\cHFFFFFF}My name is Joy Reidenberg." "{\cHFFFFFF}I'm a Professor of Anatomy." "{\cHFFFFFF}My work involves comparing animal {\cHFFFFFF}and human anatomies" "{\cHFFFFFF}to find new medicines and treatments." "{\cHFFFFFF}One disease that I would love to {\cHFFFFFF}see eradicated is malaria." "we've tried insecticides" "{\cHFFFFFF}and drugs to slow {\cHFFFFFF}the spread of the disease." "{\cHFFFFFF}But they're expensive solutions" "{\cHFFFFFF}and most people at risk have to rely {\cHFFFFFF}on something much more basic." "{\cHFFFFFF}The first line of defence for people {\cHFFFFFF}in the parts of the world" "{\cHFFFFFF}where malaria is rampant is {\cHFFFFFF}the trusty mosquito net." "{\cHFFFFFF}Mosquito nets have been {\cHFFFFFF}used against malaria for centuries." "{\cHFFFFFF}But they're by no means fool proof." "{\cHFFFFFF}They're essentially just flimsy {\cHFFFFFF}nylon or cotton nets" "{\cHFFFFFF}that can get damaged or torn." "{\cHFFFFFF}In the 21st century you would think {\cHFFFFFF}that science could come up with" "{\cHFFFFFF}a more robust solution to a disease {\cHFFFFFF}that kills" "{\cHFFFFFF}over a million people a year." "the challenge {\cHFFFFFF}has been taken up by researchers" "{\cHFFFFFF}working in a completely unexpected {\cHFFFFFF}discipline of science. {\cHFFFFFF}an experimental physicist has {\cHFFFFFF}been working on a defence" "{\cHFFFFFF}against mosquitoes that's never been {\cHFFFFFF}tried before." "{\cHFFFFFF}This is Professor Szabolcs Marka." "{\cHFFFFFF}A few years ago a close colleague {\cHFFFFFF}died after becoming infected" "{\cHFFFFFF}with malaria." "he's been developing {\cHFFFFFF}an anti-mosquito force field" "{\cHFFFFFF}using the technology he knows best " "{\cHFFFFFF}lasers." "{\cHFFFFFF}So tell me about this device you have {\cHFFFFFF}here?" "what's the rest of it?" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} What we have here is really a device {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} which creates a light barrier" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} in the middle of this chamber. it will {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} create a light barrier" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} and that will be a light barrier {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} which will be hard to cross. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} Sure. {\cHFFFFFF}but when the laser-generated infrared {\cHFFFFFF}beam is switched on" "{\cHFFFFFF}it splits the chamber in two." "{\cHFFFFFF}so we've added a line." "{\cHFFFFFF}The mosquitoes in the lower half {\cHFFFFFF}seem unable to cross over" "{\cHFFFFFF}they bounce off the beam." "{\cHFFFFFF}I really want to know what's actually {\cHFFFFFF}happening in the mosquito" "{\cHFFFFFF}when it senses this light." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} It's not clear what's happening {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} right now." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} Many people don't even care what's {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} happening as long as it's happening. {\cHFFFFFF}is something the mosquitoes {\cHFFFFFF}are instinctively avoiding. {\cHFFFFFF}avoiding the sun's infrared rays." "{\cHFFFFFF}Perhaps they're seeing this as a {\cHFFFFFF}stream of sunlight in the middle" "I can't be" "{\cHFFFFFF}"in the middle of the sunlight." "{\cHFFFFFF}I have to hide in the shade." "{\cHFFFFFF}Could that be why they're {\cHFFFFFF}avoiding it?" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} we just don't know it yet. {\cHFFFFFF}but the problem is it's so big." "{\cHFFFFFF}Could this practically really {\cHFFFFFF}work if you were to take" "{\cHFFFFFF}something like this to {\cHFFFFFF}an African village?" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} That's an interesting question. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} but I think long-term effect will {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} only be there if it shrinks." "it was like this big!" "{\cHFFFFFF}The ultimate vision is to produce {\cHFFFFFF}smoke detector-sized units" "{\cHFFFFFF}that use optics to create {\cHFFFFFF}sheets across windows" "{\cHFFFFFF}or 3-dimensional shapes over beds." "{\cHFFFFFF}They'd be run on solar or {\cHFFFFFF}battery power. {\cHFFFFFF}but it's not going to stop {\cHFFFFFF}the spread of malaria completely." "{\cHFFFFFF}What if science could give us {\cHFFFFFF}a more radical solution?" "{\cHFFFFFF}What if we could get rid of the {\cHFFFFFF}malaria-carrying mosquitoes for good?" "{\cHFFFFFF}To do that would mean genetically {\cHFFFFFF}modifying an entire species." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} We have been following science's {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} battle against malaria." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} Now our understanding of kinetics" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} is creating a remarkable {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} new way to fight back. we need to find {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} a chink in the mosquito's armour." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} It's perfectly evolved {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} to find its prey." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} It has a battery of sensory devices" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} that registers smell and breath {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} from 50 metres away." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} it can pass on a deadly disease." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} What if we could genetically modify {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} the mosquito so that" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} it was rendered completely incapable {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} of carrying the malaria parasite?" "that's exactly what they're {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} doing here in the desert in Arizona. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} this is where our mosquito {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} containment facility is..." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'This is Professor Mike Riehle. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'deliberately engineered {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} so they can't spread malaria." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'Security in the lab is tight.'" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} Two doors?" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} There's two doors." "This is just one {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} more level of security" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} so the mosquitoes don't get out." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} One of the mosquito chambers is in {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} this room right here." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} Wow!" "Look at this room." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} There's so many in here!" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'Mike is an entomologist - {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} a professor of insects." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'So he knows very well how malaria {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} is intricately linked" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'to a mosquito's life cycle." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'The disease is actually caused {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} by a parasite in the mosquito's gut" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'and that's what they inject {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} into us when they bite.'" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} I get to be guinea pig." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} I'll take out one of these female {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} mosquitoes here." "I feel one." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} There's one there. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'then this is all it would {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} take for it to infect me.'" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} She's definitely getting fatter." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} Yeah." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'But Mike has found {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} a weak spot in the mosquito " "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'the time lag between the mosquito {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} picking up malaria" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'and being able to transmit {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} the disease.' takes about two {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} weeks for that parasite to get back {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} where it can be injected {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} into another person." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} from three weeks to about two weeks" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} so the parasite didn't have enough {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} time to develop in the mosquito." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'As they created mosquitoes {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} that didn't live long enough they noticed {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} there was an unexpected bonus." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} What we found is that the {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} genetically-engineered ones" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} So we have two mechanisms {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} that work in the same mosquito. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} they'll die before they {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} can transmit the parasite." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'There was one last problem " "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'how to tell the difference {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} between normal mosquitoes" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'and the ones he'd altered.'" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} Those are the oldest larvae {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} and then they turn into the pupae" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} which are the comma-shaped things." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'The solution - {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} he added a fluorescent marker" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'so his mosquitoes had {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} eyes that glowed.'" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} I'm going to hit them {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} with the UV light." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} Oh!" "That's so cool!" "Yeah!" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} Nice glowing red eyes." "yeah!" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} This story illustrates {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} the incredible power {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} even the colour of its eyes." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} But should we be concerned" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} about setting free {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} a genetically-modified insect? {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} it's very unlikely." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} that was already found {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} in the mosquito. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} or anything like that." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} And so you could think of it {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} more as a very controlled form" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} of selective breeding." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} I think it's always dangerous" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} when you play with {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} the genetics of a species" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} and then consider reintroducing {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} it back into the wild. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} you could be messing up {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} natural selection." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} maybe it's worth it." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} There is one disease that many {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} people fear more than any other." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} Cancer." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} Science has made great advances {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} against this killer." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} But now we are entering a new era" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} where genetics is giving us {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} a powerful weapon to save lives." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} 'My work as a biologist" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} 'has focused on looking {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} at genetic therapies for cancer.' {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} and as a scientist I find {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} it an incredibly fascinating" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} But the day-to-day reality is" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} most of us know someone who has been {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} diagnosed with it." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} And the likelihood is {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} each and every one of us {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} is going to be affected by it." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} Cancer is the disease {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} that originates in the genes." "they can {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} cause our cells to turn cancerous. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} the treatment is not always {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} as focused as doctors would like." "it's {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} like a carpet-bombing technique." "but it {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} destroys healthy cells as well." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} What if scientists {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} could create a targeted medicine?" "where {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} researchers are doing just that." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} 'Tina Meranda is married with {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} two young sons." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} she got the news we all dread." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} 'It was in her lungs. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} 'the cancer spread.' it hits you. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} and to think you're not going {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} to be around for them." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} But Tina is one of the first cancer {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} patients in the world" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} to be given a new form {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} of personalised medicine." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} She is being treated here {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} at Massachusetts General" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} have their tumours investigated {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} at a genetic level." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} It's allowing researchers to {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} build up an extraordinary database" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} that classifies {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} individual cancer mutations." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} one of personalised medicines {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} and smart drugs." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} they had to uncover {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} each cancer's genetic fingerprint. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} like in this block for instance." "we will {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} have the information about what" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} are the genetic changes that {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} actually made this tumour grow. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} we can now give that information" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} to oncologists {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} who have a set of drugs" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} that can exactly target {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} that mutant gene. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} many have seen their tumours {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} shrink away. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} 'Tina has been given {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} a targeted drug therapy" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} 'that is specific {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} to her type of cancer mutation." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} they're treating{\cH00FF00} her{\cHFFFF00} cancer." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} her tumours started to shrink.'" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} Everything looks good." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} We couldn't be more pleased {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} about how well you're doing." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} you cancer has been shrinking away." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FF00} It's wonderful to see that." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} Tina is back to where {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} she was pre-cancer" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} within two days of taking {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} the medication targeted" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} It cleared up." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} She went off the painkillers." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} And she stopped the chemo." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} She's just a different woman." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} and would not necessarily {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} work for everyone." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} Not all mutations have matching {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} drugs that are effective treatments. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} it is a way of keeping {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} the cancer under control." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} Tina will remain on these drugs for {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} as long as the cancer stays dormant." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} she would most probably be dead." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} What this points to {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} is a future where cancer" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} but something we can live with." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} and with it came the promise of a {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} brave new world of genetic medicine." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} not many actual treatments" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} for human health have emerged. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} this is the beginning {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFF00} of that brave new world. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} scientific endeavour {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} almost doubled life expectancies." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} My own life is evidence of this." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} It is also a testament to {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} the great challenges we still face. {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} will lead longer {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} and healthier lives." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'Next time - technology - {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} the innovations shaping our century." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'We visit the city of the future...'" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} 'Your vehicle is now ready to leave." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} Please be seated so you may depart.' {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} 'and head deep underground to the {\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} most mysterious lab in the world.'" "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cH00FFFF} That is amazing." "{\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} Subtitles by {\cHFFFFFF}{\cHFFFFFF} Red Bee Media Ltd"