"Annenberg Media" "¶" "AS A YOUNG PHYSICIST IN 1905," "ALBERT EINSTEIN GAVE THE WORLD SOMETHING SPECIAL" "THE THEORY OF RELATIVITY." "A HALF CENTURY LATER, IN 1955," "THE YEAR OF EINSTEIN'S DEATH," "THE UNITED STATES IS RAPIDLY TURNING ITS ATTENTION" "AWAY FROM A WAR" "AND THE ATOMIC BOMB'S DEVASTATING EFFECTS" "AND TOWARD A FUTURE" "BRIGHT WITH THE PROMISE OF A PEACEFUL ATOM." "IS IT SCARY?" "MY GRANDMOTHER FAINTED." "EINSTEIN'S IDEAS HAVE PROGRESSED FROM THEORY TO REALITY," "AND IN 1955, POPULAR IMAGINATION IS SOARING" "TO SCIENCE FICTION AND WORLDS BEYOND." "AND AS THE CREATURE FROM THE BLACK LAGOON" "LURKS IN THE CELLULOID DEPTHS," "A YOUNG PHYSICIST-T0-BE" "MAKES HIS WAY TO THE LOCAL THEATER" "WHERE DESTINY AWAITS." "HE IS ABOUT TO ENCOUNTER EINSTEIN'S GREAT IDEAS" "FOR THE FIRST TIME." "[FILM NARRATOR] THERE'S A CHILL IN THE AIR." "THATMEANSIT 'STIME FOR THE FALL CLASSIC AGAIN," "ASWORLDSERIESFEVER SPREADSACROSSAMERICA." "1955MAYPROVETOBE THEYEAROF THEBUMS," "ANDTHAT'SNOTHING TO CHEER ABOUT IN THE BRONX." "LET'S GO TO YANKEE STADIUM." "[SPORTSCASTER] BILLSKOWRON BOUNCESTOPODRES," "ANDJOHNNYFINALLY MAKESTHETHROWTOFIRST" "AFTERTHEBALL STUCKINHISGLOVE." "BOB CERB SENDS AN EASY FLY TOAMOROS," "ANDTHEDODGERS AREONLYONEOUT AWAY" "FROMTHEIRFIRST WORLDSERIESTITLE." "PODRES LOOKS LIKE THE COOLEST PERSONINTHESTADIUM." "ELSTONHOWARDSENDS A GROUNDER TO PEEWEE REESE," "ANDTHESEDODGERSATLAST  AREWORLDCHAMPIONS." "DELIRIOUSWITHJOY," "TEAMMATESANDFANS MOBTHEBROOKLYNPITCHER." "INTHEDODGERCLUBHOUSE" "ISTHEPANDEMONIUM A GREAT VICTORY GENERATES." "ANDSETTINGTHEZANYPACE" "ARE GIL HODGES, DUKE SNIDER, ANDDONNEWCOMBE." "THISISBROOKLYN'S GREATESTBASEBALLDAY." "NEWSPAPERS SHRIEKTHETIDINGS" ""BROOKLYNBRIDGE G0ESTOPSY-TURVY" "ATTHISMONUMENTALEVENT."" "MEANWHILE, ON THE OTHER SIDE OFTHETRACKS," "AMATEUR ATHLETES ARE ALREADY WORKINGTOWARDVICTORY" "IN NEXT YEAR'S OLYMPIC GAMES INMELBOURNE." "AUSTRALIA'SDOWNUNDER," "BUT THESE OLYMPIC HOPEFULS ARE ALREADY UP FOR THE GAMES." "BUT THE MELBOURNE OLYMPIC TRIALS" "WEREN'T THE ONLY GAMES BEING PLAYED IN 1955." "JUST DOWN THE STREET FROM THE LIDO" "AT THE LEGENDARY CHALKY'S BILLIARD ACADEMY," "THERE ARE THINGS GOING ON IN THE SHADOWS" "THAT EVEN THE CREATURE FROM THE BLACK LAGOON" "SHOULDN'T KNOW ABOUT." "AT THE MOMENT, BERTRAND "THE MACHINE GUN" BERKOWITZ" "IS FIGHTING TO RETAIN HIS CROWN." "BOTH THE HIGH AND LOW ROLLERS ARE GOING FOR BROKE." "NOT SURPRISINGLY, THE CHAMP RESORTS TO EVERY TRICK" "AT HIS SKILLED AND HIGHLY POLISHED FINGERTIPS." "HOWEVER, UNDER THE WATCHFUL EYES OF THE REFEREES," "NOT EVEN "THE MACHINE GUN" CAN BREAK THE RULES." "IT APPEARS ON THE SURFACE" "THAT SOME RULES SIMPLY CANNOT BE BROKEN..." "THEY'RE ISAAC NEWTON'S LAWS OF CLASSICAL MECHANICS." "AT LEAST UNTIL ALBERT EINSTEIN CAME ON THE SCENE," "THEY'D BEEN FIRMLY IN PLACE FOR THE PAST 300 YEARS." "ACCORDING TO NEWTON'S FIRST LAW," "A BALL WON'T COME TO REST UNLESS SOMETHING STOPS IT." "HIS SECOND LAW," "WHICH REMAINS EQUALLY UNBREAKABLE," "EXPLAINS HOW A BALL CAN BE STOPPED," "AND AT THE SAME TIME," "HOW A BALL CAN BE STARTED." "THE MOMENTUM OF A BILLIARD BALL, OR ANYTHING ELSE," "IS EQUAL TO MASS TIMES VELOCITY." "AND THE MOMENTUM IS CHANGED" "ONLY IF A FORCE" "IS IMPRESSED UPON THE BALL." "BUT WHEN TWO BALLS COLLIDE," "THE FORCE ON ONE BALL IS EQUAL AND OPPOSITE" "TO THE FORCE ON THE OTHER." "SO, THE CHANGES IN MOMENTUM" "ARE ALSO EQUAL AND OPPOSITE." "THAT'S WHY THE TOTAL MOMENTUM OF BOTH BALLS REMAINS CONSTANT." "ALTHOUGH "MACHINE GUN" BERKOWITZ MIGHT NOT KNOW, OR CARE," "MOMENTUM WOULD CONTINUE TO REMAIN CONSTANT" "EVEN IN EINSTEIN'S THEORY OF RELATIVITY." "BILLHALEYANDTHE COMETS" "HAVEREACHEDTHETOP  OFTHECHARTS" "WITHTHEIRHITSINGLE, "ROCKAROUNDTHECLOCK."" "INTHEWORLDOFFILM , THERE'SSADNEWS." "MILLIONSOFADORINGFANS REFUSETOACCEPTTHE FACT" "THATJAMESDEANISGONE ." "BUTONSEPTEMBER30th," "THERISINGSTAROF1955  FELLINFLAMES." "ASMOVIEGOERSMOURN" "THELOSSOF  THE "REBEL WITHOUT A CAUSE,"" "THEWORLDOVER HAS REASON TO BID FAREWELL" "TOEVERYONE'S FAVORITEPROFESSOR." ""WITHALBERTEINSTEIN'S DEATH,"" "SAIDHISFRIENDAND COLLEAGUE, I.I.RABI," ""AGREATLIGHTHAS GONEOUT INTHEWORLDOFPHYSICS."" "MANY KNEW HIM FOR THE WARMTH OF HIS FRIENDLY PERSONALITY," "HISKINDNESS, AND HIS RICH SENSE OF HUMOR." "THOUGHEINSTEIN'SGONE," "THEPOWEROF HISIDEAS," "WHICHCHANGEDTHEVERYMEANING OFTIMEANDSPACE," "WILLSURELYPLAYAROLE  FARINTOTHEFUTURE." "AND A GAME OF SPACE BILLIARDS," "PLAYED IN THE FAR FUTURE," "CAN ILLUSTRATE ONE OF ITS MORE POWERFUL CONSEQUENCES." "ALBERT, LIKE HIS OLD FRIEND, HENRY," "GETS AROUND AT NEARLY THE SPEED OF LIGHT." "AND LIKE THE BOYS SHOOTING POOL ON EARTH," "ALBERT AND HENRY PLAY THEIR GAME" "STRICTLY BY THE RULES." "FOR EXAMPLE, ESPECIALLY IN OUTER SPACE," "IT'S EASY TO SEE THAT NOTHING IS REALLY EVER AT REST." "THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MOVING AND STANDING STILL" "DEPENDS ONLY ON WHO'S DOING THE LOOKING." "BUT NO MATTER WHO'S LOOKING," "ALBERT AND HENRY HEAD TOWARD EACH OTHER" "AT NEARLY THE SPEED OF LIGHT." "AND, AT THE CRITICAL INSTANT," "ALBERT TOSSES HIS BALL UPWARD TO COAST OFF INTO SPACE." "HENRY LIKEWISE LAUNCHES HIS IDENTICAL BALL" "AT EXACTLY THE SAME SPEED." "IF THEY BOTH PLAY THE GAME JUST RIGHT," "THE BALLS COLLIDE IN SPACE" "AND EACH RETURNS TO ITS OWNER." "TO MAKE THAT HAPPEN," "ALBERT SENT HIS BALL UP WITH VELOCITY U SUB A..." "AND AT THE SAME INSTANT," "HENRY SENT HIS DOWN WITH THE VELOCITY U SUB H." "WITH PERFECT TIMING," "THEY WERE ON A COLLISION COURSE" "THAT SENT EACH ONE BACK WHERE IT CAME FROM." "EACH ONE HAD CHANGED ITS VELOCITY" "BY AN EQUAL AMOUNT IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION." "SO, WITH IDENTICAL MASSES," "THE CHANGES IN MOMENTUM WERE AS EQUAL AND OPPOSITE" "AS THEY WOULD HAVE BEEN AT CHALKY'S BILLIARD PARLOR." "AT LEAST, THAT'S HOW IT LOOKED FROM ONE POINT OF VIEW." "BUT ALL SERIOUS CRITICS OF THE GAME" "KNOW THAT IT TAKES A SPACE-TIME DIAGRAM" "TO SEE THINGS IN PROPER PERSPECTIVE." "THE SPECTATORS MAY HAVE SEEN THESE EVENTS THIS WAY." "BUT FROM ALBERT'S POINT OF VIEW," "IT'S A WHOLE NEW BALL GAME..." "WITH HENRY FIRING FIRST." "THEN ALBERT'S BALL BOUNCES BACK TO ALBERT" "LONG BEFORE HENRY'S GETS TO HIM." "IN OTHER WORDS," "FROM ALBERT'S POINT OF VIEW," "SPEEDY HENRY FIRST GOT THE GAME GOING" "WHILE ALBERT WAITED AT REST FOR THE CRUCIAL INSTANT" "TO LAUNCH HIS BILLIARD BALL INTO SPACE." "THE GAME TAKES EXQUISITE TIMING" "BECAUSE FROM ALBERT'S POINT OF VIEW," "HENRY'S BILLIARD BALL TAKES LONGER THAN HIS OWN" "TO GET DOWN TO THE COLLISION AND BACK UP TO THE SHIP." "IF THE SAME THING HAPPENED" "TO TWO BALLS COLLIDING ON A POOL TABLE," "IT WOULD SEEM AS IF THE BLUE BALL WERE MORE MASSIVE" "BECAUSE IT DOESN'T GET DEFLECTED AS MUCH AS THE TAN BALL." "CAN THAT BE TRUE QUANTITATIVELY?" "IN ALBERT'S FRAME," "HENRY'S BALL WAS LAUNCHED AT VELOCITY U PRIME SUB H..." "WHILE HIS OWN DRIFTED STRAIGHT UPWARD AT U PRIME SUB A." "IN THE COLLISION, EACH ONE CHANGED ITS VELOCITY," "BUT AT LEAST FROM ALBERT'S VIEWPOINT," "NOT BY THE SAME AMOUNT." "SO, IN ORDER TO HAVE THE SAME CHANGE IN MOMENTUM," "HENRY'S SPEEDY BALL ACTS AS IF IT HAS A LARGER MASS." "BUT WHAT IS MASS," "AND HOW CAN IT CHANGE WITH SPEED?" "RECORDNUMBERSTHRONG INTOTHECOLISEUM" "FORTHE42ndNATIONAL AUTOMOBILESHOW," "BEINGHELDIN NEWYORK" "FORTHEFIRSTTIME IN16YEARS." "TO MAKE UP FOR LOST YEARS," "THESHOWIS STAGED ONA LAVISHSCALE." "POWERAPLENTYIS REPRESENTED" "MIGHTYNEWENGINES AND POWER ACCESSORIES GALORE" "ON THE 124 MODELS DISPLAYED." "THECARSARELONGER ANDLOWERTHANEVER," "THANKSINPART TOTHESMALLER14-INCHWHEELS." "MOST OF THE 51 MILLION CARS INUSETODAY" "SEEMDRABANDBOXY COMPAREDTOTHESEDREAMBOATS." "HIGH IN THE DREAM BOAT CLASS," "THISONEHASEVERYTHING FORTHEBUSYEXECUTIVE." "MAKESWORKWORTHWHILE." "THERE'SA TREND OF THE SPORTY, MORE COLORFUL." "DETROIT'SDESIGNINGGENIUSES KEEPPACEWITHTHE NATION'S..." "THE AMERICAN AUTOMOBILE MAY BE MASSIVE," "BUT EVEN A WEIGHTLESS SPACECRAFT HAS A CERTAIN MASS." "ACCORDING TO NEWTON'S LAW," "MASS IS WHAT RELATES FORCE TO ACCELERATION." "SO, TO START WITH," "MASS IS A MEASURE" "OF HOW HARD A BODY RESISTS A CHANGE IN VELOCITY." "FOR EXAMPLE, A CAR PUTS UP MORE RESISTANCE" "THAN A BILLIARD BALL." "AND A BALL AT REST RESISTS A CHANGE IN VELOCITY" "LESS THAN A BALL IN MOTION..." "PARTICULARLY WHEN IT'S TRAVELING" "AT NEARLY THE SPEED OF LIGHT." "ACCORDINGTO" "THETHEORYOF RELATIVITY," "THE MASS OF ANY MOVING OBJECT" "DEPENDSONHOWFAST" "IT'SMOVING." "THEMASS,M," "ISEQUALTO RESTMASS," "MSUBZERO," "TIMESTHEFACTOR,GAMMA." "SO, THROUGHOUT THE UNIVERSE," "MASS, LIKE TIME AND DISTANCE," "DEPENDS ON ONE'S POINT OF VIEW." "IN OTHER WORDS," "AN OBJECT'S MASS DEPENDS ON ITS SPEED." "THERE'SA NEWTELEVISIONSHOW FORTHELITTLEONESTHIS FALL ." "IT'SCALLED "CAPTAINKANGAROO."" "THIS WEEK, KIDS OF ALL AGES ARESPEEDINGEN MASSE" "TOWALTDISNEY'S NEWESTATTRACTION" "INSOUTHERNCALIFORNIA." "TOALLWHOCOMETO THIS HAPPY PLACE, WELCOME." "DISNEYLANDISYOURLAND." "HERE,AGERELIVES FONDMEMORIESOF THEPAST," "ANDHERE,YOUTHMAY SAVOR" "THECHALLENGEANDPROMISE OFTHEFUTURE." "DISNEYLANDISDEDICATED TOTHEIDEALS,THE DREAMS," "ANDTHEHARDFACTS THAT HAVE CREATED AMERICA," "WITHTHEHOPE THATITWILLBE" "ASOURCEOF JOY ANDINSPIRATION" "TOALLTHEWORLD." "THANKYOU." "DISNEYHADTO MORTGAGE HIS HOME AND LIFE INSURANCE," "BUTITLOOKSLIKE THEGAMBLEWILLPAY OFF ." "ALREADYATHAND ONTHESCIENTIFICFRONT," "THEFUTUREIS NOW." "INBERKELEY,CALIFORNIA," "ERNESTO.LAWRENCE" "IS ALREADY TURNING EINSTEIN'S THEORIESINTOREALITY." "ANDTHEBEVATRON, WHENFINALLYCOMPLETED," "SHOULD PROPEL MODERN PHYSICS WELLINTOTHE1960s." "INSIDETHEMACHINE," "POWERFUL ELECTROMAGNETICFIELDS" "WILLACCELERATETINYPARTICLES FASTERANDFASTER." "ANDFINALLY,THEY'LL SMASHINTOOTHERATOMS." "FROMTHEFLYINGPIECES, SCIENTISTSHOPETO FIND..." "BUT WAIT." "SINCE SUCH MACHINES PUSH THE PARTICLES FASTER AND FASTER," "WILL THEY EVER REACH THE SPEED OF LIGHT?" "NO." "AND HERE'S WHY." "INSIDE ANY ACCELERATOR," "ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS EXERT FORCE ON A TINY ION." "THIS FORCE INCREASES THE ION'S MOMENTUM, M TIMES V." "SO, THE SPEED INCREASES." "BUT AS AN OBJECT'S SPEED INCREASES," "ITS MASS ALSO INCREASES." "AS IT BECOMES MORE MASSIVE," "IT BECOMES HARDER AND HARDER TO MAKE IT GO FASTER." "THE ION'S MOMENTUM AND ITS ENERGY KEEP INCREASING," "BUT ITS SPEED NEVER REACHES THE SPEED OF LIGHT" "NO MATTER HOW HARD IT'S PUSHED." "PUSHING A BODY INCREASES ITS MOMENTUM," "NOT ONLY BY INCREASING ITS VELOCITY" "BUT ALSO BY INCREASING ITS MASS." "BUT WHAT ABOUT A BODY'S ENERGY?" "ANYTIME A FORCE DOES WORK ON A BODY," "OR A BODY DOES WORK ON AN OBJECT," "KINETIC ENERGY IS INCREASED." "AND INCREASING THE KINETIC ENERGY OF AN OBJECT" "ALSO INCREASES ITS MASS." "THEWORKDONEONA BODY" "ISEQUALTO THEFORCE" "INTEGRATED OVER THE DISTANCE THROUGHWHICHIT MOVES." "THATWORKTURNSINTO THE BODY'S KINETIC ENERGY." "BUT FORCE CHANGES MOMENTUM." "AND MOMENTUM DEPENDS ON MASS," "WHICHALSOCHANGESWITHSPEED." "SOKINETICENERGY MAYBEEXPRESSED" "ASANINTEGRAL OVER CHANGING SPEED FROM REST" "UNTILTHEFORCESTOPSPUSHING." "THERESULTLOOKS MORECOMPLICATED" "THANITREALLYIS." "ATLOWSPEED," "KISONEHALFTHEMASS TIMES THE VELOCITY-SQUARED." "BUTATHIGHERSPEED," "THECURVE FORINCREASINGENERGY" "STARTSTOLOOKJUSTLIKE  THECURVEFORINCREASINGMASS ." "THEEQUATIONSHOWSWHY ." "ATANYSPEED," "THEKINETICENERGY ISEQUALTO" "THECHANGEIN MASS TIMESC-SQUARED." "ANDSINCEMSUB 0IS  THE MASS OF THE BODY AT REST," "THEQUANTITY MSUB0C-SQUAREDISCALLED..." "THEREST-MASSENERGY." "ADDINGTHEKINETICENERGY TOTHEREST" "GIVESTHETOTALENERGY OFTHEBODY." "AND THERE IT IS, E = M C-SQUARED." "IN THE THEORY OF RELATIVITY," "ENERGY AND MASS ARE ONE AND THE SAME THING." "BUT IF ADDED ENERGY ADDS MASS," "DOES AN OBJECT YIELD SOME OF ITS MASS" "IF IT LOSES ENERGY?" "EINSTEIN SAID IT DOES," "AND IT DOES, FOR EXAMPLE, INSIDE THE SUN." "NUCLEAR REACTIONS REDUCE THE SUN'S MASS" "BY BILLIONS OF KILOGRAMS EVERY MINUTE" "AS IT RADIATES ENERGY INTO SPACE." "FROMTHEFIRSTMOMENT" "MANUNLEASHED THEPOWEROF THESUN ONEARTH," "MANKINDHASLIVED" "UNDERA CLOUD OFPOTENTIALDEVASTATION." "BUTTODAY, SCIENTISTSARELEARNING" "TOTAMETHEMIGHTYATOM" "ANDTOCHANNELITS POWER TOWARDPEACEFULENDS." "ATTHEUNITEDNATIONSASSEMBLY LASTWEEK," "PRESIDENTEISENHOWER ROSETOTHENEW CHALLENGE" "OFATOMSFORPEACE." "AGAINST THE DARK BACKGROUND OFTHEATOMICBOMB," "THEUNITEDSTATES" "DOESNOTWISH MERELY TO PRESENT STRENGTH," "BUTALSOTHEDESIRE ANDTHEHOPEFOR PEACE." "AND IN SUCH CAPABLE HANDS," "NUCLEARENERGYCANWORK" "TOWARDPEACEFULANDALMOST LIMITLESSPOSSIBILITIES." "THOSEPOSSIBILITIES STARTTOTAKESHAPE" "WHENA URANIUMATOM WITHA CERTAINREST-MASS" "BREAKSUPINTOFRAGMENTS WITH A LOWER TOTAL REST-MASS." "THAT SMALL DIFFERENCE IN MASS" "AQUALSANENORMOUSAMOUNT OFENERGY," "AND THAT ENERGY CAN SHOW UP INA VARIETYOF USES." "LASTMONTH,ARCO,IDAHO," "BECAMETHEFIRSTCITY INTHEWORLD" "TO BE LIT BY ATOMIC POWER." "WHERE,WHEN,ANDHOW  ITWILLEND" "ISSTILLAMATTER OFSPECULATION" "ANDA CONCERN OFTHESCIENTISTSOFTOMORROW." "BUT NO MATTER WHERE IT ENDS," "IT ALL BEGAN WITH ALBERT EINSTEIN." "PLAYING BY THE RULES," "EINSTEIN DISCOVERED THAT MASS CHANGES WITH SPEED..." "AND THAT MASS ITSELF" "MUST THEREFORE BE ONE AND THE SAME WITH ENERGY." "OBVIOUSLY,IN1955," "THE ATOMIC AGE HAS ARRIVED." "[CREATURECROAKS]" "AAH!" "AAAHH!" "CAPTIONING PERFORMED BY THE NATIONAL CAPTIONING INSTITUTE, INC." "CAPTIONS COPYRIGHT 1987 CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY," "THE CORPORATION FOR COMMUNITY COLLEGE TELEVISION, THE ANNENBERG/CPB PROJECT" "CAPTIONING FUNDED BY THE ANNENBERG/CPB PROJECT" "PUBLIC PERFORMANCE OF CAPTIONS PROHIBITED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF NATIONAL CAPTIONING INSTITUTE" "Annenberg Media" "¶" "For information about this and other Annenberg Media programs call 1-800-LEARNER and visit us at"