"Narrator:" "Life feeling a bit ordinary?" "Travel choices a bit tame?" "Head beyond the Asteroid Belt for an out of this world experience." "Welcome to Jupiter." "Home of high adrenaline adventure." "Plunge into its mysterious depths." "Andy Ingersol:" "You drop through the clouds it would get darker and hotter." "At the center the temperatures are hotter than the surface of the sun and the pressures are unimaginably high." "Narrator:" "Stormy on the inside, and, stormy on the outside." "Claudia Alexander:" "I like to watch hurricanes on TV." "Brr." "The Great Red Spot being the biggest hurricane that we know of and having been there for four hundred years." "To see this, would be pretty cool." "Narrator:" "Want more bang for your buck?" "Thrill-seekers should head to Io," "Jupiter's exotic moon of fire and brimstone." "John Spencer:" "To see Io just blasting off these huge volcanic plumes, covered in glowing volcanoes." "it would be a pretty amazing place to see." "Narrator:" "Escape Io's hot-zone with a dive into the ice-covered alien ocean of neighboring" "Europa: just the place for a close encounter of the weirdest kind." "Bill Stone:" "Is there a reason to go to Europa?" "You bet, it's a totally unexplored world and it probably has the highest probability for life off this planet." "Narrator:" "Choose Jupiter, and a change of scenery is guaranteed." "With its 62 alien moons to explore, out here, there's something for everyone." "Tempted?" "There has never been a better time to take a giant leap to where no human has gone before." "To follow in the footsteps of our robot pioneers and explore the planets of our solar system." "A tour of the solar system wouldn't be complete without a visit to its largest planet." "But with the grandest sights, biggest dangers, and greatest mysteries all on the itinerary, it pays to brush up before blast off." "Consider this your personal guide to exploring the Kingdom of Jupiter." "Enter the court of an alien giant." "John Spencer:" "Jupiter is one of the most spectacular places in the solar system, if you are approaching by space craft you would see from a long distance the clouds patterns of" "Jupiter, its incredibly complex, constantly changing patterns of clouds and multi colored clouds, and just incredible swirling patterns that are like nothing else in the solar system." "Narrator:" "Jupiter takes its name from the Roman" "King of the Gods." "Fitting for the brooding and mysterious King of the" "Planets." "Calling it the biggest planet in the Solar System doesn't do it justice." "Jupiter is a world so roomy that it could swallow every planet and moon in the solar system and still have room for more." "Andy Ingersol:" "If you move the Earth you could put it inside the Great Red Spot which is the largest storm there and there are several other spots that are about Earth's size." "So everything on Jupiter is big." "Torrence Johnson:" "You can fit a thousand Earths inside Jupiter." "It's huge and yet it's quite un-dense." "It's made almost entirely of Hydrogen and Helium." "Narrator:" "This giant gasbag is built from the flimsiest materials in the universe, but for all its squishy bulk, it's a great little mover." "Jupiter spins at such breakneck speed that it bulges at the equator." "So fast, in fact, that a day here lasts less than 10 hours, the shortest of all the planets." "Our gaze was first drawn to the attractions of" "Jupiter 400 Earth years ago when Italian astronomer Galileo pointed his telescope toward the planet on January 7th , 1610." "His curious novelty quickly became one of the most powerful scientific instruments of all time." "And turned our world on its head." "Scott Bolton:" "What he saw for the first time was that Jupiter had four moons and he could see that those four moons were going around the planet." "That's what first told him that the Earth couldn't possibly be the center:" "here were objects going around something other than the earth." "Narrator:" "It was a revelation." "Io, Europa, Callisto and Ganymede." "Were these worlds like our own, circling a distant master?" "It's a cosmic experience anyone with a backyard telescope can have." "Point at Jupiter and you'll see for yourself." "David Levy:" "Jupiter is like a little miniature solar system by itself." "It has many moons, four of which are very large and bright, the rest of which are very small and faint but these moons are all different." "Narrator:" "The court of the King of the Planets is crowded." "At last count, an entourage of 62 moons was in attendance." "All dancing to Jupiter's heavy gravitational tune." "It's even crowned by a trio of faint gossamer rings." "Jupiter is a planet that knows how to exert its influence on the Solar System." "And how to impress even the seasoned traveler." "You can fly around the Earth in a jumbo jet in less than two days." "Try this on jumbo Jupiter and you'll be in the air for 3 solid weeks, refueling about 50 times." "Not only will you get sick of the food, there's nowhere to land." "Torrence Johnson:" "You don't actually have a surface of Jupiter." "You shine a radar pulse at Jupiter and what you get back is four tiny blips" "You see the moons of Jupiter, just fine in fact we can study them by radar," "Jupiter isn't there." "It's like a stealth planet." "If you had radar eyes you'd wonder what these things were circling." "Narrator:" "For a stealthy planet," "Jupiter makes a big blip on the space travel radar." "And it's a target worth the trip." "The best way to test fly a trip to Jupiter is to retrace the extraordinary journey of the only spacecraft to orbit it ." "Launched by shuttle, the Galileo spacecraft left" "Earth in 1989 for an odyssey that lasted 14 years." "The first 3 were spent simply trying to leave the neighborhood with enough speed to go the distance." "Three times farther than Mars, about half a billion miles, the road to Jupiter is a long one." "With a few bumps along the way." "Half way there you bump into the asteroid belt." "John Spencer:" "It's not like in the movies where you are dodging asteroids at every second." "The space is very big and the asteroids are a long distance apart, so you could travel through it quite safely." "Narrator:" "The next thing you run into you can't avoid: the leading edge of Jupiter's magnetosphere." "It's invisible, but the sound is like a signpost." "Claudia Alexander:" "It's almost like you hit something, so you're like, do, da do, then, BAM!" "'" "So Oh!" "Now we are in the Jupiter system." "Narrator:" "Want to explore further?" "Be warned: you have just crossed the threshold into the most hazardous piece of space real estate in the solar system." "Claudia Alexander:" "At Jupiter's magnetosphere there's almost nothing that can protect you." "That's a kind of a 'don't enter this zone at any costs' and if you do you better be prepared to pay in terms of your electronics." "You know, you are toast." "Narrator:" "Step inside Jupiter's raging magnetic field and you enter a radiation hot zone of staggering intensity, where incoming charged particles from the Sun are whipped into a" "Relativistic frenzy." "Buffeted by the solar wind, the magnetic maelstrom streams back almost as far as the orbit of Saturn." "Claudia Alexander:" "The magnetosphere of Jupiter is the largest thing in the solar system." "If it were visible from the Earth it would be the size of the full moon in the sky." "Narrator:" "This was like a magnet to NASA, setting off for Deep Space for the first time in the early nineteen seventies." "Torrence Johnson:" "What Pioneer did was told us was Jupiter's radiation belts were even more intense than we had anticipated and that meant that our next mission;" "Voyager, suddenly went into rework, real fast." "Putting more shielding on:" "Shields up captain!" "We knew we were going to be getting a hefty radiation dose." "Narrator:" "When the space-hardened Voyagers 1 and 2 flew past in 1979 on their way to the outer solar system, Jupiter's great mysteries only deepened." "How were these powerful magnetic storms generated inside a giant ball of gas?" "Why was one moon boiling with volcanoes, while its neighbor remained covered with ice?" "And what lies beneath Jupiter's clouds." "It was Galileo's mission to investigate." "Narrator:" "Packing for a giant ball of weather?" "It's quite a mix: cold and dry, hot and steamy, poisonous and pressurized." "It's best to dress for everything." "Andy Ingersol:" "I'm a weatherman." "I like weather at all altitudes." "From hurricanes near the ground to weather at the top of the atmosphere." "Narrator:" "Jupiter is a weatherman's dream:" "Furious jet streams blow alternating bands of clouds in opposite directions at speeds of over 300 miles per hour." "Lightning that's ten times more powerful than on" "Earth." "Hailstones that could be the size of footballs." "It's wild out here, but surprisingly predictable." "Andy Ingersol:" "We can make a weather forecast for" "Jupiter more successfully than we can make one for the Earth." "If you want to take close up images of the great red spot you need to know where the Red Spot's going to be two or three weeks in advance." "Now you could never do that with a storm on earth but it was not difficult on Jupiter, because the Red Spot is so well behaved." "It just chugs along." "Narrator:" "Jupiter's famous red beauty spot has been a puzzle ever since it was discovered in 1664." "This seemingly perpetual storm is more like a giant eddy, caught between rivers of cloud, than a hurricane." "Andy Ingersol:" "If you were floating in a balloon in the center of the red spot it might be rather calm." "You'd be going fast." "Your balloon would be going faster than hurricane winds but it might be a smooth ride." "Narrator:" "This storm is a sight to behold, towering five miles into the sky, but why the color?" "Dr. Johnson:" "Undertsanding the colors of Jupiter which were one of the first things noted by astronomers a couple hundred years ago, still eludes us in terms of a detailed explanation." "The other unsolved puzzle since the Voyagers beamed back the first weather reports is why there is a" "Red Spot at all." "Andy Ingersol:" "We sort of expected as we got close, things would be rather quite, because how could a storm last for three hundred years but in fact it was more turbulent and that raised the mystery." "How can a storm last for so long?" "Narrator:" "Hamid Kellay grapples with this part of the problem in a very down to Earth way, blowing miniature Jupiter bubbles in his lab in" "Bordeaux." "Hamid Kellay:" "I mean, the Red Spot is huge you could put two to three Earths in it." "So everything is telling us that things like this should be annihilated by the turbulent flow around them." "Narrator:" "By heating a half soap bubble through contact with a metal surface, he mimics how the thin fluid atmosphere of Jupiter might respond to heat rising from deep inside the gasball planet." "Sure enough, swirling storm patterns emerge spontaneously." "Hamid Kellay:" "The interest in the soap bubble is that we get single vortices that generate, we don't do anything to generate them and they just nucleate out fo the blue basically." "Out of the turbulent motion around them." "Narrator:" "Space agencies spend billions of dollars to send spacecraft to look at these things." "Hamid Kellay's approach lets you explore Jupiter without leaving your bathtub," "There's only so much though you can resolve from a safe distance." "To get to know the planet's heart and soul, you'll need to take the plunge." "Picture a suicide dive into the mysterious depths?" "Relax." "Galileo's already done it for you." "Torrence Johnson:" "We separated the probe from the Galileo mother-ship flying in radio silence heading towards Jupiter, basically a ballistic bullet." "Andy Ingersol:" "The Galileo probe went into Jupiter's atmosphere at an unbelievable speed because" "Jupiter's gravity just accelerated it on the way in." "Torrence Johnson:" "Now you've seen pictures of meteor fireballs in the Earth's atmosphere." "Well this is hundreds of times worse in terms of the heat and the shock." "It was more like sitting in front of a nuclear blast." "Narrator:" "The violence lasted only minutes." "On December 7th 1995, the probe dropped through alien skies at about 60 miles an hour and with all instruments blazing." "Torrence Johnson:" "In terms of what it might look like it's not dissimilar to the upper atmosphere of the" "Earth." "So if you were descending along with the probe, looking out the window, you would see some thin cirrus clouds go by, then you might see some other clouds that might be somewhat strange." "Narrator:" "But it would be like dropping into an alien chemical factory." "These clouds not only look strange, they really stink." "Andy Ingersol:" "You have more than one substance forming clouds on Jupiter: ammonia, which is cleaning fluid which is nitrogen and H3, hydrogen, and H2S which is the rotten egg gas." "And below that is water." "Narrator:" "Like giant thunderheads, these deep water clouds are the source for" "Jupiter's ferocious lightning." "Things are getting hotter now." "And the pressure's heavier." "Then the clouds end." "Torrence Johnson:" "If you imagine going through the cloud decks of Jupiter and emerging underneath the base of the water clouds." "It would be like breaking out into clear skies on descent on an airliner on Earth." "Narrator:" "This could be the most terrifying sight in the solar system: clear skies above a bottomless pit, an infernal drop into the depths of Jupiter's endless sky." "Andy Ingersol:" "You might have raindrops evaporating into the hot interior of Jupiter but there's no ocean down there, there is nothing but just hot, more hot atmosphere." "Narrator:" "Transmission was lost about 100 miles below the cloudtops." "Torrence Johnson:" "Just hours after we lost contact with the probe it descended into a part of the atmosphere where the probe material itself would have started evaporating." "In sort of a Zen closure our probe became part of the atmosphere it was studying." "Narrator:" "Heroic as the descent was, the probe penetrated only the outer-most onion skin of Jupiter." "Peel back the layers that Galileo couldn't reach and the mysteries deepen." "We must now travel to the very strange heart of" "Jupiter, to answer a true cosmic puzzle: how a gas giant is born." "There is no boundary to run into, no concrete surface, but far below the clouds, the pressure squeezes hydrogen from a hot gas atmosphere into a hot liquid ocean." "It's deep." "Keep going down another 12, 000 miles and the liquid transforms again into something even stranger." "Torrence Johnson:" "Temperatures and pressures would get to the point that protons lose track of electrons and nuclei lose track of electrons and you basically just have a kind of ionic soup, which is very hard to imagine, it's just like trying to imagine yourself being" "inside a star basically." "Hydrogen for example goes into what we know as a metallic state." "It's the electrically conducting fluid that's causing Jupiter's immensely powerful magnetic field." "Narrator:" "This vast, secret ocean of seething metallic hydrogen, not a molten iron core, is the powerhouse generating Jupiter's dangerous energy shroud." "But there is one more mystery hidden inside this giant alien onion: the key to the origin of the planets themselves." "400 years after Galileo first trained his telescope on Jupiter, Scott Bolton is following in his footsteps." "Scott is tour director for the next spacecraft to pay the planet a visit." "The Juno mission, launching in 2011." "Scott Bolton:" "Juno is taking the next step beyond that Galileo first showed us which is the telescope to look at the outside." "We've come up with ways to see what's on the inside of Jupiter." "From this, we'll understand how it was built and how it came to be." "Narrator:" "From what we understand, the planets formed from the disc of gas and dust swirling around our new-born sun." "Matter collided with matter." "It was a game of gravitational survival of the fattest, a race that Jupiter ultimately won." "Planets, like people, are what they eat." "Did Jupiter gobble up most of the abundant lightweight gases first, before all the solid stuff started banging around?" "Or did it form like all the other planets, but grab more than its fair share of ice and gas from the cosmic chiller?" "The molecules of Jupiter's first meals, rocks, ice, vapors or dust, are still trapped somewhere inside." "When the Galileo probe measured higher levels of rare and heavy gases than anyone was expecting, things got more complicated." "Scott Bolton:" "That did not fit any theory of how the planets were made." "So in one quick swoop of time, all the theories of how the planets were made, including the Earth, went out the window." "Narrator:" "Juno will continue where Galileo left off, trying to unravel the mystery of" "Jupiter's formation." "Scott Bolton:" "We do this by looking down deep in" "Jupiter and understanding first whether there's a solid core in the middle of it." "Narrator:" "If gravity measurements show no solid core, then Jupiter formed early like the Sun." "With a core, then its birth came later once solid materials were created." "By measuring water content," "Juno should also reveal how hot the solar system was when Jupiter formed." "And where." "Some theories suggest the planet muscled its way in to be closer to the Sun." "With gas giants like Jupiter being discovered now all over the galaxy, resolving the puzzle of its origin is taking on a whole new significance." "Narrator:" "Arriving at Jupiter and looking for somewhere to land?" "A moon with a view perhaps?" "Choose carefully from the 62 solid surfaces on hand:" "some destinations out here are red-hot." "While the atmosphere probe was disappearing into clouds in 1995, Galileo itself skimmed past moon" "Io, put on the brakes and slipped into orbit around" "Jupiter." "Even at this stage, the team knew that Io, about the same size as our own moon, would be one of their prime attractions." "This strange pizza-colored moon, orbits the closest of Jupiter's big four moons and it's, volcano central." "Torrence Johnson:" "This is one of those cases where the headline for the daily tabloid is actually correct: it's the most volcanic place in the solar system." "There isn't any place on the surface where you're not going to find a surface with a volcano within 100 miles or so, usually less." "And there's enough material coming out of those volcanoes to cover the surface to the depth of a centimeter every year." "Narrator:" "Fresh-faced Io has a makeover between every visit." "No other world masks its age so well." "John Spencer:" "We were lucky enough to point at a volcano that happened to be having a major eruption at the time we saw this line of fire fountains, actually so bright that they over exposed the camera and produced a very dramatic evidence of just" "how dramatic Io is." "Narrator:" "Take a night flight, like Galileo's, over the surface of Io, and the view down to the churning lava lakes would be unforgettable." "Imagine then, a visit to the surface." "Torrence Johnson:" "The landscape might look quite a bit like a red, pink sulfurized version of what you might see if you went to the big Island of" "Hawaii with the interesting additions of the fact that you have a very low gravity field and these geyser-like eruptions of sulfur dioxide gas would give you a kind of a spray of condensing sulfur dioxide crystals rising up in 100" "kilometer high big umbrella shaped plumes and falling back towards the surface." "Narrator:" "Giant plumes, a snowfall of sulfur, fire fountains of lava, some even hotter than lava on Earth." "Just why is Io cooking inside?" "Torrence Johnson:" "The reason for Io's tremendous volcanic activity is energy that's being pumped into it from the tides raised by Jupiter." "I'm not talking about liquid tides like out here in the ocean." "I'm talking about the whole body of Io is being squeezed by tidal forces." "So every day the surface of Io at the equator when it's closest to Jupiter will be maybe 100 meters higher than it is when it's furthest from" "Jupiter." "That's an awful lot of squeezing and pushing." "Narrator:" "Io is like warm putty in Jupiter's gravitational hand." "Adventure travelers take note: a trip out here comes with some pretty hefty health warnings!" "Torrence Johnson:" "Io's got a very, very tenuous atmosphere, mostly of the gases that are coming out of the volcanoes." "So it wouldn't be a very nice place, basically there's no air to breath." "It would probably look very beautiful if you could get away from the discomfort of sitting there at -300 degrees Fahrenheit, having to protect yourself from that and also being given a pretty hefty dose of radiation that would be" "lethal." "Narrator:" "Gas escaping into space from the plumes is energized by Jupiter's magnetosphere, creating an intense band of ionizing radiation that bombards a surface already soaked in emissions." "Torrence Johnson:" "If you went out relatively unprotected with a normal spacesuit from our space program these days and walked out on the surface, you'd get a lethal dose of radiation in minutes." "Narrator:" "There is one corner of the Jovian" "System where you could find some unexpected protection from Jupiter's dangerous space weather." "Ganymede, the largest moon in the solar system, comes complete with its very own force field." "John Spencer:" "There is something happening in the interior that is active enough to generate electrical currents and produce a magnetic field." "Bob Papalardo:" "Ganymede's deep interior is probably hot today and we know this because Ganymede has its own internally generated magnetic field." "Which says that it has an iron core, which is hot and conducting today." "Narrator:" "Sitting safely under Ganymede's magnetic umbrella is a good spot to gaze up at Jupiter's amazing non-stop auroras, 100 times more powerful than Earth's." "Claudia Alexander:" "I think it would be a pretty beautiful sight from my position on Ganymede, perhaps I'd have a drink in my hand and I'd set out to watch the Jupiter Aurora," "I might be able to see this spectacular oval unfolding in a dynamic vista right in front, that would be pretty cool." "Narrator:" "From Ganymede you' also see the last of" "Jupiter's Big Four moons, Callisto." "Torrence Johnson:" "Callisto has kind of been the dull boring Cinderella satellite of the system ever since we saw it's dark, pock marked, ancient surface." "Narrator:" "The battered surfaces of Callisto and" "Ganymede reveal a darker side of living in the same cosmic neighborhood with a giant like Jupiter." "David Levy:" "I would like to visit Jupiter one day," "I think it would be a good place to take a vacation but not in July of 1994." "That would have been a terrible time." "Narrator:" "In July 1994, the fragmented comet" "Shoemaker-Levy 9 that David helped discover began its fateful, final approach to Jupiter." "David Levy:" "Instead of being one comet it was 20 comets or more all running down through space almost like line backers down a football field." "Each comet collided with Jupiter at the speed of about 140,000 miles an hour." "Narrator:" "Telescopes around the world saw radiant plumes thrown high into space, leaving dark bruises the size of the Earth." "Then, in 2009, it happened again." "Australian amateur astronomer," "Anthony Wesley spotted the gigantic impact." "Anthony Wesley:" "That black spot is about the size of the Pacific ocean." "Narrator:" "Once again, Jupiter's dual gravitational role as Solar System traffic cop and cosmic hoover was on display." "David Levy:" "Jupiter is the solar system's vacuum cleaner." "Without Jupiter the Earth would be walloped by a comet maybe once every 50 years or so." "Life would not be possible on the Earth if it were not for Jupiter." "We need Jupiter." "Narrator:" "For thousands of years," "Jupiter has been standing guardian to life on earth." "And now we think it's possible it might have nurtured some of its own." "Narrator:" "It used to be thought that the chance of meeting alien life on the planets beyond Mars dropped close to absolute zero, much like the temperature." "But that was before we knew where to look." "When Galileo took a closer look at Europa, the picture changed." "Torrence Johnson:" "Europa is a fascinating object." "If you imagine descending onto a world that looks in every place like the frozen arctic or the" "Antarctic you get a pretty good impression of what's going on." "It's very, very bright because the ice is very reflective, and broken up in places where it looks like you have basically ice rafts on the surface." "It would be like flying over a moon sized ice field, basically." "Landing on the surface you would not see any large mountains, you'd see criss-crossing ridges that look like, sort of like killer ski slopes everyplace." "Narrator:" "Killer ski slopes with pale pink stripes." "And all with the icy surface at a very cool 2600 F below." "Bartender:" "If the ice is so cold," "Is it just like just really, really hard?" "Bob Papalardo:" "Yeah, yeah, yeah, it acts just like rock." "So it's as hard as rock at the surface of Europa." "Narrator:" "No doubt, the first person to return from the ski slopes of Europa will have some pretty tall stories to tell." "Europa specialist, NASA's Bob Papallardo, would like to be one of them." "Bob Papalardo:" "Oh I would love to get down to the surface of Europa." "To walk around." "That surface would probably kind or crunch under your boot." "It is a very bizarre place." "It really stretches our minds to think about what is possible in an ice world that is orbiting a giant planet like Jupiter." "Narrator:" "Europa itself is stretched, by the gravitational strain of being locked in a resonant orbit with Io and Ganymede around its giant host." "Bob Papalardo:" "Every Europan day as it orbits" "Jupiter the stresses rotate around and if a crack forms moving at just the right speed across" "Europa's surface, about the speed a person can walk, it would follow a curved path and explain the pattern that we see on the surface." "You would be able to hear the cracking probably of" "Europa's ice shell." "You couldn't hear that if your head was in space but as soon as you put your head to the ice you would probably hear Europa creaking like a boat." "John Spencer:" "The processes that heat Io are operating on Europa as well but on a less dramatic scale so there's constant changes in" "Jupiter's gravitational pull that are distorting the surface, and that's generating heat in the interior." "Narrator:" "This is a clue to Europa's biggest secret: its frozen icy shell floats above a vast hidden ocean of salty water, warmed by Jupiter's intense tidal embrace." "The ocean of Europa is thought to be over 60 miles deep, deeper than any on Earth." "If so, there is more water hidden on Europa than on our own blue planet." "And with water, comes the possibility of life." "Torrence Johnson:" "It sounds like a place where life might exist." "It's protected from the radiation environment underneath all the ice." "And it's the same sort of temperatures and pressures as we have in Earth's oceans." "I have friends in the oceanographic community who want to get wet right now." "They're like show me a hole and I'll get a robotic submersible down there." "Narrator:" "If there is life down here, the challenge is getting to it." "Bill Stone has gone where no man has gone before." "A pioneering cave diver and aerospace engineer, he now wants to go diving in an alien ocean some 500 million miles from home." "And he's developing the technology to do it." "Bill Stone:" "We started off with the idea of two things." "One is this gadget that swims, has to be intelligent enough to understand where it is." "What we wanted to create was to build a microbiologist on silicone." "We did everything that a good micro biologist would go out and do in the field." "Narrator:" "His Depth X and Endurance intelligent autonomous robots have already proven themselves as very capable explorers in impossible underwater situations: mapping deep subterranean caverns in" "Mexico, and now exploring deep below ice-covered lakes in Antarctica." "As these robot submarines accomplish great missions, the possibility of one day melting our way into" "Europa's deep ocean is moving from fiction toward fact." "Chris McKay:" "Let's imagine we're on a little spacecraft with the capability to melt through the ice, we push down, whoom, plowing through the ice." "We hit the water, that may be an interesting zone, right there at the interface between the water and the ice, and we look around, what we might see?" "What we might see is a community of organisms that are growing on energy that's coming through the ice, oxidants, maybe even oxygen produced by sunlight on the surface of the ice, being mixed through the ice reacting with the" "water and at that interface energy is being released or organisms are consuming that energy." "Okay, that's cool." "We then go deeper, down into the bottom of the ocean, down to the bottom, and there we see maybe hot hydrothermal vents, deep-sea vents like we see on Earth where tidal energy, which is being caused by Jupiter's gravitational" "pull is pumping hot fluids through the crust." "That's what we will be hoping to find." "Narrator:" "On Earth, we have found communities of life doing just fine, cut off from life above and huddling for warmth and sustenance around volcanic vents in the deep sea." "This is what makes Europa so appealing: there should be warm salty water interacting directly with a hot rocky seafloor." "Bob Papalardo:" "Life is like a little battery." "It runs off a chemical reaction." "Well if that rocky mantle is hot then like black smokers on the ocean floors of the earth there could be the chemistry that powers life just pouring into that ocean and hot locations on the ocean floor." "If Europa is a place where we think there should be life then it is important to know it's there." "Does life get going easily given the right conditions?" "Or for that matter if there is no life in" "Europa's ocean and the conditions are favorable to life why not and how rare then is life as we know it on Earth?" "Narrator:" "Every time we send a spacecraft to answer questions, we end up asking more." "Clearly, a return to Jupiter is in the stars." "In 2003, with fuel and power running low," "Galileo's 14 year odyssey was brought to an end." "Deliberately, to ensure Europa remained uncontaminated by an out-of-control spacecraft with a load of earthly bacteria." "Claudia Alexander:" "I was responsible for Galileo's bitter end, on purpose." "My friends always remind me to say make sure you tell people it was on purpose." "So the idea was to come into Jupiter with such a velocity that it would be destroyed pretty much right away." "It's now part of Jupiter." "Narrator:" "Meanwhile, back on Earth our return to" "Jupiter is being planned." "In the construction bays at Lockheed Martin, the Juno spacecraft is taking shape, getting ready for its close encounter later in the decade." "And looking ahead, NASA and the European Space" "Agency are joining forces to send two spacecraft." "One each, to orbit Ganymede and Europa." "This essential, detailed reconnaissance will set the stage for the ultimate goal of exploring an alien ocean by robot submarine." "Bill Stone:" "Europa is a good place for robots." "Why?" "Number one it's a heck of a long way away, our propulsion systems are not ready for to deliver people there and second the radiation environment on the surface of that moon is dangerous as hell." "Five minutes exposure to a human and you have received a lethal dose so you don't want to put people on Europa but we can definitely put robots there and is there a reason to go, you bet." "Right it's a totally unexplored world and it probably has the highest probability of life off this planet." "Narrator:" "One day we might develop the magnetic field technology necessary to keep a human alive within" "Jupiter's radiation environment, but in the near future our exploration will continue by machine." "Torrence Johnson:" "The robotic program isn't about robots; it's a profoundly human experience." "We're just sending pieces of ourselves out there to do these jobs." "Andy Ingersol:" "Pretty soon you are travelling with the space craft using the eyes of the space craft as your eyes and you get very attached to your heroic space craft which survives numerous death defying experiences." "Torrence Johnson:" "If you listen to people who've been involved with these explorations over the years, They say oh that was the year we went by" "Enceladus that's the year we went to Neptune, very much a personal thing." "The difference between being here, being there, starts blurring." "Narrator:" "To be so familiar with such alien worlds shows how far we've travelled thanks to" "Galileo: both the man and the robot." "And the voyage continues." "John Spencer:" "Oh I'd love to visit Io if I could, it's one of my favorite places in the solar system." "You would have Jupiter hanging in the background;" "huge and multi colored and constantly changing." "It would be a pretty amazing place to see." "Andy Ingersol:" "For a trip to study the weather of" "Jupiter I would get down in the atmosphere to where the lightening is being formed and I'd just look out the window of my balloon and enjoy the flashes." "Bob Papalardo:" "Europa kind of has it all." "I would love to be able to poke around down there in" "Europa's ocean." "Might there really be life down there?" "It's probably not something I'll know in my lifetime but we'll set the stage for the next generation of explorers to find out." "Narrator:" "However we reach across the ocean of space, the Kingdom of Jupiter has a lot to offer a visitor from Earth." "It's far out and far away and tempting us to visit."