"CARL SAGAN:" "Thecosmosis allthatis, oreverwasorever will be." "Comewithme ." "NEIL DEGRASSE TYSON:" "Agenerationago, theastronomerCarlSagan stoodhere and launched hundreds of millions of us on a great adventure-- the exploration of the universe revealed by science." "It's time to get going again." "We're about to begin a journey that will take us from the infinitesimal to the infinite, from the dawn of time to the distant future." "We'llexploregalaxies andsunsandworlds, surfthegravitywaves ofspace-time, encounterbeingsthatlive infireandice , exploretheplanetsofstars thatneverdie, discoveratoms asmassiveas suns anduniversessmaller thanatoms." "Cosmos is also a story about us." "It'sthesagaofhowwandering bandsofhuntersand gatherers foundtheirwaytothestars , oneadventurewithmanyheroes." "To make this journey, we'll need imagination." "But imagination alone is not enough because the reality of nature is far more wondrous than anything we can imagine." "This adventure is made possible by generations of searchers strictly adhering to a simple set of rules:" "test ideas by experiment and observation, build on those ideas that pass the test, reject the ones that fail, follow the evidence wherever it leads and question everything." "Accept these terms, and the cosmos is yours." "Now come with me." "free from the shackles of space and time, we can go anywhere." "If you want to see where we are in space, just look out the front window." "In the dimension of time, the past lies beneath us." "Here's what Earth looked like 250 million years ago." "If you want to see the future, look up." "And this is how it could appear 250 million years from now." "If we're going to be venturing out into the farthest reaches of the cosmos, we need to know our cosmic address, and this is the first line of that address." "We'releavingtheEarth, theonlyhomewe'veever known, forthefarthestreaches ofthecosmos." "Ournearestneighbor, theMoon,hasnosky,  noocean,no life-- justthescars ofcosmicimpacts." "Ourstarpowersthe wind andthewaves andallthelifeonthesurface ofourworld." "TheSunholdsall the worlds ofthesolarsystem initsgravitationalembrace, startingwithMercury tocloud-coveredVenus, whererunawaygreenhouseeffect hasturnedit  intoa kindof hell." "Mars... aworldwithasmuch land  asEarthitself." "Abeltof rockyasteroids circlestheSun betweentheorbits ofMarsandJupiter." "Withitsfourgiantmoons anddozensof smallerones," "Jupiterislike itsownlittlesolarsystem." "Ithasmoremassthan all theotherplanetscombined." "Jupiter'sGreatRedSpot... ahurricanethreetimes thesizeof ourwholeplanet that'sbeenraging forcenturies." "Thecrownjewel ofoursolarsystem,Saturn, ringedbyfreeways ofcountlessorbiting andslowlytumblingsnowballs-- everysnowball,alittlemoon ." "Uranus... andNeptune, theoutermostplanets, unknowntotheancients andonlydiscoveredafter theinventionof thetelescope." "Beyondtheoutermostplanet, there'sa swarmof tens ofthousandsof frozenworlds." "AndPlutois onethem." "(whooshing)" "Ofallourspacecraft, thisistheone that'straveled farthestfromhome" "Voyager1 ." "Shebearsamessage toa billionyearsfromnow,  somethingofwhowewere , howwefelt andthemusicwemade ." "(Blind Willie Johnson's "Dark Was the Night" playing)" "(Blind Willie Johnson humming)" "DEGRASSE TYSON:" "Thedeeperwaters ofthisvastcosmicocean andtheirnumberlessworlds lieahead." "("Dark Was the Night" continues to play, then fades)" "DEGRASSE TYSON:" "Fromouthere,the Sun may look likejustanotherstar." "But it still exerts its gravitational hold on a trillion frozen comets, leftoversfromtheformation ofthesolarsystem nearlyfivebillionyearsago." "It'scalledtheOortCloud." "Noonehaseverseen itbefore, norcouldthey, becauseeachone oftheselittleworlds isasfar fromitsnearestneighbor asEarthis fromSaturn." "This enormous cloud of comets encloses the solar system, which is the second line of our cosmic address." "We'veonlybeenabletodetect theplanetsof otherstars fora fewdecades, butwealreadyknow thatplanetsareplentiful-- theyoutnumberthestars." "Almostallof themwillbe verydifferentfromEarth, andhostile tolifeas we knowit." "Butwhatdo we knowaboutlife ?" "We'vemetonlyone kindsofar:" "Earthlife." "See anything?" "Just empty space, right?" "Human eyes see only a sliver of the light that shines in the cosmos." "But science gives us the power to see what our senses cannot." "Infrared is the kind of light made visible by night-vision goggles." "Throw an infrared sensor across the darkness..." "Rogue planet." "World without a sun." "Our galaxy has billions of them, adrift in perpetual night." "They're orphans, cast away from their mother stars during the chaotic birth of their native star systems." "Rogueplanets aremoltenat thecore butfrozenat thesurface." "Theremaybe oceans ofliquidwater inthezone betweenthoseextremes." "Whoknowswhat mightbeswimmingthere?" "This is what the Milky Way looks like in infrared." "Every single dot, not just the bright ones, is a star." "How many stars?" "How many worlds?" "How many ways of being alive?" "Wherearewe in thispicture?" "Seethattrailingouterarm?" "That'swherewe live-- about30,000light-years fromthecenter." "TheMilkyWayGalaxy isthenextline ofourcosmicaddress." "We'renowahundredthousand light-yearsfromhome." "Itwouldtakelight, thefastestthingthereis, ahundredthousandyears toreachus fromEarth." "This is the Great Spiral in Andromeda, the galaxy next door." "We call our two giant galaxies and a smattering of smaller ones the "local group."" "Can'tevenfindour homegalaxy fromouthere." "It'sjustoneofthousands intheVirgoSupercluster." "Onthisscale, all the objects we see, including the tiniest dots, are galaxies." "Eachgalaxycontains billionsofsuns andcountlessworlds." "Yet,theentire VirgoSuperclusteritself formsbutatinypart  ofouruniverse." "Thisisthecosmos onthegrandestscaleweknow- - anetwork ofa hundredbilliongalaxies." "It'sthelastline ofourcosmicaddress... fornow." "Observableuniverse?" "!" "What does that mean?" "Even for us, in our Ship of the Imagination, there's a limit to how far we can see in space-time." "It's our cosmic horizon." "Beyond that horizon lie parts of the universe that are too far away." "There hasn't been enough time in the 13.8 billion year history of the universe for their light to have reached us." "Manyofus suspect thatallof this-- alltheworlds,stars, galaxiesandclusters inourobservableuniverse-- isbutonetinybubble inaninfiniteocean ofotheruniverses amultiverse." "Universeuponuniverse." "Worldswithoutend." "Feeling a little small?" "Well, in the context of the cosmos, we are small." "We may just be little guys living on a speck of dust, afloat in a staggering immensity, but we don't think small." "This cosmic perspective is relatively new." "A mere four centuries ago, our tiny world was oblivious to the rest of the cosmos." "There were no telescopes." "The universe was only what you could see with the naked eye." "Back in 1599, everyone knew that the Sun, planets and stars were just lights in the sky that revolved around the Earth, andthatwe werethe center ofa littleuniverse, auniversemadefor us." "Therewasonlyone man  onthewholeplanet whoenvisioned aninfinitelygrandercosmos." "Andhowwashespending NewYear'sEve oftheyear1600?" "Why,inprison,ofcourse." "DEGRASSE TYSON:" "There comes atimein ourlives when we first realize we're not the center of the universe, that we belong to something much greater than ourselves." "It's part of growing up." "And as it happens to each of us, so it began to happen to our civilization in the 16th century." "Imaginea world beforetelescopes, whentheuniverse wasonlywhatyou couldsee withthenakedeye ." "ItwasobviousthatEarth wasmotionless, andthateverything intheheavens-- theSun,theMoon, thestars,theplanets-- revolvedaroundus-- andthen... a Polish astronomer and priest named Copernicus" "made a radical proposal:" "The Earth was not the center." "It was just one of the planets, and, like them, it revolved around the Sun." "Many, like the Protestant reformer Martin Luther, took this idea as a scandalous affront to Scripture." "They were horrified." "But for one man, Copernicus didn't go far enough." "HisnamewasGiordanoBruno, andhewas anatural-bornrebel." "Helongedto bustout ofthat  crampedlittleuniverse." "EvenasayoungDominicanmonk inNaples, hewasamisfit." "Thiswasatime whentherewas nofreedomof thoughtinItaly." "ButBrunohungeredtoknow  everything aboutGod'screation." "Hedaredto readthe books bannedbytheChurch, andthatwashis undoing." "Inoneof them, anancientRoman,amandead formorethan1,500years whisperedtohim ofa universefargreater, oneasboundless ashisideaofGod." "Lucretiusaskedthereader toimaginestanding attheedgeoftheuniverse andshootingan arrowoutward." "Ifthearrowkeepsgoing, thenclearly, theuniverseextendsbeyond whatyouthoughtwas the edge." "Butifthearrow doesn'tkeepgoing-- sayithitsawall-- thenthatwallmustlie beyondwhatyouthought wastheedgeoftheuniverse." "Nowifyoustandonthatwall andshootanotherarrow, thereareonlythe same twopossibleoutcomes:" "iteitherfliesforever outintospace, orithitssomeboundary whereyoucanstandandshoot  yetanotherarrow." "Eitherway, theuniverseis unbounded." "Thecosmosmustbeinfinite." "Thismadeperfectsense toBruno." "TheGodhe worshipped wasinfinite." "Sohow,he reasoned,could Creationbeanythingless?" "(door opens)" "(door opens)" "Itwasthelaststeadyjob heeverhad." "(wind whistles softly)" "Andthen,whenhewas30, hehadthevision thatsealedhisfate." "Inthisdream, heawakenedto aworld enclosedinside aconfiningbowlofstars." "Thiswasthecosmos ofBruno'stime." "Heexperienced asickeningmomentoffear , asifthebottomofeverything wasfallingaway beneathhisfeet." "Buthesummoneduphiscourage." "BRUNO:" "I spread confidentwingsto space andsoaredtowardthe infinite, leavingfarbehindme whatothersstrainedtosee froma distance." "Here,therewasnoup, nodown,no edge, nocenter." "Isawthatthe Sun  wasjustanotherstar, andthestarswereotherSuns,  eachescortedby otherEarths likeourown." "Therevelation ofthisimmensitywas like fallinginlove." "DEGRASSE TYSON:" "Brunobecamean evangelist, spreadingthegospel ofinfinitythroughoutEurope." "Heassumedthatotherlovers ofGodwouldnaturallyembrace thisgranderandmoreglorious viewofCreation." "BRUNO:" "Whata foolIwas ." "DEGRASSE TYSON:" "Hewasexcommunicated bytheRomanCatholicChurch inhishomeland, expelledbytheCalvinists inSwitzerland, andbytheLutherans inGermany." "Brunojumpedat an invitation tolectureat Oxford, inEngland." "Atlast,he thought, achanceto sharehis vision withanaudienceofhispeers ." "(laughter)" "(laughter continues)" "I have come to present a new vision of the cosmos." "Copernicus was right to argue that our world is not the center of the universe." "The Earth goes around the Sun." "It's a planet, just like the others." "But Copernicus was only the dawn." "I bring you the sunrise." "The stars are other fiery suns, made of the same substance as the Earth, and they have their own watery earths, with plants and animals no less noble than our own." "Are you mad or merely ignorant?" "Everyone knows there is only one world." "What everyone knows is wrong." "Our infinite God has created a boundless universe with an infinite number of worlds." "Do they not read Aristotle where you come from?" "Or even the Bible?" "I beg you, reject antiquity, tradition, faith, and authority." "Let us begin anew, by doubting everything we assume has been proven." "Heretic!" "Infidel!" "Your God is too small." "(scholars shouting angrily)" "DEGRASSE TYSON:" "Awisermanwouldhave  learnedhislesson." "But Bruno was not such a man." "He couldn't keep his soaring vision of the cosmos to himself, despite the fact that the penalty for doing so in his world was the most vicious form of cruel and unusual punishment." "time when there was no such thing as the separation of church and state, or the notion that freedom of speech was a sacred right of every individual." "Expressing an idea that didn't conform to traditional belief could land you in deep trouble." "Recklessly, Bruno returned to Italy." "Maybe he was homesick." "But still, he must have known that his homeland was one of the most dangerous places in Europe he could possibly go." "The Roman Catholic Church maintained a system of courts known as the Inquisition, and its sole purpose was to investigate and torment anyone who dared voice views that differed from theirs." "It wasn't long before Bruno fell into the clutches of the thought police." "Thiswanderer,whoworshipped aninfiniteuniverse, languishedinconfinement foreightyears." "Throughrelentless interrogations, hestubbornlyrefused torenouncehisviews." "WhywastheChurchwilling togoto suchlengths totormentBruno?" "Whatweretheyafraidof?" "IfBrunowasright, thenthesacredbooks andtheauthorityoftheChurch wouldbeopentoquestion." "Finally,thecardinals oftheInquisition renderedtheirverdict." "CARDINAL BELLARMINE:" "You are found guilty of questioning the Holy Trinity and the divinity of Jesus Christ." "Of believing that God's wrath is not eternal, that everyone will be saved." "Of asserting the existence of other worlds." "All of the books you have written will be gathered up and burned in St. Peter's Square." "Reverend Father, these eight years of confinement have given me much time to reflect." "CARDINAL BELLARMINE:" "So... you will recant?" "My love and reverence for the Creator inspires in me the vision of an infinite Creation." "You shall be turned over to the Governor of Rome to administer the appropriate punishment for those who will not repent." "(crowd jeers)" "It may be that you are more afraid to deliver this judgment than I am to hear it." "(crowd shouting)" "Ten years after Bruno's martyrdom," "Galileo first looked through a telescope, realizing that Bruno had been right all along." "The Milky Way was made of countless stars invisible to the naked eye, and some of those lights in the sky were actually other worlds." "Bruno was no scientist." "His vision of the cosmos was a lucky guess, because he had no evidence to support it." "Like most guesses, it could well have turned out wrong." "But once the idea was in the air, it gave others a target to aim at." "If only to disprove it." "Brunoglimpsed thevastnessof space." "Buthehadnoinklingofthe  staggeringimmensityof time." "How can we humans, who rarely live more than a century, hope to grasp the vast expanse of time that is the history of the cosmos?" "The universe is 13.8 thousand million years old." "In order to imagine all of cosmic time, let's compress it into a single calendar year." "Cosmic Calendar begins on January 1, with the birth of our universe." "It contains everything that's happened since then up to now, which on this calendar is midnight, December 31." "On this scale, every month represents about a billion years." "Every day represents nearly 40 million years." "Let's go back as far as we can, to the very first moment of the universe." "January 1." "The Big Bang." "It'sasfarback aswecansee intime ... fornow." "Our entire universe emerged from a point smaller than a single atom." "Space itself exploded in a cosmic fire, launching the expansion of the universe and giving birth to all the energy and all the matter we know today." "I know that sounds crazy, but there's strong observational evidence to support the Big Bang theory." "And it includes the amount of helium in the cosmos and the glow of radio waves left over from the explosion." "As it expanded, the universe cooled, and there was darkness for about 200 million years." "Gravity was pulling together clumps of gas and heating them until the first stars burst into light on January 10." "On January 13, these stars coalesced into the first small galaxies." "Thesegalaxiesmerged toformstilllargerones , includingourownMilkyWay,  whichformedabout 11billionyearsago , onMarch15 of thecosmicyear ." "Hundreds of billions of suns." "Which one is ours?" "It's not yet born." "It will rise from the ashes of other stars." "Seethoselights flashinglikepaparazzi?" "Eachoneis asupernova, theblazingdeath ofa giantstar." "Starsdieandare born inplaceslikethisone- - astellarnursery." "Theycondenselikeraindrops fromgiantclouds ofgasanddust." "Theygetso hot thatthenucleioftheatoms  fusetogetherdeepwithinthem  tomaketheoxygenwebreathe, thecarbonin ourmuscles, thecalciumin ourbones, theironin ourblood, allofit wascooked" "inthefieryhearts oflong-vanishedstars." "You, me, everyone-- we are made of star stuff." "Thisstarstuff isrecycledandenriched, againandagain, throughsucceeding generationsofstars." "Howmuchlongeruntil thebirthof ourSun ?" "Alongtime." "It won't begin to shine for another six billion years." "OurSun'sbirthdayisAugust31 ontheCosmicCalendar fourandahalf billionyearsago." "As with the other worlds of our solar system," "Earth was formed from a disk of gas and dust orbiting the newborn Sun." "Repeated collisions produced a growing ball of debris." "Seethatasteroid?" "No,notthatone ." "Theoneoverthere." "Weexistbecausethe gravity ofthatonenexttoit  justnudgedit  aninchto theleft." "Whatdifference couldaninchmake onthescalethe solarsystem?" "Justwait,you'llsee ." "TheEarthtook onehellof abeating initsfirstbillionyears." "Fragmentsoforbitingdebris collidedandcoalesced, untiltheysnowballed toformourMoon." "TheMoonis asouvenir ofthatviolentepoch." "Ifyoustoodonthesurface ofthatlongago Earth, theMoonwouldhavelooked ahundredtimesbrighter." "Itwastentimes closerbackthen, lockedinamuchmore intimate gravitationalembrace." "AstheEarthcooled, seasbeganto form." "Thetideswere athousandtimeshigherthen ." "Overtheeons, tidalfrictionwithinEarth pushedtheMoonaway." "Life began somewhere around here," "September 21, three and a half billion years ago on our little world." "We still don't know how life got started." "For all we know, it may have come from another part of the Milky Way." "The origin of life is one of the greatest unsolved mysteries of science." "That's life cooking, evolvingall thebiochemicalrecipes foritsincredibly complexactivities." "ByNovember9,  lifewasbreathing,moving, eating,respondingto  itsenvironment." "Weowealot  tothosepioneeringmicrobes." "Oh,yeah--oneotherthing." "Theyalsoinventedsex ." "December 17 was quite a day." "Life in the sea really took off, it was exploding with a diversity of larger plants and animals." "Tiktaalikwasoneofthefirst  animals to venture onto land." "It must have felt like visiting another planet." "Forests, dinosaurs, birds, insects, they all evolved in the final week of December." "The first flower... bloomed on December 28." "As these ancient forests grew and died and sank beneath the surface, their remains transformed into coal." "300 million years later, we humans are burning most of that coal to power and imperil our civilization." "(whooshing)" "Remember that asteroid back in the formation of the solar system-- the one that got nudged a little to the left?" "Well, here it comes." "It's6 :24a.m." "onDecember30  ontheCosmicCalendar." "(impact thundering)" "For more than a hundred million years, the dinosaurs were lords of the Earth, while our ancestors, small mammals, scurried fearfully underfoot." "The asteroid changed all that." "Suppose it hadn't been nudged at all." "It would have missed the Earth entirely, and for all we know, the dinosaurs might still be here but we wouldn't." "This is a good example of the extreme contingency, the chance nature, of existence." "Theuniverseis already morethan13 andahalf  billion years old." "Still no sign of us." "In the vast ocean of time that this calendar represents, we humans only evolved within the last hour of the last day of the cosmic year." "11:59and46 seconds." "All of recorded history occupies only the last 14 seconds, and every person you've ever heard of lived somewhere in there." "All those kings and battles, migrations and inventions, wars and loves, everything in the history books happened here, in the last seconds of the Cosmic Calendar." "But if we want to explore such a brief moment of cosmic time we'll have to change scale." "We are newcomers to the cosmos." "Our own story only begins on the last night of the cosmic year." "It's 9:45 on New Year's Eve." "Three and a half million years ago, our ancestors, yours and mine, left these traces." "We stood up, and parted ways from them." "Once we were standing on two feet, our eyes were no longer fixated on the ground." "Now we were free to look up in wonder." "For the longest part of human existence, say the last 40,000 generations, we were wanderers, living in small bands of hunters and gatherers, making tools, controlling fire, naming things, all within the last hour of the Cosmic Calendar." "To find out what happens next, we'll have to change scale to see the last minute of the last night of the cosmic year." "11:59." "We're so very young on the time scale of the universe that we didn't start painting our first pictures until the last 60 seconds of the cosmic year, a mere 30,000 years ago." "Thisiswhen weinventedastronomy." "Infact,we 'realldescended fromastronomers." "Oursurvivaldependedon knowinghowto readthe stars inorderto predict thecomingof thewinter andthemigration ofthewildherds." "Andthen, around10,000yearsago , therebeganarevolution inthewaywelived." "Ourancestorslearned howtoshapetheirenvironment, tamingwildplantsand animals, cultivatingland andsettlingdown." "Thischangedeverything." "Forthefirsttime inourhistory, wehadmorestuff thanwecouldcarry." "Weneededaway  tokeeptrackofit." "At14secondstomidnight, orabout6,000yearsago,  weinventedwriting." "Anditwasn'tlong beforewestartedrecording morethanbushelsofgrain." "Writingallowedus  tosaveourthoughts andsendthemmuchfurther inspaceandtime." "Tinymarkingson aclaytablet becamea meansforus tovanquishmortality." "Itshooktheworld." "Moseswasborn sevensecondsago." "Buddha,sixsecondsago ." "Jesus,fivesecondsago ." "Mohammed,threesecondsago ." "Itwasnoteventwosecondsago that,forbetterorworse, thetwohalvesoftheEarth  discoveredeachother." "Anditwasonly intheverylastsecond oftheCosmicCalendar thatwebegantousescience torevealnature'ssecrets andherlaws." "Thescientificmethod issopowerful thatinamerefour centuries, ithastakenusfrom Galileo's firstlookthroughatelescope atanotherworldtoleaving ourfootprintson theMoon." "Itallowedus to lookout  acrossspaceandtime todiscoverwhere andwhenwe areinthecosmos." "SAGAN:" "Weareaway for the cosmos toknowitself." "Carl Sagan guided the maiden voyage of Cosmos a generation ago." "He was the most successful science communicator of the 20th century, but he was first and foremost a scientist." "Carlcontributedenormously toourknowledge oftheplanets." "Hecorrectlypredicted theexistenceof methanelakes onSaturn'sgiantmoonTitan." "Heshowedthatthe atmosphere oftheearlyEarth musthavecontained powerfulgreenhousegases." "Hewasthefirsttounderstand thatseasonalchangesonMars  weredueto windblowndust." "Carlwasapioneer inthesearch forextraterrestriallife andintelligence." "Heplayedaleadingrole in everymajorspacecraftmission toexplorethesolarsystem duringthefirst40years oftheSpaceAge ." "But that's not all he did." "This is Carl Sagan's own calendar from 1975." "Who was I back then?" "I was just a 17-year-old kid from the Bronx with dreams of becoming a scientist, and somehow the world's most famous astronomer found time to invite me to Ithaca, in upstate New York, and spend a Saturday with him." "I remember that snowy day like it was yesterday." "He met me at the bus stop and showed me his laboratory at Cornell University." "Carl reached behind his desk and inscribed this book for me." ""For Neil, a future astronomer." "Carl."" "At the end of the day, he drove me back to the bus station." "The snow was falling harder." "He wrote his phone number-- his home phone number-- on a scrap of paper and he said, "If the bus can't get through, call me and spend the night at my home with my family."" "I already knew I wanted to become a scientist, but that afternoon, I learned from Carl the kind of person I wanted to become." "He reached out to me and to countless others, inspiring so many of us to study, teach and do science." "Science is a cooperative enterprise, spanning the generations." "It's the passing of a torch from teacher to student to teacher, a community of minds reaching back to antiquity and forward to the stars." "Now, come with me." "Our journey is just beginning." "Captioned by MediaAccessGroupatWGBH  access.wgbh.org"