"DUST" "A film by Hartmut Bitomsky" "Dust-off, please." "Dust is the smallest object a film can deal with." "Particles with a diameter of 0.1 millimetres That is the threshold above which the world becomes visible for the naked eye." "Anything smaller is not visible." "They speak of a dust grain." "They speak of a film grain." "It'sthesmallestvisualunit inwhich  the film stock itself becomes visible." "50mm lens." "Here." " Got it." "Film material is nothing but dust adhered to a transparent film base." "Film - that is dust lighting up in the darkness of a movie theatre." "Removing dust is a job and a business." "The job is either done early in the morning between 4 and 7 a.m. or from 8 p.m. till the wee hours." "That is why we rarely see it done." "100 sq. metres per hour is normally expected" "Themaximumis 400sq. metresperhour or even more." "A restroom with two sinks must be cleaned, polished and mopped in 2 minutes." "Removing dust is a job and a business." "This is lost area, an abandoned complex on the outskirts of Berlin." "Animal feed, phosphates and fertiliser were produced here." "Now it's a greyish white powder like dirty snow. ." "Production was stopped in the nineties asifto showthat industrial production and everything it encompassed would soon be obsolete" "Some of the dust is from back then. ." "Some is from today." "The world gets broken down to pieces. ." "The concrete was crushed. ." "The inner steel reinforcement will stay for a while, It may rust, butitstillshows that there was once a coherence betweenthecrushedmaterials." "Wherever we drop the work and life comes to a standstill dust collects. ." "Every quarry gnaws aggressively at the countryside andpermanentlyburdensthe environment with dirt, noise, ground upheavals andespeciallymineraldust which always piles up when things are pulverised." "Everywhere that large amounts of dust accumulate during production nowadays, air filters and sprinkler systems bind the dust andcarryit to theground." "However,it'sveryoftendoubtful if the sprinkler system is in operation." "Whenthewaterevaporates, the dust is no longer bonded, andtheslightestjolt or movement of air willcarryawaythe dust towherethewindblows." "What essentially is dust?" "A mixture of various particles which can have various forms, colours and sizes and different physical and chemical characteristics." "On top of the container is a PM10 head." "It draws in 1 cubic metre of air per hour." "The air flows through this opening." "I'll show you the interior." "The air comes in here." "It is drawn in through these ducts and encounters an impact surface which is greased and located inside the head." "This is an example of a dirty Impact surface." "When you hold the ducts above it, you can see the dark spots" "Those are the particles which are bigger than PM10." "The particles which are too inert to follow the airflow out of the duct and beyond will stick to the greased surface." "Perhaps you can see that there are coarse particles, small flies and maybe even pollen here." "The air goes on flowing through this opening. .." "And then reaches the filter which is underneath." "All the particles are removed by the filter, and the air comes out of here." "An empty filter normally looks white." "And the "dusty" filter is coloured an obvious grey." "Paint,atfirst, is a dry, powdery dust, a dust that wants to be conspicuous by means of colourful pigments." "Withoutpigments,everythingwouldbe colourless like an albino." "Although organic pigments are not usually poisonous, they shouldn't be inhaled." "Humanscan'tbreakthemdown , and they're hard to excrete." "It's the dust feature that makes pigments dangerous ." "At the moment, we are in the pigment storeroom." "We have about 260 different pigments from all over the world." "There are natural pigments and artificial pigments." "We mainly use various soils for natural pigments." "The dust on the side of the barrels gives you an idea what colour is inside." "At this stage, various dry materials or pigments are weighed together." "This is carried out in various stages and with various products which have been selected according to the particular formula." "It might be just one pigment." "It could also be two or three different materials." "It always depends on the formula." "My colleague has prepared a formula for oil paint." "That means, he has provided all the necessary binders, and now he is adding the pigments, the solid substances." "He uses a dissolver to do this." "The products are dispersed or pre-mixed." "The pigments are gradually added to the mixture, because when the dissolver is turned on, a hollow space develops, a rotating whirl, at the bottom of the dissolver." "And the powder is poured into that hollow space." "If too much were added at once, the hollow space would collapse, and the power of this swirling motion wouldn't be transferred." "Part of the dust ends up on the dustpan, butthere'salwayssome left on the floor." "As writer Raymond Queneau says, dust always leaves a trace, no matter what." "Anda traceof thetrace." "There are fewer and fewer traces, but there's always a trace left." "It'simpossibleto removeitcompletely, to defeat it." "There's always a trace you'll never get." "The job is never done." "Dust is omnipresent in a museum and can't be avoided." "That has to do with a number of factors." "But it ..." "You can remove it, but it's back at once." "That's because museums have to be aired out." "Air flows into the museum from outside, so it is air which is full of dust, even if it is filtered." "Dust is also contaminated by harmful chemicals which is a big problem." "The other problem is the number of visitors." "Of course, they're welcome, but every visitor carries dust into the museum." "And the air in the rooms is set in motion." "Dust is constantly moving and comes to rest on the objects." "First of all, dust is an aesthetic problem." "Nobody wants to see dusty sculptures In the sculpture collection." "We have gilded surfaces with a smooth exterior or others with a coarse exterior like this one here." "This blue surface you see here, this blue that was used here comes from a mineral." "It's called azurite." "It has a grainy, crystalline structure and doesn't bond well when it is applied, because this faded effect is desired." "The pigment isn't drenched with binder and embedded. instead it is very ..." "It adheres to the surface, and the surface always remains coarse." "So dust is easily able to settle between the particles of pigment." "When you constantly observe this cleansing process at close range, you have to realise that you'll never manage to clean the exterior without coming into contact with the surface." "The dust which sometimes sticks very stubbornly cannot always be easily removed." "Sometimes we have to use a solvent or some liquid to deal with it." "But there is always friction." "A classic cleansing method is to take a cotton swab and moisten it, for example, with distilled water or artificial saliva." "That would be a possibility." "Then you carefully roll it along the surface picking up the dust." "Of course, you have to make sure that the surface won't be damaged, like when it reacts sensitively to moisture." "The surface must be bonded very well, so surface particles are not Immediately rubbed off." "Goldjewelleryis producedhere." "1/3 of the gold used is waste." "The waste consists of dust, gold dust." "It is collected carefully, weighed precisely and registered." "If too much is missing, investigators try to find out how it disappeared." "GoldDustis avaluablerawmaterial, eventhoughit appearsprosaichere ." "it will be melted down again." "It's thought that gold dust is as fleeting as happiness." "Breathe out, and it is blown away." "infact,it is veryheavy." "itdoesn'tfloat." "Itdrops like raindrops in a downpour." "Ineveryraindropisparticlesofdust." "There must be a certain degree ofdustin theair , so the moisture condenses andcreatesthecloudsinthesky." "Without dust, there be no sky." "Itwouldbe colourless." "No blue, no Gray, no sunset." "Take a look at this rue." "These large green leaves here, they grow, the whole plant grows by means of photosynthesis." "Just imagine that dust is deposited here." "That would mean that less light is absorbed and photosynthesis is limited." "What do the plants do?" "Perhaps I can show you when I..." "I'm sorry I have to tear a leaf from this plant, but it's so I can show you." "When I look at this leaf here," "I don't see much." "The same goes for this Nasturtium." "I don't see much, but when I... add water, you see the water drops are repelled." "I can show the experiment by" "This is a powder, a health additive, a mineral powder, and I can spread it over the leaf." "You see that when the dust lies on the surface," "It is obvious that light is no longer able to touch the leafs surface." "So photosynthesis is affected." "When I now pour water over it, you can perhaps see that droplets develop." "You can see it here quite easily." "The droplets have already absorbed the dust, because the interaction between dust particles and water is much stronger than with the leafs surface." "And when I do it more intensively," "I can easily clean the leaf." "That means, It's a self-cleansing surface." "If you'd like to take a closer look, you can observe the leafs surface with the electronic microscope." "You can see a picture magnified to a very great extent." "This is a micro-metre." "These are nanoscopic or hundredths of micro-metres, or millionths of millimetres." "There are very tiny tubes spread across these green leaves." "You can imagine that when a dust particle is lying on top, itcan'treallysticktothesurface." "This was discovered by Mr. Barthlott in Bonn." "It's now called the Lotus Effect." "Because it was lotus leaves, those large, flat leaves, where this effect was discovered." "Beforehand people were always amazed how clean the leaves were." "The reason for that is because the surface's structure doesn't allow the dust particles to hold on. it repels them." "And, as a result, the plant is free of dust, but also partly free of water." "I don't mind if people call me a house-proud maniac." "I believe in it." "I want to keep things clean." "I don't see anything negative about it." "When we moved, I looked to see" "If it was possible to clean behind the kitchen cabinets and if it was possible to get into every corner of the ballroom." "I didn't want any inaccessible spots." "That's important in a new apartment." "Of course, the location is important, too." "But it also has to be easy to clean." "I don't want to have any corners I can't get into." "Of course, dust lands in every corner." "And after lying there for a while together with the humidity, it starts to stick And then it turns into real dirt." "What are the biggest dust collectors?" "The TV from the inside, when you remove the back panel." "At home, I take it off, because it isn't possible to use a wet cloth and remove the dust from the grooves." "So I always take off the back panels and clean them in the bathtub and let them dry." "And I also clean a bit inside the TV with a paintbrush and the vacuum cleaner." "How did you discover that?" "I learned it from my mother." "She also did it." "My mother also took everything apart, and I saw how she did it and..." "Did your mother teach you to clean the house so thoroughly?" "I just saw how she did it." "I didn't have to work at home." "I just saw the way she ran around all day cleaning the house." "And I go that's how I learned it." "And now I always want things to be very clean, too." "In the meantime, I'm quite fast, and I get it done in good time." "I clean thoroughly once a week and still have time for other things" "I like to do." "If you clean the house thoroughly once a week, you can keep the household in shape." "You have to be well-disciplined and tell yourself to do it Instead of sitting down." "Why this persistent battle against dust?" "I don't know." "When there's dirt In the corners, or ..." "I just don't like it." "I don't feel comfortable." "I once heard that 95% of the dust in a home," "In an apartment, comes from people:" "skin particles, hair, dandruff." "I didn't wan know that." "So dusting means, you deal with yourself." "Nevertheless, I want to remove it." "Isn't it a bit frustrating?" "You've just cleaned your house, and the next day you get up and the dust is back again." "Sure, after spending 3 hours cleaning an appliance and it's covered with dust a week later" "But I have to live with it." "That's life." "Actually, you can't ever win the battle." " I've thought about that myself." "But still I can't say, I won't do it anymore." "Of course, after cleaning things they look like new." "Exactly." "That's how it has to be." "I want things to look brand new." "No traces of use?" " I can't stand it." "I throw things away if I can't get them clean anymore." "She's preparing the main housing for final assembly." "She's doing it with hydraulics." "With the air pressure apparatus she shoots the pin into place, so the clamp is right where it belongs." "This is the air distribution ring which keeps exhausted air from hitting the floor." "it is directed upward, so it doesn't swirl up the dust." "The different air streams are mixed in the air distribution ring." "Now the motor is put in place." "We call it the 'marriage'." "Then the apparatus is screwed together, and ... then the cord is put in for final assembly." "The next job is to put on the L-Lamella and then measure the current, the ampere meter, low pressure, high pressure." "The next step is to attach the front plate and the speed regulator, because there's a collimater inside." "That way I can change the speed to the minimum." "The maximum speed comes automatically." "Now she's attaching the L-Lamella." "The water tank is checked to see if it's watertight because of the rubber fold." "We want to be absolutely certain that every water tank is watertight." "Now the "Delphin" has its tank and is ready for shipment." "It is placed in the box by means of a hoist." "It is wrapped in plastic foil, so it doesn't suffer any scratches." "We want the machine to remain intact." "Finally, the hose box is packed before shutting the package." "So the apparatus is protected before being shipped." "The hose box has an opening, so it fits over the apparatus and holds the Delphin tightly in place." "So it's always protected." "The Delphin has 2.5 litres of tap water." "The air is sucked in and sent through the water." "The L-Lamella, which is patented, separates finest particles from the air and pumps washed air back into the room." "The apparatus is put together after the water is in the tank." "This is where I turn it on." "When we attach the hose and begin vacuuming, we'll see, depending on the degree of filth," "what happens. it's a perfect solution for getting rid of dust and other harmful substances at home." "This patented part is the most important part, because it enables us to get by without a filter." "It's an air-washing appliance." "I believe that's the most important thing about this system." "No filter, no foam." "We have to get rid of dust." "That is decisive." "This is essentially my lab, and" "Yes, well, there are different kinds of fluff." "I morphologically arranged them according to the system of Linné, which is used by biologists, in this order." "Dust and science both belong together, and they don't." "Dust is a kind of interface." "There's something philosophical about it." "It has a scientific side to it but also an everyday side." "To me, dust is a kind of proto-matter." "It is a phantom particle." "it exists out of the public eye." "Yet it essentially has the potential to create matter." "It's a kind of evolution that want wrong." "Evolution under the bed." "On the one hand, we have a biological evolution where in the beginning there was dust as a kind of fertility charm.." "On the other hand, a physical evolution, the physical creation of matter." "Dust is somewhere in between, something that went wrong." "And that's what gave me the idea to create identifies from this formless mass." "Dust is a contemporary witness." "We are always emitting dust." "It is essentially the 'personal cloud' around us, a kind of " calling card" for everyone." "The dust in our home is like an archive." "A record of what has happened." "And... that's the story these bits of fluff tell me." "There are certain types of forms..." "The dust received an identity." "And my next step was... to refine the process." "There are... crystalline fluffs." "And they have essentially become pieces of jewellery" "Because if dust is infinite, a bit of fluff is finite." "It has a temporary time period to exist, change and decay." "And the idea of encasing that in a Snow White coffin really fascinated me." "It's a kind of encased dust in an infinite form." "Here, for example, you see something that was moulded from surfaces, dusty surfaces, by partly using electrostatic foils to form them." "There are dark on which were found in the attic." "And ... there are also..." "Here, for example, is a very sooty one." "It's falling apart." "it's very shaggy. it doesn't have the filaments." "It's very grainy." "This one is quite nice, of course." "It was collected at a time when poplar seeds were ripe." "And then natural materials like these seeds get mixed with dust." "It's very fragile and difficult to see." "Dust needs people." "Man, culture create dust." "The dust we know at home." "But, on the other hand, dust needs our absence In order to collect and grow." "it's always going back and forth." "It is like Lelbniz said, like a herd where something is added and something is taken away." "And the herd needs interaction between man and his environment, and between men themselves." "Dust is a partner." "We shouldn't forget." "it belongs to us." "Man wants to keep the dust out, but it's ... one of his very own" "mediums in a certain sense." "Dust is the sediment of Creation so to speak." "Dust is what is not yet there but is no longer there." "It changes, too." "Sometimes something decays and and it exists for a curtain time and changes, of course." "It doesn't permit itself to be frozen so to speak." "Asseenon this8mm film that was found:" "When dust lands on a film, it becomes active." "iteatsup thefilm." "Firstitmakesitselfvisible." "Then it makes the picture invisible." "Andthenit eatsupthepicture" "Ithasitsown life." "Alimekiln." "Therawmaterialsfromlimestone areusedin variousindustries." "For iron, steel, building materials." "For sugar and chemicals." "For treating sewage and drinking water." "And for making lime-based paints." "When limestone is cooked," "Incredible amounts of fine dust are created." "It is quite heavy and stays put" "It looks like a wondrous industrial landscape wrapped in the softest snow." "In the process, carbon dioxide is produced and released." "It is difficult, if not impossible, to offset its use against its harm." "With this machine we can dissolve an aerosol sample." "You see here, for example, a filter like we use at the measuring station." "The particles are separated." "The colouration is from the soot that developed during the test." "It is basically prepared by a robot who takes the test samples and injects them following a rinsing stage." "The test sample is separated in the gas chromatograph according to volatility and polarity." "The separated compounds are then ionized in a TOF mass spectrometer and classified according to their mass." "So there are three dimensions of separation." "I'm going to start a test measurement" "We tell the computer to carry out the injection." "That is done automatically, so this measurement can be reproduced as precisely as possible." "You see the robot taking the sample." "It than injects it into the gas chromatograph." "The test sample is then vaporized and accordingly separated into two dimensions." "Since the test takes two hours, we've prepared one for you." "You can see it on the screen here." "It shows an aerosol test separated into two dimensions, as I just explained:" "volatility and polarity." "In this way we can dissolve a number of compounds." "Thousands of individual compounds are concealed on this surface." "We especially try to analyse the harmful substances." "Here you see a sample from the USA." "We compare US samples with samples we collected at the GSF measuring station in Augsburg to understand what differences there are." "You see a large number of compounds which have been separated, according to volatility in the lower axis, and in the upper axis according to polarity." "We are particularly interested in the upper region." "Here you can see the polyaromats, compounds that cause cancer." "Let's take a closer look." "I can magnify it and depict it as a 3-dimensional diagram." "You can see it very well In this test sample:" "The second peak in this threesome stands for benzoapyrene, a leader among carcinogenic compounds." "We try to find out how these policycles come about, how they emerge in the environment and what influences ... what sources facilitate their presence." "Slag is dumped." "Dead and sterile earth." "It emerges when brown coal is dug up in open-cast mines." "For every ton of coal, six tons of slag." "Not to mention the dust which is released in the process." "This slag dump will later be covered with vegetation" "Open-cast mining wanders slowly across the countryside" "On the one side, a hole is filled in which the steam shovel on the other side dug deep into the earth." "On the bed in between is the brown coal." "To get to the brown coal, they must dig down nearly 500 metres." "Dust is released with every one of these mining activities." "It rises high up into the atmosphere and is scattered far and wide" "Depending on the weather, the finest substances can fly up to 4,000km." "Thick cumulus clouds climb up into the sky." "When a cloud disperses, it leaves behind nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide, mercury, lead, heavy metals and dust that mixes with other dust." "Several days a year, the upper limits for harmful substances are surpassed." "The coal and the slag are moved to their destinations by a complex system of conveyor belts." "During this process, more dust is released" "90% of this brown coal is burned to generate electricity." "That meets about one-third of Germany's power demands." "Brown coal is not a very efficient energy source." "Over half the energy is lost to the environment without ever being used." "The power plants in the brown coal area emit 2,200 tons of particulates a year" "When you consider how particulates affect human beings, you ask yourself, what are particulates anyway?" "The particulate matter in our town is quite a mixture." "There are very tiny particles we call ultra-small." "They are tinier than 100 nanometres." "You can't see them under a microscope." "And they're as big as the molecules in our body." "We now know that these particles can enter our bloodstream." "They don't remain in the lung." "A small percentage leaves the lung and enters the bloodstream." "And these small particles, these ultra-small particles are emitted primarily during combustion." "Once outside in the air, they grow and become bigger particles." "So particulate matter in town includes larger particles which now consist of groups of ultra-small particles." "And they are mixed with transformed, gas-like substances." "Among them are oils and lots of heavy metals, transition metals." "So there is a range between 100 nanometres and one micro-meter where we can begin to see the particles which are stable." "That means, they are larger." "They are relatively well distributed in our cities." "They can be carried up to 4,000km." "And when we inhale them, the particles remain in our lungs." "The lung's macrophages can eat them up, and they can be excreted." "But when the macrophages recognize them, they think it's bacteria and send out their entire defence system to combat them." "The problem is that the particles are actually inorganic." "They're inanimate and not bacteria." "So when I attack these inorganic substances with acids and oxygen radicals, as seen from the viewpoint of macrophages," "It can lead to infectious reactions In the lung." "And those infectious reactions can cause lung problems." "Now we also know that they can do harm to the heart, too." "We observed this for the first time in the mid-nineties after evaluating the data from our big KORA study." "We noticed that during an episode of harmful pollution that had taken place In the mid-eighties the blood's coagulability changed." "That was the first time evidence showed this effect in humans, that when you inhale many particles your blood can change." "Our latest result shows the immediate effect of particulates, and this is the most exciting result we've ever had." "It means that for people who have spent time in traffic," "In cars or in public transport, the chance of having a heart attack an hour later is three times greater." "We now want to know:" "Are there cases concerning healthy individuals, factors which lead to people reacting stronger?" "Because our tests have shown that not everyone reacts the same way." "And that's why we're examining their DNA, or their genetic make-up, for frequent components." "We aren't examining factors that only affect a few people." "We are examining factors that lead to stronger infectious reactions, for example, something we have relatively often." "Dust is unwanted matter, matter at the wrong place." "It has no home of its own." "It spreads everywhere." "It leaves the trace of a fundamental denial." "A battle is waged against dust, but the battle achieves nothing." "In down-town Berlin where the Imperial Prussian Palace once stood, the GDR built their own palace for the Lower House to convene." "There was also a stage for shows, bowling alleys, cafés and restaurants and other rooms for public events." "it was designed as a palace for all" "After 1998, the decision was made to tear the building down." "Asbestos was discovered on the steel frame and inside the ceiling." "Only small amounts, it was said." "Asbestos is a fibrous, dust-like material." "The fibres are of different length." "The short ones are most dangerous." "They enter the body through the lungs and can cause fatal cancer." "The disease is hard to detect." "It takes 40 years to break out." "Where the palace once stood the Imperial Palace will be rebuilt." "But not quite." "It will only look from the outside like the old building which was bombed in WWII." "Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma," "Kansas and Texas." "Following a big drought in that region" "In 1932, brought about by cultivating the fields which had been used as grazing land beforehand, the top layer of soil was essentially removed, and during the next few years one of the worst disasters developed which the USA has ever seen." "Because about 25% of the population in those five states lost their basis for living and was forced to flee." "You have to realise that the storms got worse from year to year." "They were sometimes so big that they could be felt in faraway regions of America." "The storms reached Chicago and even Washington." "They were so gigantic and so enormously destructive." "They ripped away everything which had served as the basis for people's lives and left behind a land that resembled the Sahara." "That fits very well to this photograph." "You can see how the sand drifted." "And here you can see what the storms looked like." "This one is still a long way off." "But the people who experienced them reported that you could no longer see your own hand when you were in the midst of one of those black storms." "Of course, farming was out of the question." "A father with his two sons in Cimarron County, Oklahoma." "He is fleeing from the storm and trying to make it home." "The background of the original picture is much darker than in this reproduction." "There is no original negative." "It was lost." "So we don't exactly know what it looked like and how strong the storm was." "But it's possible to say that the storm had been raging for quite some time, because the sand level was already quite high." "Perhaps ten times a year we get dust from the Sahara, straight from the south." "It is carried across the Alps." "We also have another means of transportation." "It comes across the Bay of Biscay to us here." "When that happens we have a temporary dust cloud which is often mistaken for industrial pollution." "But it's dust from the Sahara." "It usually comes directly from the atmosphere when it rains." "And we see very distinct spots on our car." "Those spots are also often mistaken for matter of anthropogenic origin." "In fact, it is Sahara dust." "The season is normally from late winter to mid-summer." "We have the phenomenon again In the autumn." "Clouds, for example." "We'd have none, If we had no particles in the atmosphere." "Mother Nature offers us enough other particles besides mineral substances which help to form the droplets, the ice particles, that make up clouds." "The formation of clouds depends on the surface of those particles and essentially also on their composition." "In regard to mineral dust, that's the reason why we want to have a collection of test samples in reserve," "In order to investigate specific results and questions." "That's why we make use of this here." "This is more or less as white as snow, not from the Sahara, but from White Sands National Park." "In comparison, classical Sahara sand ..." "I believe the word means something like 'yellowish-brown.'" "And when an increasing amount of Iron oxide or manganese oxide is included which an extremely light absorbent, then you can see some very remarkable colours." "If you go to other parts of the world like China, where strong chemical weather 'weathering' is prevalent, you'll often find shades of umber." "Of course, Sahara dust is often connected to the colour red." "I remember there used to be a rain that was called "red rain"." "or "blood rain."" "That's what they call it in Spain, because they experience it more often." "Above the desert, we are distinctly aware of a murky sky normally." "The murky atmosphere comes from the material that is in suspension." "it is tiny enough, usually smaller than 10 micro-metres, and it can be drawn upward by turbulence and carried far away by the big air currents." "Long-distance transportation." "We have two further processes which take place beforehand." "When dust is formed on earth, we observe two processes:" "saltation, when sand begins jumping." "It is the process that takes place when a strong wind moves over the earth, creating whirlwinds behind obstacles which then whip up sand particles from the earth and have them carried by air currents to other places." "They fall on the ground with a bang, setting off an avalanche of other material which is carried into the atmosphere." "This material jumps to a height of about two meters at most." "And it causes the ground to open up." "As part of this process the very tiny particles we first mentioned and which are most obvious to us, because they cloud the sky, leave the ground, too." "There is a third group of material, as well." "It is carried directly over the ground, the crawling part." "This material constitutes the bulk of material which is set in motion and comes to rest as a dune, a "sand graveyard,"" "and it is moved by crawling and by the sweeping sand." "Those are the three processes." "The dust that is moved across the ground is the bulk." "A smaller amount which is in saltation but is also very important, because it helps carry material into the atmosphere." "And a small part that is carried into the atmosphere and is available for long-distance trips." "This is a very typical picture of a so-called Hot Spot, a very restricted and frequently active regional source, in the depression at the base of the Tibesti Range in Chad, the Bodele Hollow." "Thanks to satellite pictures you can see how every day material is carried into the air and sent on a long-distance trip." "We see a similar phenomenon here near Mauritania, for example." "It's a very narrow spot here." "And here, when you look carefully at the satellite picture, you'll see there are lots of little places that help support the entire 'export' process, so that this material here is carried out to the Atlantic," "for example." "A dust testing facility." "The effectiveness of a grenade launcher is being examined." "under conditions such as sand, dust, wind and extreme heat." "We'll check our security system first." "And when all the doors to our dust testing room are locked, then the actual conditioning process can begin." "We have reached our desired temperature of" "25C in the meantime." "With an outside temperature of 15C, it took a while to reach this temperature within the entire facility, because it's a fairly large volume." "So we can now begin establishing the parameters and start the test." "What we have now established is a wind speed of 8 metres per second, which will be raised to 10 metres per second, and a dust density of 7 grams per cubic metre of air." "Here in the flow chart you can basically see the entire facility." "The flow chart, as we gradually reach the values for temperature, humidity, and dust concentration" "Here we see the air conditioning system." "It makes sure that certain temperatures are maintained." "We have normed test dust which is delivered by the manufacturer with a certain grain size." "It is a specific sieve-fraction of ground and which, as we saw during the preparation sequence," "Includes respirable particles." "So we have curtain security requirements we have to fulfil." "Essentially, the facility is used to simulate operations in desert regions, desert climates." "So we are dealing with temperatures of up to 60C and extreme dust densities and wind speeds, in order to simulate a desert sand storm or a dust storm." "11 September, 2001." "Rubble on the ground, dust that pushes its way through Manhattan's streets." "Residents and office workers complained of headaches, dizziness, a burning in the larynx, difficulties breathing, lung problems. in late 2003 more than 2,000 firemen were unable to work, permanently and without any support." "In the dust there were traces of building materials, soot, mineral wool, paper, glass fibres, cellulose, pesticides, hydro-carbonate, polyaromats, bi-phenyl, bromide, dibenzo-dioxin, chrysolit, radioactive nuclides, quartz, formaldehyde, sulphur compounds," "metal particles like copper, lead, iron, mercury, chrome, aluminium, titan, tar, cement, lime, Mangan, barium, arsenic, cadmium, benzopyrene, fluorine, paraffin, airplane fuel." "the collected garbage of our contemporary society, burned, charred, scorched to dust." "There was a certain amount of organic substances, too, whose origin was, at first, unknown." "The analysis later showed that it was human dust." "Skin cells, body tissue, cell material." "The black parts are uranium, and everything else is made of aluminium." "In a case like this with a 30mm projectile, every-filing black on the outside is uranium." "So it's Important not to touch the projectiles." "They an encased in such a way that the rear section is thrown off." "And the black part up front is the uranium that's in it." "One of the main reasons for using this ammunition is the high density of uranium." "We are talking about depleted uranium." "It has a density of 19 grams per cubic centimetre." "That's higher than most of the metals that we have." "As a result of this high density, the projectiles possess a strong penetrating force." "That's why uranium is used for weapons." "When it strikes a hard object it essentially sharpens itself." "It has the positive characteristic that it can penetrate walls." "At the moment it hits hard material, very high temperatures are reached through the extreme kinetic energy." "And uranium burns at a very high temperature." "At that moment, tiny dust particles, uranium oxide ... it generally oxidates at temperatures above 500' C." "And temperatures of 1,000 to 2,000 C might be reached during combustion, and the uranium is pulverized, burned, and the small particles are released, which range from a nanometre to hundreds of micro-metres." "This is a picture of a plutonium particle, depicted within a lung matrix." "Within a radius of 15 meters from where the uranium missile struck, there are areas where lots of uranium dust is lying around." "It is something that was fired there In large quantities, very large quantities." "And certainly uranium dust is released, something new, something that hadn't been than" "Dust which primarily consists of undissolvable particles, particles which, to a certain extant, are very small." "It is certainly something one should consider." "Will it be inhaled?" "Will there be any damaging after-effects caused by inhaling this dust?" "Clausewitz says, the art of war is essentially the art of using the given means in battle." "Many American soldiers were exposed to depleted Uranium dust" "There were diseases and deformities among embryos in America and in Iraq. investigations took place." "We received a request from a newspaper to investigate this matter." "He had a suspicion that the deformation of his child could be seen in connection with the time he spent in the Iraq War." "And the contamination with depleted uranium was seen in connection with the time he spent in Iraq." "And the question came:" "Can we determine if his urine contains depleted uranium?" "Did he contaminate himself?" "Was he contaminated?" "And that was clearly proven." "As I said, it isn't necessarily the case that uranium caused the deformation, but it was clearly proven that he had depleted uranium in his body, and what comes next is to investigate if there are connections between the deformation and the uranium." "Above, you see the projectile before being placed underground." "It was cleansed with nitric acid, so it is possible to see the corrosion." "And, below, you see the same projectile after a year underground." "You can clearly see the corrosion." "Black is probably Uranium IV, and yellow Uranium VI." "We have various ground containers." "We placed a uranium projectile in every container." "That was two years ago." "Once a week, the containers are sprinkled with a rainwater simulant." "We investigate the amount of uranium which comes out under the containers." "The projectiles in these containers were all collected in Kosovo." "We want to know how fast these projectiles dissolve in natural soil and how much and how fast uranium seeps through the containers." "How much uranium is contained in the seepage about 10cm underneath the projectile?" "What happens then is another thing." "But that's the first step." "It is then possible to calculate about how much uranium there is in the groundwater." "And that's Important for drinking water." "These yellow particles are actually from the uranium projectile." "Which is just beneath the surface in this container." "Other projectiles are further under." "And since uranium is a toxic heavy metal, the entire vegetation in the vicinity is destroyed." "Yes, you have to" " We'll carry this over there." "Well now." "I need a few instruments." " Okay, get them." "We first carried out the experiment for one year." "It was within the framework of a project for the Defence Ministry." "And after that year it looked like..." "It's clear that uranium was found in the seepage." "We always have to compare the relationship to natural uranium." "In comparison, a great deal more uranium seeps from the projectile," ""depleted uranium", but, in regard to the amount of corrosion ..." "On the one hand, there's natural uranium in the ground." "And on the other hand, regarding the corroded material ..." "That's the source of the uranium and not the projectile." "In regard to the corroded material, the rate is similar, the leaching rate." "We kept running these experiments for two more years, altogether three years, and we have observed that it isn't like the first year, as I originally thought:" "'It'll just go on like that.'" "In fact, a lot more uranium has come out now." "The leaching has accelerated." "It proves that one year isn't long enough to observe experiments like these." "What's important is the difference in weight." "We weighed it beforehand, cleaned it with sulphuric acid ..." "with nitric acid." "And now we are going to clean it with nitric acid again." "And we have a weight difference." "This material I'm scraping off is also interesting to examine." "As I said, the mixture of 3, 4, 6 times ..." "But most Important is the weight difference." "At first it was 290 grams." "Now it's maybe 270 or so." "After one year it was only 3 grams." "It would be a dramatic increase, but ... we can't ..." "We just don't know." "That would be really exciting." "Most dust collectors aren't well made." "So we felt we had to make a better one." "This is the first functional dust collector." "It collects dust and only dust." "It does it perfectly." "And this little cube is sufficient for 16,500 years, according to statistics." "Under normal conditions, It won't be full until then." "It can be passed on from generation to generation." "You can compare the layers, the various generations, to see what their dust looked like. it might be lighter or darker, whatever." "There might also be methods of measuring how people lived." "Just a little dust might reveal everything." "So this is the Dust Collector T.T." "I had no idea beforehand how many people deal with dust." "And then we came across tons of information about it." ""Are you familiar with norm dust?" "Norm dust?" "Sure, you can buy it."" ""Are you familiar with this test and that test?"" "So all at once we got into dust." "Suddenly one day we discovered that there is more than just Industrial waste dust or domestic dust or all the other kinds of dust that people just want to get rid of." "We discovered that it is a very valuable material for scientists, for example, scientists from NASA and ESA and various scientific institutions, also in Germany, like the Max Planck Institute for Physics or the Institute for Planetology in Munster." "They all do a lot of work with dust particles which are delivered as clean material from outer space." "They are seized in an adventuresome Indiana Jones manner." "And scientists try to find out where the dust particles come from." "Do they stem from earthly waste?" "Are they particles from other galaxies?" "That's what fascinated us." "And after we had made that discovery, we tried to get hold of information." "We discovered that it was quite easy to write to NASA and tap into their archives and dust libraries for information." "We were also assisted by various scientific institutions in Germany, and we were in possession of pictures of the invisible." "And with those photos showing the bounds of the invisible which had been made by scanning electron microscopes and were magnified at least 4,000 times once we got hold of them ..." "We blew them up immensely." "And every single element you can see in this picture is, at most, only 1/1,0000th of a millimetre in reality." "In order to emphasize that in this series, we chose painting as our medium in a more traditional sense, because a foreign body bangs into something that is familiar." "That's what causes the irritation." "When the invisible is made visible in an environment which seems familiar to us, that's when you begin to wonder:" "What is that?" "The landscape itself is familiar." "And than I suddenly see particles I normally wouldn't see, and I place them in a familiar landscape, and than I have something where I say:" "What's that?" "The dust we are examining stems from a comet." "It was collected by the 'Stardust' space probe using this collection device here." "This structure is, in reality, 40cm in diameter." "You see a honeycomb structure." "it looks a bit like ice cubes." "Inside the cells is aerogel." "Aerogel is very lightweight material..." "I have a piece here." "Its chemical make-up is" "Identical to that of glass, but its density is 1,000 times less." "And it slows down the dust particles." "We can see it here." "This is how one of the aerogel cells looked." "It is 2x4cm in size." "And you see the crater caused by the dust particle which was captured after coming from the comet." "This dust particle must be removed from the aerogel." "It is then encased in epoxy." "This is a little epoxy stamp." "The dust particles are located on the surface." "They are very small." "The average size is 1/100th of a millimetre." "You can split them with a very fine diamond cutter." "You can split a particle a hundred times before it is examined." "So you either get cut pieces or a stamp." "If I understand it correctly, that's a TOF SIMS you're using." "What is that anyway?" "A TOF SIMS is a Time Of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer." "You take a dust particle or whatever you want to examine and bombard it with gallium ions." "That takes place here." "We have a gallium gun that bombards the specimen at a 45 Degree angle." "Material is removed from the surface in a way similar to sandblasting." "It is than sent on a little flight." "The particles fly up and then down again." "Those are the secondary ions." "And when you examine the time needed for that 2-metre flight, when you measure it precisely, you can determine their mass." "Then you know it was a hydrogen atom, or carbon, oxygen, iron." "That way you determine the chemical make-up of the dust particle." "The material from the comet is very natural material, essentially primeval matter, which stems from our solar system." "When we examine it, we can discover something about the material's origin." "We can also find out to a certain extent where the building blocks of our solar system come from." "They ware created by huge explosions of stars." "That's where this dust initially originated." "Here in this picture we see a supernova exploding." "In the year 1054, Chinese astronomers discovered a very bright star." "But it wasn't a new star." "It was a dying star which was torn apart by a gigantic explosion." "Today, at least 1,000 years later, we see the remains of that star which consist of gas and dust." "And new stars are created from 'those gas and dust clouds." "That was also how our solar system originated 4 1/2 billion years ago." "We have a constant cycle of gas and dust creating new stars which then give up gas and dust when they die." "Here is an example of what the cloud looks like ... very lovely objects." "And you can see how our sun will explode in several billion years at the end of its life and then disappear." "The dust projectile is loaded onto the arrow and then strikes our dust target down below to simulate what happens when there are collisions in protoplanetary disks." "This is the arrow which carries the projectile, a dust particle, which is in this holder." "It has a small aluminium disc in front to keep it from falling out when it's upside down." "It will than turn sideways when it strikes the target." "The arrow strikes with a jolt, and the projectile keeps going." "Okay, Olli, go ahead." "This is SiO2." "Essentially it's glass." "Dust consists of particles that are micro-metres in size." "Pressed together here as a unit, it's a few centimetres." "This is our analogous material for protoplanetary disks where planets originate." "Ready?" " Yes." " I pull, and he pushes." "Here is the picture before impact." "Here you can recognise the projectile." "This is the dust?" " The dust projectile." "It is blurred, because Its going 100 metres a second." "And the exposure time is nearly one millisecond." "It's about 10 centimetres." "A bit less." "But you see down here ..." "The first effect." " The first effect." " And that is ..." "It's essentially a simulation of dust striking dust in outer space?" "You see that it is fairly destructive." "What do you mean by destructive?" "Our intention is actually to discover how planets originate." "Growth should take place when dust collides with dust." "But it isn't necessarily the case at high speeds like this." "The target is actually eroded by the collision." "There is probably a transition somewhere between 30 and 60 metres a second from growth to erosion." "And one of our goals is essentially to find that out." "When does it work, and when doesn't it work anymore?" "Afterwards you can essentially consider it in detail if it's possible to determine the dust's size distribution, because it goes back into this dust disk and collides with other dust, and that all depends on the size," "the contents, how porous it is, and other such things." "This was a large apartment complex in the Ruhr region." "It was called "Goliath."" "As a result of this explosion, a piece of postwar German history vanished in dust." "How did Raymond Queneau put it?" ""There's always a trace you'll never get"" "By the way, "Goliath" is being replaced by a shopping mall for electronic appliances." "A clean-room." "It is an environment which has only filtered, cleansed, sterilised, practically dust-free air." "It is an ideal environment." "Certain production processes must take place in clean-rooms." "That includes the manufacturing of microchips, semiconductors, particular pharmaceutical products, tiny building materials and machines." "DUST" "The people who work here are almost completely covered." "They are primarily the ones who contaminate it." "Essentially they are unwelcome." "They endanger production." "This is not yet the last place of work, although it seems like it." "Hey, water!" "Water in sight!" "There's a river over here!" "SRT Subtitles Corrected, rewritten and synced by JustaNoboDy"