"In the diaries, which he is to write later in his life," "Edvard Munch often refers to himself in the third person, using the names "Brandt", "Nanssen"" "or "Karlemann"." "You can meet me after dinner." "Consumption is a widespread disease in Kristiania nowadays especially amongst the poor and in crowded areas." "How long are your working hours?" "From six to six with an hour's break for lunch." " How much do you earn?" " Fifteen crowns a week." "The year 1884." "Kristiania, capital city of Norway, with beerhalls, cafés, several tivoli music halls, but with no opera, no ballet and no academy of art." "Bless us, O Lord, and these Thy gifts which of Thy bounty we are about to receive." "Amen." "Of Kristiania's 135,000 inhabitants, the ruling strata is the middle-class, the borgerskap, conservative by politics, Protestant by religion." "The Karl Johan Gate, principle thoroughfare in a city whose Germanic buildings reflect the origins of its main architects." "Here, in the summer, weather permitting, the Kristiania middle-class gather for the daily promenade." "I work in a factory too." "I have to be up before five to make breakfast for my husband and children." "The promenade upon the Karl Johan begins around two in the afternoon." "Music is played by a military band." "The social system supported by the Kristiania middle-class exists, with a national budget of 41.6 million Kroner under a criminal code, which dates from the 1840s." "It has no sickness benefit, no old age insurance," "State-legalized prostitution organized specifically for the middle-class, and still no reform against the labour of children in factories." "The promenade upon the Karl Johan lasts approximately for one hour." "Upon its conclusion the men retire home or to the beer-halls." "The women retire home." "Many of the poor children in this city work in factories, craft shops and domestic service." "The working hours for these children in this year 1884 are as long as the maximum allowed under Norwegian law for people on penal servitude and hard labour" "and over 1/3rd of the industrial labour force in this capital city is made up of boys and girls." " Do the children work?" " Yes, they're at the factory too." "Eleven hours a day." " Help yourself." " I'm too tired." "The death of Laura Cathrine Bjølstad, mother of Edvard Munch, occurred in 1868, following a pulmonary haemorrhage." "Sophie has asked me to write down my last will for her." "I've called it My Exhortations." ""My dear children." "I am so afraid that in heaven" ""I shall miss you who are so dear to my heart here on earth." ""But, trusting in the Lord, I shall beg for your souls as long as" ""He grants me life."" "In 1845, Edvard Munch's grandfather became insane from a disease of the spinal cord." "Father walked to and fro across the floor." "Then he sat down beside Mother on the sofa." "They whispered to each other and leaned against each other." "Karlemann looked at them and wondered why tears ran down their cheeks." ""Death and the kingdom of death were cast in the fiery sea." ""This is another death." "Anyone not written in The Book Of Life..."" "The Munch family, following the medical practice of the father, have moved from one crowded house to another in the poorer districts of Kristiania." "How long have you had it?" "Three weeks." " Is your throat sore?" " Yes, a little." "Open wide and I'll have a look." "The first symptoms are fatigue and poor appetite, an evening temperature and a hint of a cold." "When the disease develops, one's temperature rises and the cold grows worse." "One begins to sweat at night." "Haemorrhage results in more than 50% of the cases." "Edvard Munch began painting in 1879." "During the past four to five years he has created about one dozen canvases, mostly views of the country near his home and portraits of his family." "What happens to those who believe in God if they give way to masturbation?" "The unfortunate wretches go mad." "This applies to everyone." "We all have a sexual instinct." "Everyone masturbates to some degree." " Women too?" " Women too." "Peter Andreas Munch, studying to be a doctor, and Inger Munch, younger sister of Edvard." "What do you do out so late every night, Edvard?" "You weren't home until the small hours last night." "So you've been spying on me?" "I hear when you come home." "And not just that." "I know by the smell." "At this time in Kristiania, a small core of radical writers, artists and students are gathering to protest the existing order." "Their spokesman, Hans Jæger, writer and anarchist, who urges his followers to overthrow bourgeois society with its moral code and replace it with a decentralized structure based entirely upon the human capacity for love and feeling." "All evil can be traced to Christianity." "Christianity suppresses man's vital desires." "What is a "respectable human being"?" "One who's not out at night drinking with people like that." "Be quiet, so that I may speak with Edvard." "Have you told your parents that you don't believe in God?" "I don't want to say I don't." "Why not?" "Can't you follow your own free will?" "When Edvard Munch tells Jæger of his repeated quarrels with his father," "Jæger tells him to take a pistol, go home and shoot him dead." "Are you out drinking?" " Drinking?" "A glass of beer?" " You smell of spirits, too." "That dreadful Jæger you mix with, he's the Antichrist incarnate." "Jæger's group, referred to by the Kristiania middle-class as the Boheme and by Georg Brandes as "that wild gypsy bunch", discuss late into the nights nihilism, anarchy, the works of Charles Darwin and Karl Marx," "the role of Art, the purpose of existence and free love." "Nearly all the group are themselves from the middle-class." "Many, in protest, are women." "If there's no evil outside Christianity" "Of course there's evil, but it comes from moral concepts." "Today's society would be happier if people were allowed to develop their lusts and desires." " I understand you." " Do you?" "You don't seem to." "You never do what I want." "You follow your own course." "You don't understand me!" "Much better than you think." "No, you don't." "We never understand each other in this house." "In many of Munch's family studies, the faces are turned to the side." "Human contact with the eyes is avoided." "I'll never be done with you, since you never do what I want." " I'm tired of this." " Now you be quiet!" "The children were absent from school a lot because of illness and I tried to study a little with them at home." ""Illness, insanity and death" ""were the black angels that kept watch over my cradle" ""and accompanied me all my life."" "We can sit by the fire before you go to bed." "My sister Sophie also died from tuberculosis." "She was 15 years of age." ""And I saw the dead stand before the throne" ""and books were opened." "The Book Of Life was opened" ""and the dead were judged in accordance with their deeds" ""and the sea gave up its dead..."" "My sister Laura was very talented." "She learned languages and mathematics effortlessly." "She got honours in Latin." "But she was born with a difficult and nervous disposition so she could never make use of her education." "Edvard, I want to talk with you." "Your aunt said that a plate was broken." "Was it Peter Andreas?" " No, it was Laura." " No, it was Edvard." "The Bible says that you're punished." "Onan was punished." "It also says that man must replenish the earth." "One doesn't do that by masturbating!" "That was nice and warm, wasn't it?" "And now we'll wash your ears." "Two brothers and three sisters, watching each other grow into puberty, tended over by their aunt Karen, who, remaining unmarried, has devoted her life to raising the children of her dead sister." "Half of the adults in this country are women." "They are also citizens but they are placed under guardianship and are tyrannized by men and by society emotionally, legally and economically." "I must make sure that there aren't too many bills at once." "In the workplaces where we're admitted, in industries and schools, we get one-third of the wages men get for the same work." "Using his reflection in a mirror, 4 years ago Edvard Munch painted the first of his self-portraits." ""These self-trials from the difficult years."" "What sort of work do they do?" "They work at putting together matchboxes." "Their fingers are burned by the phosphorus." "Many of Norway's older painters have now returned from Europe." "Some have set up informal academies, such as Christian Krohg, age 32, whose own canvases, showing a direct concern for life both in his own middle-class milieu and in the poorer class, have already pioneered "Naturalism" in Norwegian art." "How much do they earn?" "One crown a day." "How old are the children?" "The oldest is 14." "The youngest girl is 12." "The most important thing in art is its own means, like colour." "It doesn't matter so much what you paint." "You can paint horse dung or anything." " Then you paint for yourself?" " The colour must be a joy to see." "Fritz Thaulow, leading Naturalist painter, whose work reflects the opposing Norwegian school of art." "People must undergo an experience looking at art." "But which people?" "The bourgeoisie." "They can afford to buy works of art." "But what about those who queue for food?" "For Edvard Munch, the artistic problem lies deeper, somehow to express the tension growing in himself and in his family." "There has been a lot of illness and death in our family." "Mamma died of tuberculosis when she was 30 years old and Granny died of the same disease when she was 36." "The christian names of the woman sitting to the right of Edvard Munch are Andrea Fredrikke Emilie." "She is nicknamed "Millie"." "Her age is 24." "For 3 years she has been married to a Kristiania city doctor who is 9 years her senior in age." "She has no children." "They walk down the Karl Johan." "All the virtuous little misses want to trip along there." "Jæger's vision is to set up a special school for the "prim young misses" of middle-class Kristiania, educate them into proud women who might walk freely down the Karl Johan, with all the world knowing that they love and have lovers." "They would write Boheme literature, open and frank, about their personal experiences." "Despite the somewhat bleaker reality of the Karl Johan," "Hans Jæger is also planning to write a highly personal account of his own love life, with a frankness hitherto unknown in Norwegian literature." "He urges Edvard Munch to express himself in his work with the same total frankness." "His father walked back and forth." "He kept his hands clasped." "Hans Jæger is himself currently and publicly having an affair with a married woman," "Oda Lasson, age 24, a painter, whose husband is a wood and ice-merchant," "8 years her senior." "I consider marriage to be based on something which is completely impossible for me." "One is obliged to love another human being all one's life." "It seems utterly absurd." "No one can order me to love someone I have grown to hate." "What do you think of the Bohemians' conduct?" "One might characterize their conduct as follows:" "I consider it to be extremely unprepossessing and a distinct danger for certain easily influenced souls." "I'm not talking about prostitutes but human beings who can love." "The only thing they seem capable of is so-called free love." "But rabbits are capable of that too." ""I love you, love you." "Take me, kiss me, hold me and then" ""embrace me, hug me so that I never breathe again." ""Your kiss is so fiery tonight." ""Fever takes you in command." ""Your tears run slowly down and burn into my hand."" "Sigurd Bødtker, student and poet." ""Do you think that I've tired of you?" ""Oh no!" "Smile happily as you did before." ""Stay with me tonight." "Let my arm curl close about your waist."" "How were sexual matters dealt with in your home?" "They weren't dealt with at all." "Everything was kept secret around me." "I understood nothing until it was too late." "Hans Jæger has told Munch that the human function of sex is the most important single process known to man." "It is a source of pleasure, a wave of sweetness and warmth, through which man is elevated and made less lonely." "In her testament, Mamma asked us to be good and to love Jesus." "Sophie, shall we sing a Christmas carol?" ""And suddenly something opened" ""and we could see far, far into heaven," ""and saw angels float, quietly smiling."" "Four of Granny's eight children died before they were 16." "Tell us about his work." "Edvard Munch is a very talented young painter." "But he's more interested in painting light and shadow than in social conditions." "In 1884 Edvard Munch paints this study of a servant girl, partly dressed, seated on the edge of a rumpled bed." "The sunlight dissolves the colours and contours." "There is a sense of softness, what Munch is to call later his "nervous dissolving treatment of colour."" "Edvard, my brother, almost died too, from the same disease." "Lord God, I beg you..." "The near-death of 13 year-old Edvard Munch, from a pulmonary haemorrhage, took place on Christmas Day, 1875." "Has all the suffering in your family affected your faith?" "I don't think it's for me to interfere in God's will." "He loves us and we must be grateful." "In 1884 Edvard Munch begins work on a canvas of his younger sister, a portrait that illuminates her face and her hands." "The remainder of her body is shrouded in darkness." "There is no movement, save for the tension in the slight raising of the left hand." ""Our Father which art in heaven, hallowed be Thy name." ""Thy kingdom come." "Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven."" ""A strange man, dressed all in black, stood at the foot of the bed and prayed." ""The air was heavy and black."" "Munch's family is puritan." "Everyone who's seen his father knows that." "When he's with us he has to go home for family evening prayer." ""Lead us not into temptation." "But deliver us from evil." ""For thine is the kingdom, the power and the glory" ""Forever and ever." ""Amen."" " Have you met his family?" " I've never seen him pray either." "He sits there like a monk!" "It was distressing for the older children to see so much illness and death." "Are you sick?" ""If anyone worships the beast and its image" ""and receives a mark on his forehead or on his hand" ""he also shall drink the wine of God's wrath" ""poured unmixed into the cup of his anger" ""and he shall be tormented in the presence of the holy angels."" "To be free on Sundays, I have to work 17 - 18 hours the other days." "It's hard work." "Some of my friends, after working hours, make so little that they often take to the streets to make money." "The prostitutes of Kristiania, many of them from the district known as "Vika", are legalized into a public institution under the control of the police health authorities." "Look at prostitution in Kristiania today." "According to Christian morals there is no prostitution today but it's typical that the prostitution is checked by the police." "But you're for making people live on prostitution." "No." "In my society there is no room for prostitution." "There are 300 police officers in the city of Kristiania." "Amongst their principal duties, the control of venereal disease." "In this society it's the bourgeoisie who gain from prostitution." "Yet bourgeois morals do not allow it to exist:" ""Thou shalt not commit adultery."" "What are your views on marriage?" "In my opinion, marriage is an incalculably important and necessary institution, which undoubtedly forms the foundation of our social and cultural structure." "Without marriage, rootless and chaotic conditions would arise, which in turn, I fear, might easily lead to anarchy." "In brief, if we want to maintain peace and order, it is essential for us to support and expand our institutions." "The way society is today, if one marries and has a wife, she is just as prostituted as "the girls from Viken."" "Once every week each prostitute must report to the police for inspection." "Sit there." "The year 1884." "An American inventor called Maxim develops the machine gun and the United States receives Pearl Harbor as a Pacific naval base." "Those who are prostituted are excluded from society by the same people..." "Lean backwards." "...who've placed them in that situation." "That's the bourgeoisie's love of humanity." "A little wider." "Raise your feet higher." " Name and address." " Line Pedersen." "When I ask for your name, I want your surname first." "Name..." "Pedersen." "Once Grandfather came back from a business trip and he found Granny behind a screen together with three dead children." "When Edvard Munch first shows his completed painting," "Inger in Black, the conservative press in Kristiania refer to" ""his almost frighteningly ugly portrait" ""of a lady in black,"" "thus beginning a critical assault on his work that is to last for at least 15 years." "In May 1885, Edvard Munch visits Paris." "For the first time in his life, he comes face to face with full-size classical art." "He sees Velasquez and Rembrandt and Manet." "Three weeks later, Munch returns to Norway and shortly afterwards takes a boat with his family down the Kristiania fjord to the little village of Borre." "Hello." "You live quite close to here?" "Then we're neighbours." " Will you visit me one day?" " I'd like to." "Some ladies are visiting me today." "Perhaps tomorrow?" "In his diaries, Edvard Munch refers to this woman as "Mrs. Heiberg"." "It is not her real name." " Aren't you hungry?" " Yes, I am hungry." "Beautiful landscape." "It's so blue." "The year 1885." "General Gordon dies at Khartoum." "Serbia invades Bulgaria." "The British annex Bechuanaland." "Karl Marx writes volume two of Das Kapital and the future General Patton and D. H. Lawrence are born." "All the things he'd wanted to say." "He felt awkward and afraid." "They walked on in silence." "His cheeks burned." "Later in his life, Edvard Munch is to express a deep disillusionment that all his father could do, as a doctor, for his dying mother and his dying sister and for himself," "was to put his hands together and pray." "She spent most of her time in bed, coughing into a handkerchief." "Did blood come this time too?" " I kissed you." "Are you angry?" " No." "Kissed your neck." "If you're angry, you can beat me." "I'm not angry." "Perhaps you'll let me kiss your mouth too?" "Stand still like that." "Let me see you." "How picturesque you are in this light." "I'm so restless at night." "I can't sleep." "I have such dreadful dreams." "I sleepwalk." "I have such a longing to come to you." "I do so like the dark." "I can't stand the light." "It should be like tonight." "So mysterious." "I could do the most awful things in the dark." "Anything." "I don't want to!" "What?" "Don't you want to?" "Come here!" "What?" "Are you crazy?" "Don't be so frightened." "What a wretched idiot you are." "A cowardly wretch!" "Cowardly!" "Why are you so set on becoming a great painter?" "You're going to die anyway." "Then you'll be gone." "Using his aunt and a young girl called Betsy as models," "Edvard Munch begins work on a canvas measuring 119.5 cm by 118.5 cm, the death of his sister Sophie." "How strange and quiet it is in the forest." "Imagine living here, not alone but with someone else." "It's so mysterious here." "The beautiful pale face with its soft full mouth, its half-closed eyes and its throat." "He had to own it again, to look into those eyes, so often hard." "Sophie and Edvard," "I shall soon be leaving you" "and I'm so afraid of what will happen to our family when I do." "That's why I want to talk to you now" "and I hope you can promise me to take care of Laura, Andreas and Inger" "so that I can travel up to heaven with an easy mind." " Will you promise me that, Sophie?" " Yes, Mamma." " Will you promise me that, Edvard?" " Yes, Mamma." "I feel you in here, very strongly." " Have you had physical relationships?" " Oh, many." "Do you feel that you've fulfilled yourself as a human being?" "I try but there are many obstacles." " Do you achieve satisfaction?" " Now, but not before." "When one is born one knows nothing." "One is surrounded by adults one looks up to, adults full of words and prejudices." "Particularly in my family which is very bourgeois." "I was filled with lots of admonitions." "You mustn't do this, do that." "Things that I very much wanted to do were considered wrong by them and then conflicts arose." "I've been thinking of you all night." "I haven't slept." "A plate was broken today." "Was it you?" " No, it was Sophie." " Sophie, did you do it?" " Sophie, was it you?" " No." "Edvard." "In Jæger's book From The Kristiania Boheme he describes a scene with a 16 year-old girl whom he has met on the street." ""I went down on my knees" ""and stretched my hands with my gaze resting on her eyes." ""Her eyes retained their shy expression." ""Then at once they grew large and tender." ""And she drew me up to her," ""put her arms about me and rested her head against my shoulders." ""I leaned my head against hers and kissed her black hair."" "Munch writes in his diary:" ""They were lying beside each other." ""They didn't talk much." ""'Poor you', she said" ""and stroked his wet hair slowly..." ""slowly..."" ""She lay there with her head back and her beautiful throat exposed." ""I kissed it and wanted to carry her to the bed." ""But the touch of her soft limbs" ""took all strength from my arms."" ""She lay down on him." ""The moment again when everything ceased to exist." ""Again and again."" "And that married woman..." "You shouldn't show yourself with her." "Have you got something else besides your work to think of?" "I feel much calmer." "I sleep at night too." "That's fine." "Munch writes in his diaries of making appointments to meet" "Mrs. Heiberg on the Karl Johan, only to have her pass him by with her husband or a friend on her arm." "Exactly who began to break the appointments first is not known, but Munch writes of retaliating by ignoring Mrs. Heiberg when they next meet." "I waited for half an hour on the Karl Johan." "And when at last she came, she simply walked past." "She scarcely looked at me." "It's a good thing I don't like her any longer." "At about this same period, Oda Lasson has told Hans Jæger that she is becoming emotionally involved with Christian Krohg." "When I try to live according to what I think is right for me and try to find my freedom and live according to my rules," "the only thing the bourgeoisie interest themselves in is how many love affairs I have." "Only my friends look at and talk about what I do, about my paintings." "She began to talk about how he had not greeted her on the street, that she was just as good as other ladies." "Look at Mrs. Pettersen who went with the lieutenant to Paris." "It made him shudder to hear the affection with which she spoke." "At first, Munch adds domestic details to the periphery of the painting, such as a chair, a glass, a bottle, a flowerpot on a window and curtains." "Then, slowly, over the months, he begins to remove these details, concentrating more and more on the head of his sister." "Munch's affair with Mrs. Heiberg is already deteriorating." "He takes the hand of his sister and paints it in broad and vague strokes, blurring out its ability for human contact." "Her hand was large and coarse." "She placed her cheek against his." "He turned his head away so that their mouths didn't meet." "She was too repulsive." "I am so glad you came." "I saw you out walking with another man yesterday." " Just a friend." " A friend!" "I'd been waiting half an hour and you walked straight past." "I was with Lieutenant Lund." "He's just a friend." "Don't shout." "Everybody can hear." "Damn it, I have hundreds of things to think of!" "It can't go on like this!" "Perhaps if I tell her that it's all my fault... perhaps she'll like me then..." "If I tell her I could die for her..." "This is nothing to laugh at!" "You shouldn't take it so much to heart." "There are plenty of women with her qualities." "I find it difficult to know what life I should lead." "Even if I try to live freely with men, they haven't changed." "They consider that a woman should behave in such and such a way, which I am incapable of doing." "It's long past midnight and you're out every evening." "Aren't you going to answer?" " Don't push me!" " Are you drunk?" "What do you do when you're out?" "He's just a friend." "It can't go on like this!" "I feel that if ever I am to find myself" "I can't adapt myself to their standards." "Men I am with, who say that they are free, have beliefs too, which I feel obstruct my freedom." "In fact I don't even know what my freedom is." "I can't take anymore of this." "And you know that!" "We mustn't speak to each other like this." "We mustn't." "You are a human being in a society oppressed by standards and prejudices in every direction." "Painters can't take notice of political programs." "You have to paint something as you see it." "You can't sit down and paint... well... details." "You can come from a bedroom into the living room in the morning and you see everything as if in a bluish light, even the darkest shadows." "That's how you should paint it." "As you see it." "She let herself be drawn ever closer." "Right up against him." "He held her gently about the waist." "She reached up towards him." "He felt a warm mouth against his throat, a wet mouth against his and his mouth slipped in towards hers." ""A feeling of sweet impotence poured in over my shoulders" ""and flowed down through my limbs" ""until I knelt, pressed her tight against me" ""and kissed her lush uncovered throat like one possessed."" "Haagen Ludwig Berg, an actor and a Lieutenant in the part-time army." "Miss Drefsen, referred to by Munch as "Miss Rocker", whom he recently met at a carnival." "Something which I do not understand occurs again and again and that is that a relationship starts strongly." "And I know what passion is." "I don't know what love is but I know what passion is." "The odd thing is that a relationship can begin with the feeling that the world is worthless without this one person." "We should not have spoken of it." "And gradually, without you noticing what is happening, this person becomes the one who is holding back your life." "Seeking now to de-emphasize all unimportant details by blurring their images, struggling to eliminate Mrs. Heiberg from his mind, striving somehow to impart the quiver and intensity of his feelings onto the raw surface of his canvas, seeking to awaken a similar mood in the viewer," "Munch works and reworks the head of his sister, detailing hair, eyes and mouth, only to scrape the oil from the canvas and begin again." "Using his knife, the back of his brush, the point of a pencil," "Munch scratches and scores deep into the thick oil, as he struggles to remember and struggles to forget." "She looked into my eyes with her fair hair and her pale, delicate skin." "You're strange." "But you're a fine person." "You're sweet." "What do you think of women who have extra-marital relationships?" "In my opinion a woman is and ought to be a defenceless and beautiful little being, both in body and soul, who needs the protection and security of a man." "If you think this is funny, it's..." "She smiled with her pale lips and white teeth." "We suit each other, don't we?" "You're so strange, Munch." "In December 1885," "Hans Jæger's book, From The Kristiania Boheme is confiscated within two hours of its publication." "Four months later Jæger is found guilty of "blasphemy"" "and "violation of modesty and morality."" "He is sentenced to 60 days in prison and the permanent banning of his book." "Aimar Sørensen, Minister of Justice in the Liberal Government." "I received a copy of the book from the police in Kristiania with certain parts underlined." "I telegraphed at once to ask all the police commissioners to stop the publication of the book." "Cell no. 1 of the Møllergaten district prison in Kristiania." "Does your imprisonment influence your work?" "No, it has no influence whatsoever." "The fact that good people, who use literature for diversion, scream and cross themselves, means nothing." "I knew they would." "It provokes the bourgeoisie who live their cozy, false life." "I think it provokes them enormously to see free women." "Everything outside the fence they have raised around themselves is so terrifying for them except perhaps in their dreams, when they indulge in fantasies." "But when I live openly and freely" "I think they become terrified." "The so-called free women that we're always hearing about, they can't really be quite normal" "but they can become normal, if they discover their real capacity." "Half an hour until she came and she merely smiles when she passes by" "with another man." "Oh, damn!" "Finally I finished, exhausted." "I had brought out a good deal of the first impression, the trembling mouth, the transparent shine and the tired eyes" "but the colours in the painting were not finished." "It was pale and grey." "The painting was heavy as lead." "At almost the last stage, Munch attacks the canvas again, scoring deep into the oil, and, in one gesture of broad sweeping strokes, eliminates the carefully executed window, curtains and flowerpot on the right-hand side of the canvas." "The final distracting details have gone." "Edvard Munch is aware that he has made a major breakthrough in terms of his own art." "But he is not yet aware of the dimensions of this breakthrough." "At this time, in the mid-1880's, each of the major artists in the Western World is still involved in the traditional presentation of the exterior reality." "Cézanne, the early work of Gauguin and, even at this stage," "Vincent Van Gogh." "The difference between these works and Munch's canvas, is most clearly seen in the contemporary presentation of young women." "Auguste Renoir," "Berthe Morisot, the American Mary Cassatt, the Norwegian Hans Heyerdahl." "But Edvard Munch's canvas, with its deeply scored surface, which has transcended all exterior reality to become the first expressionist painting of "feeling"" "in the history of Western art, is strongly attacked both by the Kristiania public and by its conservative press." "The public won't accept that sort of madness." "Every time one passes this painting people are standing laughing at it." "Some people always set themselves up as guardians over others." "In literature they decide what is decent and indecent." "Says one colleague to Munch," ""I think that your painting is shit."" "Asks another," ""What are all those strokes for?" "It looks like it's raining."" "A human life is decent but to write about human sexual life is indecent." "Another friend tells Munch that he will go mad if he continues in this way." "As long as I can write," "I want to combat society and its rules in order to create a society in which literature is free." "Who has the right to stop anyone writing about his emotional life?" "No one!" "I want life, that which is alive." "What the hell do I care whether the chair is properly made?" "What I wanted to bring out is what cannot be measured." "The tired movement in the eyes, in the eyelids, the lips must look as though they whispered something." "It must have been painted by one almost mentally deranged who sees hallucinations as if in a fever." "I lay down on a sofa in the corner." "I lay half asleep." "I hated them for looking at me." "It is possible that Munch can speak in some way or other... to those with a sick emotional life." "But I think it's one of the most dreadful things I've seen." "One would have expected that a painter who presents his paintings at a public exhibition would respect people's taste in a totally different way." "Hurt and confused by the attack on The Sick Child and by the constant references to his work as "unfinished sketches"" "Edvard Munch now checks the advance begun by his revolutionary painting and steps back." "He paints a third self-portrait, this time with eyes veiled, a pose of defiance, looking down on the viewer." "A 2-year period of withdrawal has begun." "Jæger himself, with the germs of cancer in his body, will die in 1910, a pauper and an outcast." "Outside the deathroom, a debtor will be waiting to claim a bottle of whisky." "The summer of 1888." "Edvard Munch rents a cottage in Åsgårdstrand, near the village of Borre on the Kristiania fjord." "The affair of Oda Lasson with Hans Jæger has ended." "Oda Lasson is now married to Christian Krohg." "At the same time, with Krohg's knowledge," "Oda is developing the interest of Jappe Nilssen, age 18, student of French Literature, friend of Edvard Munch." "Inger Munch is now a close friend of Sigurd Bødtker." "Laura Munch, age 21, remains unmarried." "Why do you think I shouted so angrily at you and said that I couldn't put up with seeing you anymore?" "It was because you lied!" "It's that inaccessibility of yours that makes me so angry!" "You said that I shouldn't come so often." "Yes but then I didn't know how much I liked you." "You've forgotten me now." "You have someone else." "I love you." "If only I had known that you went to somebody else to punish me." "It's the uncertainty that makes me so nervous, so furious." "You demand more and more love from me." "Don't you understand that I can't give you more than I have to give?" "At the very moment you showed your feelings, it seems as though you wanted to take something back as if stolen from you." "Is it for your art you save yourself?" "1888." "August Strindberg writes Miss Julie." "The pneumatic tyre and cordite are invented." "Vincent Van Gogh paints Sunflowers," "The Drawbridge At Arles and The Sower." "An unemployment demonstration in Rome is suppressed by the military." "And Wilhelm II becomes Emperor of Germany." "Whilst he continues to pursue Mrs. Heiberg, at the same time, Munch is trying to escape from her." "He begins to cultivate his acquaintanceship with Aase Carlsen, age 19, herself a painter and engaged to be married to a Kristiania lawyer." "You need a woman and yet you don't want one." "I like you but we really can't meet like this." "You follow me everywhere." "You plague me." "Munch writes in his diaries, repeatedly, of following Mrs. Heiberg to her rendez-vous with other men..." "Jealousy is possessiveness." "Your jealousy is driving me to other love affairs." "... of endlessly waiting." "You can't own a woman like an object." "It's impossible." "You know that I like you, but but more as a friend." "Friendship is..." "Friendship is so little." "Life is short." "In this winter of 1888, after heavy drinking with friends in the country near Slagen," "Munch is pushed into frozen water by an artist named Palle Dørnberger  and almost dies." "This is very serious." "We should notify them." "On the left is Dørnberger's sister, Charlotte, age 20." "I feel so young." "I try to see life optimistically." "We have different views on life." "You seem a little gloomy." "You seem weak, a little tired of life." "A feeling of tension and loneliness now enters the canvases of Edvard Munch." "People appear still, immobile... often as though helpless in the face of nature." "I don't want to kiss you." "They looked at each other without speaking." "At that moment he had a feeling that life's greatest happiness slipped from his grasp." "There were tears in her eyes." "Munch now prepares himself again for the public and the critics, often in the introvert company of Sigbjørn Obstfelder, the poet and Jorgen Sørensen, the crippled artist." "April 1889." "Edvard Munch again faces the public." "And, to show exactly where he stands and what he stands for, exhibits everything he has ever created:" "110 canvases and innumerable drawings." "Dominating the exhibition is a huge canvas." "Entitled Spring, it is a re-working of The Sick Child," "But gone now is the loose expressive brushstroke of the earlier work." "Here there is minute detail, a strain of hair, a blood stained handkerchief, a carefully outlined bottle and vase, the detailed top of a cupboard, and even the pot of flowers." "Have you seen Miss C. since she married?" "I expect things are difficult for you." "It must feel strange when you think of her." "Why has Munch's work changed so much since The Sick Child?" "I can only guess but something must have happened to Munch which made him lose faith in himself and his art," "poor criticism as well as other factors." "Society accepts the fact that a man has a mistress" "but, if a woman has a lover, it's quite a different matter." "Have you thought about that?" "Later perhaps." "Perhaps we can meet then." "Everything could be different." "We mustn't take it so casually." "If I marry, I must live for my husband." "A woman often marries because she needs to be supported." "She can't earn what she needs to live." "What was she thinking of as she sleepwalked along?" "A Madonna-like beauty." "That's the way it goes, year after year, a sort of trap." "Having now promised to live together in matrimony and vouchsafed it before God and this congregation, I declare you..." "Was she now also thinking of the pale man behind the column?" "...in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Ghost." "Amen." "What God has joined together let no man put asunder." "The affair between Jappe Nilssen and Oda Krohg is now developing." "Åsgårdstrand, 1889." "She forced her way between me and my ideal, my art!" "And yet I couldn't stop loving her." "I couldn't put up with anymore of her false devotion and lies." "Her love was poisonous!" " She must have feelings too." " I don't give a damn!" "Damn it, I said to her, you're lying on white sheets." "Your body will become deformed by disease and rot." "Perhaps you're going to die, ugly and stinking!" "I'll laugh while I drink wine with beautiful women." "My joy will be even greater than the despair she brought." "I shall laugh, laugh, laugh!" "Hurt and angered by the continuing viciousness of the Kristiania critics, seeking to escape from the pain of his personal existence in Norway," "Edvard Munch leaves for France, to study art." "He meets with Emmanuel Goldstein, a 27 year-old Danish poet, whose own work bears a disillusioned view on love." "Munch shares a room with Goldstein, in St. Cloud, outside Paris, on the first floor above a café overlooking the river Seine." "November 1889." "Dr. Munch's death was a hard blow to the family." "We had just moved to Hauketo and Dr. Munch liked it very much out here." "The Sunday before he became ill we took a walk home from the church and the rest of us could not keep pace with him." "Now that he and his father can never be reconciled," "Edvard Munch begins to re-assess the values and beliefs that Hans Jæger has taught him." "There is a city in the city, the city of the dead." "There the graves lie side by side." "There you'll find hovels and palaces." "There quiet people live, the dead." "It is a popular city." "The bones moulder and make way for new." "What if one dies?" ""Naught but sorrow and torment, misery and strife." ""There is not much more to be had from life." ""You pay a price too high for joys too brief." ""Our pleasures are bought by torment and grief." ""If to love's pleasure your body surrenders" ""The source of all pains a new life is engendered."" "1889." "The Eiffel Tower is built and the box camera comes into production." "Vincent Van Gogh paints Landscape with Olive Trees and Wheat Field with Cypresses." "And Adolf Hitler is born." "In French literature, the Symbolists hold full sway in Paris." "Verlaine, Huysmans, the poet Mallarmé." "A rebellion against Naturalism is now taking place in the French capital." "Amongst the painters, the older generation has already paved the way for the breakthrough." "Puvis de Chavannes," "Gustave Moreau and Odilon Redon, who emphasizes the role role played by the sub-conscious in an artist's work." "When I light the lamp, I suddenly see my own enormous shadow over the entire wall," "In the great mirror above the fireplace I see myself, the face of my own ghost, and I live with the dead." "All it said was, "Dearest, come at eight o'clock tomorrow."" "I stared at each letter, each stain, for the marks of her fingers." "Did she love me or was she pretending?" "Did she love me or the other or both at the same time?" ""You are the vampire" ""which sucks my sparkling blood" ""From the channels of my heart" ""with icy draining looks" ""My body glows like desert sand burned and charred" ""And the dry Sirocco of madness" ""rages and my blood flows"" "Munch now sees the work of Auguste Rodin in Paris." "We didn't even know each other and yet was it because she took my first kiss that she took the fragrance of life from me?" "Was it because she lied, deceived that she suddenly took the scales from my eyes one day?" "Munch now begins to formulate the artistic philosophy that he is to pursue all his life to understand and express the purpose of man's existence, of woman's existence, the purpose for their pain, their love, their despair," "links in an endless chain tying together thousands of generations." "There was to be no more painting interiors now, people reading and knitting but living people who breathe, feel, suffer and love." "She closes her eyes and listens to the words he whispers into her long hair." "I'd depict it as I saw it now, but in the blue haze." "I remember something Munch once said a couple of years ago." "He had discovered that the Greeks regarded death as blue." "It says somewhere in The Iliad, "Blue death closes his eyes."" ""Here in the grey gloomy North," Munch said," ""we regard death as black." "But in sunny Hellas" ""they regard it as blue." "Why shouldn't it be blue?"" "Munch's painting Night In St. Cloud, a study of despondency in swirling blue and black silhouette, is a major breakthrough." "This painting, which is called Night makes such demands on one's ability to guess that few people go to the trouble of studying it more closely." "The atmosphere around the painting is so faintly designated that it seems to disappear before one can grasp it." "The painter himself follows his own path in a misty and shapeless world of dreams." "And the critic of Aftenposten refers to Munch's "sick mind"" "and states that "the borderline between madness and genius" ""is unconscionably narrow."" "Munch is primarily a lyric poet in colour." "He feels colours, feels in colours, but he does not see them." "He sees sorrow and crying and brooding and withering." "To the young poets and writers of Norway, now rejecting Naturalism, the work of Edvard Munch proves a revelation." "Vilhelm Krag:" ""The river flows so slowly Flows and flows and flows." ""And daylight goes, goes." ""Night will soon be here." ""The light shines out of my room." ""Turns to regard me In silence and in anxiety." ""It knows he is coming."" "Was it that she was so much more beautiful than others?" "No, I don't even know if she was beautiful." "Her mouth was big." "She could be ugly." "In my article in the Mercure de France" "Albert Aurier, critic." "I refer to this work by Gauguin." "I explain that it is the duty of the new artist to choose between the numerous elements which make up objectivity." "He is also entitled to distort, to emphasize, to exaggerate line, form and colour in accordance with his personal vision and individual subjectivity." "Nice, 1891." "Two lovers, their faces dissolved together, featureless, lurk in the corner of a room." "Perspective has vanished." "Broken, slashing strokes of thin paint." "The breakthrough has begun." "She was affected, a liar and a whore!" "The affair between Oda Krohg and Jappe Nilssen is now at crisis point." "Jappe wants his relationship to be clearly defined." "She, still married, feels differently." "Jappe is now taking drugs and has threatened to kill himself." "There seem to be rules demanding that women sacrifice themselves." "The best thing one can say about a woman is that she is self-sacrificing." "I can't put up with it anymore." "I am so fond of her but why is she so angry with me?" "Things are so difficult at times." "I know that I lose control." "Seeking a way of peeling down to the essence of the inner reality, of stripping away needless detail and perspective," "Munch now combines all the forms of media at his disposal, using pencil, pastel, oil and charcoal, not separately, but together." "He applies the oil thinly, to permit the canvas texture to remain a visible component of the finished work, to emphasize its flat surface." "He allows the preliminary drawings in pencil and pastel, including the corrections made in them, to remain in the final work to show its spontaneity." "On this canvas, to be known variously as Melancholy," "Evening or The Yellow Boat," "Munch is attempting, for the first time in his work, to depict jealousy." "And not merely the event of jealousy, but its psychology and innermost quiver." "I wonder if something is going on between her and Jæger." "What shall I do then?" "At any rate, I believe that the idea must be that one lives according to one's particular possibilities," "that one has a duty to develop these possibilities, that one has a duty to... well..." "to expand oneself, to acquire more knowledge, a greater breadth." "I think that leads to greater freedom in the long run." "This canvas marks a major development in the work of Edvard Munch." "It develops still further the flat application of colour areas, the lack of perspective, the tension between space and surface." "It is dismissed by the critics as a "sketch"." "Edvard Munch is now seeking to take the practical artistic consequences of what lies behind the theories of the Symbolists." "He wants to realize them in all-powerful subjectivity, to pass on what he and he alone, experiences from the motif at the very moment that he grips it, or that he is gripped by it." "I walked along the road with two friends." "The sun went down." "I felt it like a melancholy sigh." "Suddenly the sky became blood red." "I stopped." "I leaned against the fence tired to death." "I saw the flaming sky like blood, like a sword over the fjord and the town." "My friends continued on." "I stood there shaking in anguish." "I felt it like a great endless scream through nature." "The German Kaiser visits London, hoping that Britain will agree to the Triple Alliance with Austria and Italy." "There is civil war in Chile, widespread famine in Russia." "Munch now paints and exhibits a portrait of his sister Inger." "Another breakthrough." "Perspective has vanished." "Space and surface are one." "But this canvas, and his work known as Despair, with the artist's featureless, and blank profile, its large disconnected strokes of heavy colour running over each other, are heavily attacked by the Norwegian press as" ""an awe-inspiring gibberish of futuristic art."" "For reasons which still remain unclear," "Edvard Munch is now formally invited by the Berlin Art Association, the Verein Berliner Künstler, to arrange a one-man exhibition of his work in their new exhibition hall, the Architektenhaus, a converted beer-parlour on the Wilhelmstraße." "On the 5th November the exhibition opens, containing many of Munch's latest paintings, a total of 55 canvases." "The Berlin press is here in force, including Adolf Rosenberg, of Kunstchronik, and a representative from the conservative National-Zeitung." "Here, in the Berlin of Kaiser Wilhelm II," ""Impressionism" is still a term of abuse." "The Kaiser himself, who once referred to Richard Wagner as "a cheap little conductor", is dedicated to fighting what he calls" ""the un-German type of art"" "or "art of the gutter."" "The entire exhibition is a mockery." "Every painting!" "The man must be mad." "The colours are so unnatural." "Within a matter of days, the exhibition of these paintings, the like of which has never before been seen in Germany, has broken into a notorious scandal." "We haven't had a revolution!" "Just think of people's reaction!" "To invite someone who..." "Hermann Eschke, sculptor, professor at the Berlin Academy of Art, seen here in the foreground, has raised a petition amongst the conservative members of the Verein, to force through the immediate removal of Munch's "anarchistic smears."" "The conservative majority is led by Anton von Werner, a painter of court and battle scenes for the Kaiser." "Von Werner, strongly attacked by the liberals who refer to him as a "boots and uniform" painter, urges the removal of Munch's "Schmiererei"." " This rubbish doesn't belong here." " That's not what I think." "In opposition to these conservatives, is a small caucus of liberal artists, amongst them Ludwig Knaus who argue not so much for Munch's freedom of expression, as against the social incorrectness of the Berlin Academy for throwing out an invited guest." "Amid reports of anarchist activities in Paris and rising beer taxes in Bavaria, the German newspapers headline the struggle taking place within the Verein." "We must be united on objective grounds." "That's nonsense!" "No!" "We'll withdraw from the Society if the exhibition is closed down." "On the 11th November, a conservative bloc carry the vote to close the exhibition, and Munch is ordered to remove his "Schmiererei"." "The Kunstchronik charges Edvard Munch with "brutality, crudity and baseness of expression."" "The National-Zeitung accuses "this man E. Blunch"" "of selling himself body and soul to the French Impressionists." "Edvard Munch has arrived in Imperial Germany." "One critic even states that Munch knows next to nothing and should only exhibit if he is in dire peril of dying of starvation." "I went to the Rotunda for a laugh." "Theodor Wolff, editor of the Berliner Tageblatt." "But, my God, I didn't laugh." "I found a great deal that was strange, even disgusting but I also found tones that were delicate, almost too sensitive." "A dark room washed through with moonlight." "Lonely roads." "The secretive Norwegian summer night." "I felt as though I heard the breathing of melancholy people struggling with their problems." "No sound came from their breasts." "They sat alone by the shore." "My God, I didn't laugh." "Munch, choosing to be true to his vision, has painted the clouds over the Kristiania fjord as he saw and felt them." "He argues that if he experienced clouds as blood during an agitated mood, then that is how he should paint them." "Accompanied by his "anarchistic Schmiererei"," "Edvard Munch moves into the room of a hotel in the Charlottenburg district of Berlin." "Memories and images stored for over 20 years are about to break forth." "All that is needed is one final catalyst." "On the corner of Neue Wilhelmstraße and Unter den Linden, is a tavern, serving over 900 kinds of liquor and nicknamed "The Black Pig", a meeting place for writers." "Amongst them, now living in Berlin," "August Strindberg, who holds court in "The Black Pig", where, in the words of a historian," ""he is virtually a tourist attraction for the intelligentsia."" "Laura Marholm, journalist, who with her husband has given financial aid to Strindberg, a source of growing resentment to the poverty-stricken Swedish celebrity." "With Strindberg in this room are as many Scandinavians as there are Germans." "Christian Krohg, who has accompanied his wife Oda to Berlin, where he watches her intense love affair with the Norwegian author Gunnar Heiberg." "Sigbjørn Obstfelder and, next to him, Bengt Lidforss," "Swedish botanical student, recently engaged to a 12 year-old girl." "Hermann Schlittgen, painter and engraver." "In this room, a centre of the literary storm that is to sweep over Europe, are those who have already rejected Naturalism, who are now seeking an artistic or literary means of presenting the interior macrocosm of the soul," "peering into the darkest abyss of man." "Here, in the words of a historian, ideas change hands "faster than mistresses."" "Here the writers feed upon the stacatto genius in their midst," "August Strindberg, in self-exile from Sweden, where he has been condemned as a blasphemer, where educationalists clamour for the suppression of his books, and where he is spat upon by parents in the streets." "Within this room, all is discussed:" "art, black magic, spiritualism, the philosophy of Nietzsche, the erotic work of the Belgian etcher, Félicien Rops, such as Thievery and Prostitution Rule The World." "Richard Dehmel, currently writing a cycle of poems about sex their purpose to raise sexual love to the level of religious mysticism, shortly to be prosecuted because of his description of a nun masturbating." "Stanislav Przybyszewski," "Polish-German author and medical student involved with the occult, studies satanism," "who rewrote the opening of the Gospel of St. John to read:" ""In the beginning there was sex..."" "And Edvard Munch, famous overnight as the centre of a storm that has rocked the German art world to its very foundations." "Already he has received invitations to exhibit in Düsseldorf and Cologne and he has been prevailed upon by the Berlin intellectuals to make his home here in Germany." "Right now all women hate Buddhas, hate and humiliate them, well knowing that they will never become Buddhas." "Dagny Juell, age 26, daughter of a Norwegian country doctor, who has come to Berlin to study the piano, and who has been introduced to "The Black Pig"" "by her family friend, Edvard Munch." "On the other hand, she feels a sort of instinctive sympathy for beggars, braggarts, liars and dogs, especially mangy ones." "Under the eyes of Przybyszewski, who is in love with her," "Dagny Juell now becomes the mistress of Edvard Munch." "Being married is the only possibility you women have of surviving." "You simply can't exist without a man." "If we leave you, you fall like ninepins." "The year 1893." "There is a general strike in Belgium, serious riots suppressed by the police." "Hermann Göring is born." "And Peter Iljich Tchaikovsky dies." "Not the slightest artistic tradition or affinity with accepted artistic ideals can be found in Blunch or his colleagues." "Here, in the Germany of Kaiser Wilhelm II," "Edvard Munch begins work on the subjective image of a naked woman, seen as from the viewpoint of her partner in sexual intercourse." "Around her head, the halo of a Madonna." "For his exterior model, Munch uses Dagny Juell." "1893." "An army bill increases the size of the German armed forces." "An anarchist bomb explodes in the Paris Chamber of Deputies." "When he breathed it felt as though his chest had come loose" "and all his blood would pour out through his mouth." "Jesus Christ!" "Strindberg has posed to Munch the question," ""What is jealousy?"" "and has answered" ""Jealousy is not the fear of losing" ""but the fear of dividing."" "Przybyszewski feels differently." "He believes that no man should possess another human being and has even offered the key of his apartment to Strindberg, so that he may avail himself of Przybyszewski's common-in-law wife." "Strindberg has declined." "Przybyszewski tells Munch that he believes sex to be life's basic substance and the inner essence of individuality, the ever-creating, the transforming and the destructive." "Sex created the brain, says Przybyszewski, but between them there will always be a constant fight that will inevitably lead to death and destruction." "I feel better now." "May I look out the window?" "Working simultaneously on themes of love, pain, despair and death," "searching for the ever-elusive artistic solution to the expression of his feelings," "Edvard Munch turns now to tempera, the use of egg-white to roughen the quality of the oil, to flatten and condense the image." "He begins a new canvas depicting the death of his sister, one of a series to deal with the grief and isolation of his family," "of himself." "God bless you, my child." "Munch depicts himself, his brothers and sisters, at the same age as if these events were happening in the present." " Something to drink?" " No, thank you." "Do you have a nice hotel room?" "What do you think of the girls?" "Perhaps you'd like a chubby girl?" "In her will" "Mother asked us to be good and to love Jesus." "We all had to promise her that we would go on believing in Jesus." "I am so fond of the dark." "Munch paints his Madonna with what he calls "a corpse's smile", the moment of conception." ""Life shakes the hand of death."" "Will you be staying the whole night or only half an hour?" "The night." "30 marks, please." "At some time in this period, Strindberg, who is now courting an Austrian woman living in Berlin, takes Dagny Juell as his mistress." "Referring to himself as "Andersson", he writes in his notes:" ""Andersson liberates her from the anxiety" ""of a disorderly way of living." ""The hollow cheeks are filled out with fiery blood." ""The creator admires his creation." ""The painter is ignored and accepts it without protest."" "It's good to stay longer" "It's much better." "Thank you." ""A kiss, a kiss is not a sin..."" "Munch begins work on a canvas showing a woman bent over the neck of a weakened man." "He says of this painting that" ""in reality, all it is" ""is a woman kissing a man on the nape of the neck."" "He calls the painting Love and Pain." "But to Przybyszewski, the work depicts Woman sucking the strength from a man." "He retitles the painting The Vampire." "Munch lets the new title stay." "February 1893." "Edvard Munch is in Copenhagen." "The first exposure of his work in Denmark." "It is his 15th exhibition." "Munch uses the occasion to study the effect of his paintings placed next to one another in the order of their developing theme, for now he is planning, and working on, a whole cycle of paintings that will link together," "a Frieze of Life, as Munch calls it, to unfold the very meaning of nature and existence." "It's so calm." "May I kiss you?" "Munch returns to Berlin." "The Danish critics echo the Norwegians and the Germans:" ""Some of the pictures are shockingly bad." ""There is little hope that the artist's talent will develop."" "Do you sleep better now?" ""The disease is almost certainly incurable."" "The woman known as Mrs. Heiberg divorces her husband on the 4th April 1891 and remarries a month later." "Her ex-husband, the doctor, dies shortly afterwards." "Has anyone tried to love a woman who walks like a man, talks like a man, moves like a man?" "It's like loving a man who acts like a woman." "Disgusting!" "Przybyszewski says of this painting:" ""A man broken in spirit," ""on his neck the face of a biting vampire." ""There is something terribly silent, passionless about this picture." ""The man spins around and around, powerless." ""He cannot rid himself of that vampire nor of the pain" ""and the woman will always sit there, will bite eternally."" "In his canvas Death In The Sickroom, contrasted to the detailed, staring face of his younger sister Inger," "Munch depicts himself turned away, in profile, his face a blank mask." "He was very happy that Edvard had received the scholarship." "But he was sorry that he had forgotten to send Edvard's Bible." "I've written to Edvard to say that he must buy one." "At this period, as he paints Mrs. Heiberg standing outside her summer cottage, her shadow looming large, the psychic and sexual tension of Edvard Munch is at an unbearable peak." "Constantly, his nerves are at breaking point as he struggles to find the artistic solution to expressing his feelings." "He is isolated from his family, separated for ever from his father." "His work is rejected in his own country." "He watches his mistress, Dagny Juell, pass from one hand to another." "His bronchial condition is worsening." "He is drinking heavily." "It's far too dangerous to share a woman with another man." "If a man mounts a woman who has just been with another man, the preceding man's sperm will enter the organ of the man now mounting her." "He believes that he is going insane, that he is about to die." "With Sigbjørn Obstfelder, Edvard Munch briefly visits Kristiania." "At the same time, in Berlin," "Dagny Juell is marrying" "Stanislav Przybyszewski." "This can't go on." "I can't put up with anymore." "Emotions..." "I can't have emotions." "I wait and then she comes and simply walks past with a smile." ""I look." "I look at the white sky." ""I look at the grey-blue clouds." "I look at the bloody sun." ""So this is the world." "This is the home of the planets." ""A drop of rain." ""I look at the high buildings." ""I look at the thousand windows, At the distant church spire." ""So this is the world." "So this is the home of mankind." ""The grey-blue clouds gather." "The sun disappears." ""I look at well-dressed gentlemen." "I look at smiling ladies." ""I look at leaning horses and the grey-blue clouds grow heavy." ""I look." "I look." ""I must have come to the wrong globe." "Everything is so strange."" "In late 1893, using pastel on a base of cardboard," "Edvard Munch creates The Shriek." "December 1893." "A gallery on the Unter den Linden in Berlin." "Edvard Munch's 24th exhibition." "Amongst the works exhibited, are 5 of his Life Frieze, listed in the catalogue under the title" "Studies for a Series on Love." "I placed the paintings together and it was as though each painting was connected to the others." "Then there came a tone, a musical tone linking the pictures together." "So, if a relationship between two people is to be sound and I think it can be so even if not forever," "it must be based on mutual regard, on tolerance." "In the words of Oskar Kokoschka, the Austrian Expressionist painter," ""It was given to Edvard Munch's deeply probing mind" ""to diagnose" ""panic dread" ""in what was apparently social progress."" "One member of the public writes in his catalogue that the exhibition is "the world's greatest swindle." ""Junk!" "Take it all the insane asylum."" "And Munch himself has written, in pencil in the red sky of The Shriek," ""could only have been painted by a madman."" "1894." "A canvas entitled Anxiety." "The faces of Edvard Munch," "Stanislav Przybyszewski and Dagny Juell." "Przybyszewski has himself published a short novel in which the hero gives his wife to an artist and luxuriates is the feelings of hate and jealousy that he has aroused in himself." "English doctors have proved that if two children lie together the weaker will absorb strength from the stronger." "Which of them loses by it, do you think?" "The stronger." "And the male is the stronger?" "Yes." "August Strindberg describes Munch's canvas The Kiss as" ""the fusion of two beings," ""the smaller of which, shaped like a carp," ""seems on the point of devouring the larger," ""as is the habit of vermin," ""microbes, vampires and women."" "I have also written something to Edvard, my eldest son." ""Do not covet" ""that which is on earth" ""but rather that which is in heaven." ""Keep watch and pray." ""Your mother."" "Munch creates yet another version of Melancholy." "Blank against the twisting, sinuous shore of Åsgårdstrand, two rocks, like the black eyes of a snake," "stare at him." "I can't go on." "A predominant characteristic of Munch's work in this period is the lack of contact between the human beings in his paintings." "People remain isolated even though in direct physical contact." "The sensory organs disappear, faces become blank, hands are clubs or curved hooks, as the features of human contact are eliminated." "For Edvard Munch himself, human contact is becoming a matter of fear, fear of his own ego dissolving into the psyche and into the body of another." "Colours, brushwork and lines express so much." "They are fantastic." "No artist can compete with him." "To be honest, I don't like these paintings at all." "I am no art expert but they don't say anything to me." "I don't like his art at all." "It's so unnatural." "The colours are not natural... blue trees..." "I don't like it." "His figures are no more than suggested." "Munch makes a powerful impression on me." "He reflects a great deal of humanity in his paintings and shows brutal reality, as life is." "I am a compatriot of Munch and I've heard it said of him that he's an awful, dreadful man." "But I like it." "He says something about human beings and he speaks to me." "I know a little about the situation." "I feel that he speaks the truth." "This is how I really believe it is." "Working in hotel bedrooms, on park and railway station benches, in bars and restaurants, using the small piece of copper which he carries in his pocket," "Edvard Munch begins his first engraving, the theme which he captured the prior year on his canvas" "Death And The Maiden." "A naked woman, stretched on tip-toe, presses her full body into the embrace of Death." "Towards the end of the 19th century, a new interest has developed in the medium of the graphic." "In Germany, Munch, here in the company of a professor of graphic art at Berlin University, studies the latest trends in copper engraving." "In particular, the widely published etchings of the German Max Klinger." "Here, his cycle of eight developing studies entitled Eine Liebe," "A Love." "The technical brilliance of Klinger's work, its painstakingly studied detail, its use of black and white masses, its fashionable though superficially treated themes of eroticism and despair, intrigue Munch and reinforces his desire to treat a similar cycle" "on a far deeper and more expressive level." "I met a young woman on the street one evening." "Her eyes attracted me." "They were large childish eyes." "I looked at her." "She turned and we walked together." ""Do you want to come up?" I said." "In my room she seemed a little shabbily dressed and her face was a little harrowed." "But her eyes were beautiful." ""Why did you come with me?" I said." ""That's why I walk the streets," she said." "Munch writes in his diary:" ""Ill, ill and lonely." ""He wanted to put his tired head on a soft lady's breast," ""smell her perfume, hear her heartbeat." ""Feel her soft curved breasts to his cheek." ""And, when he looked up, meet her look above him," ""and then he would close his eyes and feel her warm deep look" ""and her soft lustful smile." ""And then she would stroke his hair softly downwards..." ""downwards..."" "In Munch's diaries appear these words:" ""I greeted." ""The girl friend laughed a little." ""The pale one smiled a bit, too." ""May I introduce myself?" "Painter." "I take the liberty..." ""I want to paint you." ""I bought half a bottle of port and went to the studio with them."" ""Then you'll come tomorrow?" she said." "Yes." "She hid the flowers." "Neither her sister nor her father had noticed." "They would have laughed if they had seen it." "He thought of her all day afterwards." "It was true that she looked tired of life." "But she was kind." "Was it true?" "They stopped." "Brandt looked at the large house, sombre-looking between the trees." "The maids had gone to bed." "Then it was as if he was supposed to say something but was unable to find the words." ""I have to go," she said slowly." "He put out his hand and took hers without shaking it." ""Goodbye then," he said and left." ""She was a swan." ""I lived down in the water among slime and horrible animals," ""remembered a time time when I lived up there." ""I forced myself up, reached for the swan." ""Couldn't reach it." ""I saw my face, terribly pale." ""I heard a shriek and I knew it was I who had cried." ""The swan was far away."" "Constantly seeking other forms of graphic art," "Munch moves to etching and aquatint, the use of acid to bite the image, and a base of cooked resin powder to give added texture." "His theme, a man comforting a crying woman." "During the two years of 1893 and 1894, sometimes alone, sometimes with the help of Adolf Paul, biographer of Strindberg," "Edvard Munch lists, labels, checks, crates and dispatches upwards of 50 or 60 canvases to each of nearly a dozen major exhibitions:" "Dresden, Breslau, Hamburg, Berlin, Frankfurt." "He travels hundreds of miles by train." "Sorrow..." "Sunset..." "Countless hotel bedrooms, often working on three or four canvasses simultaneously and always under attack." "In July 1894, at the age of 31, having painted for 14 years, created some 80 canvases, organized 30 exhibitions," "Edvard Munch receives his first serious recognition as an artist," "500 miles from his own homeland, the publication in Berlin of four essays by the influential art-critic Julius Meier-Graefe," "Stanislav Przybyszewski and two other German critics, the first evaluation of Edvard Munch's art and its importance for the contemporary age." "At this time, Strindberg is in Paris, already separated from his wife, living in the utmost poverty, engaged in chemical experiments, trying to make gold from copper, about to begin the writing of his short story Inferno," "an autobiographical study of psychological collapse." "At this time, Edvard Munch is beginning to suffer from agoraphobia, a fear of open spaces." "He walks close to walls and dreads to cross an open square." "He had a stroke on Monday evening and died three days later." "The book written by Meier-Graefe," "Przybyszewski and the two other critics becomes a milestone in understanding Edvard Munch's work." "A paraphrase of a line by Goethe provides the best formula for the impression which it radiates;" ""Here and now" ""a new phase begins in the history of art" ""and you can say that you witnessed it."" "1894." "President Carnot of France assassinated." "Alfred Dreyfus arrested." "In Sicily, food riots, martial law, suppression of the Italian socialist parties." "Japan declares war on China." ""How dark it grew at once." ""How vast and threateningly black the sky grew." ""Endless, listening, the stillness of death" ""Close, close and far, far away." ""How dark it grew." ""Stay with me tonight." ""My soul is frightened and anxious." ""The dark holds such strange shadows" ""And the stillness such strange tones." ""My friends leave and I sit alone, deep into the night." ""What grows bright over the mountains?" ""What glows over the sea?" "What glints through the dark?" ""What burns in the wind?" ""Not clouds against the red sky." ""Not the reflected light of a day which is dead." ""It is fire, which licks and blood which runs" ""A fiery sword and a fire-red river." ""It is the anguish of doomsday and the torments of death." ""A scripture, which blazes through the halls of night," ""With the mysterious anguish of life." ""Deep in the night I sat alone." ""I felt how a pain-filled scream Passed over the Godforsaken world."" "April 19, 1895." "Munch's younger brother, Peter Andreas, marries Johanne Kinck, age 22, daughter of a headmaster." "Munch writes: "He should not have gone through with it." ""From father's side of the family we inherited poor nerves." ""Then there was mother's lung weakness..."" "The year 1895." "H. G. Wells writes The Time Machine." "Sigmund Freud founds psychoanalysis." "Italian troops advance into Ethiopia." "And Edvard Munch creates a new lithograph," "Self-portrait With Skeleton Arm." "Can't you stay?" "It's so lovely here." " No, I can't." " Don't you want to?" "No." "How strange you are." "Not like others." "He slept little that night." "His lips burned." "He pressed his hand against them." "He was back amongst the trees." "He felt again how she gave way, how everything disappeared." "Once again he felt the tickling softness against his mouth." "How often have you sat at home and waited for your wife, listening for every step?" "She said she was going to meet a woman friend she seldom met." "October 1895." "The Blomqvist gallery in Kristiania." "Munch exhibits 40 works." "Amongst them, The Life Frieze." "The exhibition is heavily is attacked." "The newspaper Morgenbladet states:" ""so much nonsense and ugliness..." ""dreadful..." "low and repulsive..." "grimacing and confused..." ""crude and shrieking hideousness."" "The newspaper Aftenposten attacks The Life Frieze as being" ""a number of sensual fantasies," ""the hallucinations of a sick mind."" "A boycott of the building is called for and the police are summoned." "This is the worst I've seen." "I don't understand any of it." "And the colours are so ugly." "Besides, it's highly immoral." "If one goes there, one almost has to sneak in by the backdoor." "How can a young man who looks so nice create things like this?" "One can't take one's family along and enjoy the art." "I'm not an advocate of censorship but why should things like this be exhibited?" "After all, children might see them." "Edvard Munch returns to Berlin." "Abroad, people will wonder what sort of morals we have." "It's not just ugly." "He paints such unpleasant things, things one doesn't speak of, at least my husband and I." "I regard this as something which must come to an end." "In late November, Peter Andreas Munch, now married for six months, writes to his family," ""I can't stand life anymore,"" "and 3 weeks later is dead." "Many of Munch's contemporaries now rally to his support, realizing that his art is probing into a new and revolutionary understanding of the human psyche." "Munch seeks peculiarity, mystery in everything he sees." "He sees the world in wave-lines, trees, shorelines, female hair, trembling bodies." "Like no other Norwegian painter" "Munch aims at making our innermost tremble." "Working on the theme of the staring, isolated faces in his oil on canvas Anxiety," "Munch now turns to the final of the graphic arts that he is to conquer:" "woodcut." "Already he has seen the use made by Paul Gauguin of the grain and texture in wood," "the stark and simple outlines of the blocks cut in Tahiti." "The Japanese use of differently coloured contours of wood." "The instant impact in the use of primary white and black by the Frenchman Paul Valloton." "In this field Munch perhaps surpasses all his other work." "He invents a method of cutting out individual pieces of wood shaped to various contours in the picture, inking the pieces in their different colours and then fitting them back together again like a jigsaw, ready for printing." "He uses the grain in the wood and takes again the familiar themes of the Frieze of Life, reducing them to an essential force and simplicity, for which he has been searching for 10 years." "Seeking for more effective ways of spreading his philosophy of life and death," "constantly fighting against what he sees as the suppression of his own personality," "Edvard Munch turns more and more to graphic art with its multiple prints." "Within one year his graphic output has tripled, as he turns from dry-point to etching, to wood-cut to lithography in black and white and colour." "In a letter written by the nurse of Peter Andreas Munch, were these words:" ""He asked me to read a little to him on the Friday afternoon." ""He wanted Christ's speech from the summit." ""With each attack of suffocation I had to give him a shot of naphta," ""in the last attack three shots." ""On the Saturday night, we put him in his bridegroom clothes."" "Your paper has mentioned Munch's paintings as" ""confused and inarticulate, dreadful" ""or nauseating distortions."" " Yes" " Isn't that rather strong language?" "Yes, it is." "What we feel about Munch's painting is expressed in a footnote I added personally to our review:" ""It is true that the public is annoyed by these disgusting works." ""How regrettable then that such exhibitions draw full houses." ""An empty gallery would be the best way to control these extravagances."" "I agree with Aftenposten." "This is not art, it is dirt." "For the next 14 years," "Edvard Munch is to lead a life of increasing pain and isolation." "His illness, aggravated by smoking and alcohol, is to grow worse." "He is torn by the themes of jealousy and suffering, by the thought of his own death and his descent into a literal hell." "The conservative press is to continue its attacks on his work and, other than for periods spent at Åsgårdstrand, where he once met with Mrs. Heiberg, he is to spend most of 14 years travelling endlessly from one country to another." "He is to paint a major theme, The Dance Of Life, in which the couples do not see each other." "And, though most of his work is to deal with the problems of human communication," "Munch is to try again again with two more relationships, one of which will result in physical and psychic injury and, following a nervous breakdown, he will finally place himself into a psychiatric clinic in Copenhagen in 1908." "At the same time, Munch is to be notified that he has been made a Knight of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav." "Did you notice me much before?" "Yes, I often looked at you." "I thought that you looked like Christ." "Sit here." "Edvard Munch's aunt, Karen Bjølstad, will never marry." "His sister Inger will never marry." "Laura Munch will withdraw deeper into her isolation and will spend a brief period in a clinic." "Oda Lasson is to break with with Gunnar Heiberg and to become the lover of a Norwegian doctor while remaining married to Christian Krohg." "Aase Carlsen will remain married until her death at the age of 40." "Dagny Juell, accompanied by Stanislav Przybyszewski, will go to Tiflis to meet with a Russian lover" "who will shoot her through the head." "The woman, known as "Mrs. Heiberg"" "will divorce for the second time in 1911." "She and Edvard Munch will never meet again." ""I felt as if there were invisible threads between us." ""I felt as if invisible threads from her hair" ""still twisted themselves around me." ""And, when she completely disappeared there, over the ocean," ""then I felt still how it hurt," ""where my heart bled," ""because the threads" ""could not be broken.""