"In the seas around Australia, cataclysmic forces have formed thousands of islands - of all shapes and sizes, from tiny tropical ones to giants with huge snow capped peaks." "They stretch from Australia in a great arc, from New Guinea in the north, right out into the Pacific and down to New Zealand." "If Australia itself seems strange, its island relatives and their unique creatures are stranger still." "No other continent has given birth to such an explosion of fabulous island landscapes and their weird wildlife." "So how did the dry, old giant, Australia, end up surrounded by such a glittering necklace of wild ocean jewels?" "Just a few thousand years ago, the tip of Northern Australia oozed out into a vast swampy plain that stretched all the way to New Guinea." "Today, in Australia's Top End, you can still get an idea of that great swamp in a watery landscape called Kakadu." "It's an oasis for water birds, including huge flocks of magpie geese." "Kakadu's swamps are created every year by monsoon floods." "They transform the parched landscape into a rich, living broth and millions of water birds find it irresistible." "And something else finds them irresistible too the salt-water crocodile." "Muddy water provides the perfect camouflage for these huge, six metre long reptiles." "A magpie goose makes a nice bite-sized snack." "It will probably last him a week." "Kakadu may be full of life, but it can give us only a tiny glimpse of what those enormous swamps of thousands of years ago must have been like." "In those days, sea levels were much lower." "But about 10,000 years ago, world sea levels rose and the swamp was drowned by the ocean, completely cutting off New Guinea from Australia." "The tops of a few hills survived the flooding, and today, like stepping stones, they lead a path from Australia to the giant new island of New Guinea." "It was connected to the mainland for millions of years - but now, it couldn't look more different." "While much of Australia is dusty and dry, most of New Guinea is covered in lush tropical rainforest." "The landscape may look very different, but the wildlife still has that eccentric Australian blend of the improbable and the ingenious..." "This is the long beaked echidna." "It's about twice the size of its Australian cousin." "It's also called the giant spiny anteater, but it doesn't eat ants." "Instead, it uses its long nose to probe for worms, sniffing for them as it wanders through the forest." "When it catches the merest whiff of a worm, it uses its nose like a dibber, poking it in and out of the ground until it finds a snack." "To haul the worm in, it spears it on a special barbed tongue then up it goes, like a piece of spaghetti." "Because New Guinea was connected to Australia for so long, it has a lot of familiar Australian animals, like kangaroos." "But these are not your typical roos - they live up in the forest canopy." "Although they spend most of their time in trees, they don't look very sure-footed." "But it's worth the effort." "There are no monkeys or squirrels to compete with here, so if the kangaroos can reach it, the entire canopy of leaves is there for the taking." "This baby will learn from its mother about which leaves to eat and which fruit or lichen to round off the meal." "It's not an easy world for Joeys to learn to move about in and they'll stick by their mothers for up to two years before they're ready to live on their own." "New Guinea is covered in dramatic mountains and it has Australia, one of the flattest continents on earth, to thank." "Over millions of years, Australia has been drifting northwards and New Guinea has buckled up under the pressure." "Some of these rise as high as 5000 metres, into peaks of ice and snow." "These huge mountains have divided the island into hundreds of ridges and valleys." "Within these, an endless variety of different landscapes have been created, many with isolated pockets of extraordinary and unique wildlife." "And you don't get much more extraordinary than the birds of paradise." "Like animated neon signs, these fabulously adorned males advertise to females in an explosion of colour and sound." "And in case this isn't eye catching enough, they dance as well." "38 of the world's 42 species of bird of paradise live only here." "Of all of these, the Raggiana must be amongst the most dazzling." "Males dance together on a specially prepared stage, which they've completely cleared of leaves." "And this is who they're desperate to please." "When these drab females arrive, the males give it everything they've got." "Females are hard to satisfy and they'll only mate with the male who impresses them the most." "When a female flies in for a closer look, it sends the males into a frenzy." "And when she finally makes her choice - he's unstoppable." "He's laying it on a bit thick here but she seems to like it." "These beautiful feathers also make fabulous costumes for the people of New Guinea." "Each year, tribes from all over the highlands gather in displays that almost outdo the showmanship of the birds themselves." "Hundreds of isolated cultures have evolved here, with as many different languages - more than any other place on earth." "The dry landscape of Australia couldn't support great numbers of Aborigines, but the fertile mountains of New Guinea allowed the development of settled agriculture and a huge explosion of peoples and cultures." "On this one island, there are as many different ways of life as there are valleys and mountainsides." "Many of these tribes were so isolated, they weren't discovered by Europeans until the middle of the 20th century." "While Australia was a harsh, unpredictable place to survive in, these mountain slopes could not be more hospitable." "Over 9,000 years ago, people started gardens here." "From plots like this, of sweet potato, they've now manicured entire hillsides into a patchwork of allotments." "Even so, large parts of the island are too steep to cultivate." "Rugged cliffs and a lot of rain keep these areas thick with forest." "Where there are gaps, waterfalls plummet down to join streams below." "With so much rainfall, these streams very quickly swell into rivers." "It's such a wet place; the rivers are huge, twisting across vast floodplains." "The largest of them has more water in it than all the rivers in Australia put together." "Eventually, they flow through extensive deltas until they meet the ocean." "In these seas around New Guinea, hundreds of smaller island stretch out - to the west, towards Indonesia, and eastwards, into the Pacific." "Almost all of them are highly volcanic." "Violent eruptions literally blasted new islands out of the sea." "These are some of the most volcanically active islands on earth " "Vanuatu, the Solomons, New Ireland and New Britain." "The volcanoes are on a sort of geological conveyor belt - new ones are continually being born, and then worn away - creating thousands of miles of coastline for coral to grow on." "And as these islands begin to die and sink back beneath the waves, the tips of extinct volcanoes form more coral reefs." "In just a single bay on any of these reefs, you could find as many coral species and different kinds of fish as there are on the whole of the Great Barrier Reef." "It's a kaleidoscope of life and colour, with layer upon layer of species, like an intricately constructed Russian doll." "Barrel sponges live on the corals feather stars live on the barrel sponges and tiny fish live on the feather stars." "Anemones here have anemone fish and tiny little transparent shrimps." "And on some parts of the reef, creatures move about in costume." "This little prawn masquerades as a sea whip." "This tadpole sized pygmy sea horse is disguised as a piece of coral." "From a distance, it's virtually invisible." "Some animals take this deception even further." "These razor fish already wear beautiful striped costumes to look like sea whips, but they add to the disguise by swimming vertically, like a weird piece of performance art." "They only swim horizontally to dash from one group of whips, to another." "It's safer to move about in disguise, because this busy neighbourhood attracts plenty of predators - like these jacks." "They work the reef in gangs, trying to flush out smaller fry." "But as they muscle in on a patch, the neighbourhood dives for cover." "One bully heads underneath, scaring all the fish out through the top, while the other members of the gang wait above... mouths open." "The gang does well with these tactics, but they're just a bunch of small time thugs - not even in the same league as some of the predators here..." "Huge saltwater crocodiles roam these seas." "They are capable of swimming great distances to find new territories - large ones have been seen several hundred kilometres out to sea." "With this sort of range, it's been easy for them to colonise many of the volcanic islands of the pacific." "But while these islands have attracted all sorts of marine life, including crocodiles, land creatures like mammals have found it harder to get here." "Unless they can raft across or swim, they're too far out." "But there has been one exception..." "An invasion by air." "Squadrons of bats, especially the larger fruit bats." "In fact, New Guinea and the islands that surround it are probably the fruit bat capital of the world." "There are more species here than anywhere else on earth." "These large fruit bats are strong travellers - they can fly fifty kilometres in an evening in search of food." "Island hopping across the pacific is all in a night's work." "It's well worth the journey because the island forests are full of all sorts of fruit." "With such a wide selection, there's room for lots of different fruit specialists - this tube nosed bat is a professional fig eater." "As these bats move about from island to island, they can also act as seed couriers." "They make unorthodox postmen though, opening their parcels with strong teeth and either dropping their contents where they eat, or swallowing and depositing them, perhaps on another island." "Beyond this chain of islands, the explosive activity begins to die away." "And further out in the Pacific, there's a graveyard of extinct volcanoes." "One of these is Lord Howe Island." "It retired from life as an active volcano about 6 million years ago." "A small speck in a vast expanse of ocean, it's become a valuable service station for thousands of sea birds." "Each Spring, it transforms into seabird city." "Fourteen different species stop here to nest and breed, like this booby and noddy terns too." "Above them, the skies are filled with acrobatic tumblers," "Tropic birds in full display." "The males are busy trying to impress a mate and outdo each other, by performing a series of extraordinary backward loops." "The sooty tern is more graceful." "They arrive in their thousands, to breed and bring up their chicks." "But with so many crammed onto this island, how on earth does a parent find the right mouth to feed?" "And how does this chick make sure it doesn't miss out on a meal?" "That one's getting pilchard..." "And another's got a lump of squid..." "This is getting difficult to watch..." "He's got squid as well." "At last, the hungry chick calls out for room service, and he's located by one of his parents." "The response is instant, and at last he gets a lump of his own to choke on." "Australia has island relatives further out, even than Lord Howe." "This is New Caledonia - Captain Cook called it that because it reminded him of Scotland." "Jurassic Park might be more appropriate." "New Caledonia didn't erupt from the seabed, like the other islands." "It's an ancient chunk of eastern Australia, that broke off about 80 million years ago - a lost world, so old and strange, you could almost believe that dinosaurs still live here." "In fact, at the time it broke away, many of these plants would have been eaten by dinosaurs." "But this island is so remote, there are no land mammals here." "After 80 million years of isolation," "New Caledonia is still ruled by reptiles." "Its modern masters are lizards, geckos and skinks." "New Caledonia has more species of lizard for its size than probably anywhere else on earth." "And New Caledonia has its own monster - the giant gecko." "It's as big as a rat, the largest gecko in the world, with a ferocious reputation to match." "This really is the land of the lizard." "Over 80 per cent of the species here are unique." "At the same time that New Caledonia broke away, an even larger chunk of Australia drifted off and floated right down towards the southern ocean." "It eventually became New Zealand." "It lies on the edge of the Australian continental plate, which drops away into the really deep water of the Pacific Ocean proper " "so deep that sperm whales come to feed right on its doorstep." "And because New Zealand sits at a crossroads of cold and warm currents, it's a magnet for all sorts of marine life." "Dusky dolphins are one of many species of dolphin that play in these deep waters." "They are some of the most acrobatic of all dolphins - if one starts to somersault and spin out of the water, the whole group joins in." "Although New Zealand broke off from Australia about eighty million years ago, it's still drifting across the ocean creating huge geological forces." "It's a highly active piece of the earth's crust." "Fire and steam seep to the surface from volcanoes, mud pools and explosive geysers." "This long history of violent geology has contorted the islands into a spectacular variety of landscapes." "These Southern Alps are 4000 metres high and still rising." "It's as if this part of New Zealand never escaped the Ice Age." "It could not be more inhospitable here." "And yet It's a mountain parrot." "The only alpine parrot in the world to live right up in the snow." "And they seem to enjoy it." "They're called Keas and to survive up here, these birds aren't just hardy." "They need to be sharp operators to live on these harsh mountains." "To learn all the tricks they'll need to survive, they have extended childhoods and live for up to 20 years." "So there's plenty of time to play." "Monkeying around on the slopes like this, they seem more like primates than parrots." "These alpine Keas are unique to New Zealand..." "In fact, after such long isolation, most of New Zealand's wildlife and plants are unique." "This is a place that does weird wildlife better than anywhere else... and one of the strangest creatures of all, hunts in the forest, at night." "It has fur-like feathers and it sniffs out its food like a mammal." "It even keeps its body temperature at the level of a mammal." "But it's a flightless bird." "New Zealand seems to excel in these oddball birds - and the Kiwi has to be one of the oddest balls of fluff on the forest floor." "There are no ground living mammals here, so when the Kiwi auditioned for the part of hedgehog or badger, it got the job - sniffing out grubs and worms, just like they would." "Sometimes it goes fishing for shrimp in the forest streams." "It even has whiskers, like a cat." "And like many mammals, the males hold territories, and defend them by calling." "But when it comes to looking after the eggs, male Kiwis are different from most animals." "The males take on the job of incubating them, all alone." "And they do this in underground burrows." "This father has a newly hatched youngster and an egg that still needs incubating." "Kiwis lay enormous eggs - the largest of any bird, relative to its size - and they take ten weeks to hatch." "It's not always easy to sit still, with a toddler constantly messing up the nursery." "This chick is probably pestering for food - and if it is, it'll be disappointed." "Male kiwis are dedicated incubators, but meals are not included." "Eventually, this youngster will become hungry enough to leave the nest and look for food itself." "Some of New Zealand's strangest creatures live down here on the forest floor." "The Weta - the world's largest cricket." "Just as the Kiwi fills the role of a hedgehog, the Weta is New Zealand's answer to a mouse." "And just like a mouse, it forages around amongst the leaf litter." "But whatever role it fills, it still looks like a big juicy insect and it had better watch out." "In this strange forest, even the bats do things differently." "These short-tailed bats are beginning to spend less and less time in the air, and more and more time on the ground - doing their impression of a mole." "Just like some of the birds, they seem to be becoming flightless and prefer burrowing under the leaf litter for grubs and insects." "These bats are hardly bigger than the wetas, but a jumbo-sized snack like this is too good to miss." "The weta puts up quite a fight, but eventually the bat gets its meal." "New Zealand's strangeness has a lot to do with its long isolation from the rest of the world." "And that's also why it took so long to be discovered by people." "It was only a thousand years ago that the first Polynesians paddled their way from Hawaii and settled here." "They began to make changes to the landscape but nothing like what was to come later on..." "Europeans arrived here only 200 years ago, but in that time, they have transformed it." "Forests have been replaced by fields and roads, towns and modern cities." "Almost every corner of New Zealand now has felt the influence of the modern world - even the remote southern alps are now buzzing with skiers." "And the wildlife, once so isolated, has had to adapt." "For the Keas, at least, this has not been difficult." "An invasion of brightly coloured human beings is like a dream come true." "The arrival of crowds like these just widens their scope for fun." "And always on the lookout for something to eat they've learnt some new tricks as well." "Younger keas roam about like gangs of delinquent teenagers." "And of course, as any teenager will tell you, the place to hang out is the car park." "There are plenty of things to dismantle here - rubber trim is easy but these ski racks are more difficult." "They're just doing what comes naturally - making a detailed investigation of the world around them." "But even though they enjoy the party," "New Zealand is becoming too crowded, even for Keas." "For many of the rest of New Zealand's birds, man's arrival has been devastating." "Even though humans rarely visit valleys and forests like these, the cats, stoats and rats they brought with them have all but massacred the local bird population." "And another animal has invaded forests throughout New Zealand the Australian Brush-tailed possum." "It may look cuddly - but when 90 million of them bulldoze their way through every forest, eating eggs and chicks, they cause complete havoc." "None of these animals belong here and all of them have had a devastating effect on the wildlife, especially on the unique birds." "When explorers first came to New Zealand, they described the dawn chorus as deafening - now, these same forests are almost silent." "But New Zealand has 700 smaller islands scattered around its coastline." "Many of these are rarely visited by people, and on some the cats, stoats, possums and rats that have exterminated so much wildlife everywhere else, have been kept way." "These islands are now the last refuge for some of New Zealand's rarest birds." "This is the Kakapo and it has every reason to look depressed." "It's a flightless relative of the Kea, and although it's the world's largest parrot, it's also the world's slowest breeding bird." "It may raise a chick successfully only once every ten years." "Today, it survives on just a couple of offshore islands, and only because of a huge conservation campaign to keep it alive." "Biologists feed the adults and monitor their chicks round the clock." "In fact, they keep the entire population of kakapos in intensive care." "Every nest has its own 24-hour security, complete with CCTV." "Miniature cameras inside the nest record every last move." "Each bird gets its own personal diary." "This military style campaign is beginning to work." "By giving them this backup, the kakapo population has increased from just a handful of birds to over 100 in just a few years." "These offshore islands are also vital for many more of New Zealand's unique birds." "This is a kokako and this is a nectar eating Tui." "And here's yet another relative of the Kea - a Kaka." "It's a forest parrot, and it lives nowhere else but New Zealand." "In these island forests there are even penguins amongst the trees." "The New Zealand that so excited early explorers, with its bustling variety and deafening choruses, seems to have found a last sanctuary on these smaller offshore islands." "This is what much of New Zealand might have been like before the invaders arrived." "Even ground nesting birds, like penguins, can relax as they used to." "They can raise their chicks here in relative peace." "Some of these islands seem almost overloaded with birds - here the bushes bubble with thousand upon thousand of shearwaters." "They still live in massive colonies." "New Zealand's offshore islands are bursting with unique wildlife." "They're like a microcosm of the whole extraordinary island chain around Australia." "Strung out across the sea, from the cold southern ocean almost to the equator, nowhere else in the world can you see such a variety of different kinds of islands." "Lost worlds, full of ancient treasures." "Every one of them a unique gem - the island jewels of Australia."