"If I" "If I could" "If I could choose," "If I could choose, I would" "If I could choose, I would never" "If I could choose, I would never have have been have been born have been born without have been born without being have been born without being able have been born without being able to to feel to feel pain." "to feel pain." "Around to feel pain." "Around the to feel pain." "Around the world, to feel pain." "Around the world, there there is there is a remarkable there is a remarkable group there is a remarkable group of there is a remarkable group of people, people, who people, who hold people, who hold the" "people, who hold the clue people, who hold the clue to people, who hold the clue to one people, who hold the clue to one of people, who hold the clue to one of science's" "science's greatest science's greatest mysteries." "science's greatest mysteries." "Pain." "science's greatest mysteries." "Pain." "It" "It can" "It can last" "It can last a few" "It can last a few seconds," "It can last a few seconds, or" "It can last a few seconds, or stay" "It can last a few seconds, or stay with with us with us for with us for years." "with us for years." "It with us for years." "It is with us for years." "It is constantly with us for years." "It is constantly there, there, all there, all the there, all the time." "there, all the time." "You there, all the time." "You get there, all the time." "You get told there, all the time." "You get told it it is it is never it is never going it is never going to it is never going to go it is never going to go away, it is never going to go away, and" "it is never going to go away, and that that is that is what that is what makes that is what makes it that is what makes it hard that is what makes it hard sometimes." "sometimes." "It sometimes." "It is sometimes." "It is an sometimes." "It is an invisible sometimes." "It is an invisible thread thread that thread that runs thread that runs through thread that runs through our thread that runs through our lives." "thread that runs through our lives." "We" "We tried" "We tried to" "We tried to escape" "We tried to escape it," "We tried to escape it, but" "We tried to escape it, but it" "We tried to escape it, but it is" "We tried to escape it, but it is essential essential for essential for our essential for our survival." "essential for our survival." "If essential for our survival." "If I was was going was going to was going to live, was going to live, if was going to live, if it was going to live, if it was was going to live, if it was going" "was going to live, if it was going to to be to be because to be because of to be because of something to be because of something I wasn't to be because of something I wasn't going" "going to going to do." "going to do." "Now going to do." "Now scientists going to do." "Now scientists are going to do." "Now scientists are making making dramatic making dramatic progress making dramatic progress in making dramatic progress in understanding understanding what understanding what pain understanding what pain is." "understanding what pain is." "Pain understanding what pain is." "Pain doesn't doesn't exist doesn't exist out doesn't exist out there." "doesn't exist out there." "Pleasure doesn't exist out there." "Pleasure doesn't doesn't exist doesn't exist out doesn't exist out there." "doesn't exist out there." "Pain doesn't exist out there." "Pain is doesn't exist out there." "Pain is a perception." "perception." "If perception." "If you perception." "If you don't perception." "If you don't have perception." "If you don't have a brain, brain, you brain, you don't brain, you don't feel brain, you don't feel pain." "brain, you don't feel pain." "And brain, you don't feel pain." "And how brain, you don't feel pain." "And how to to treat to treat it." "to treat it." "Because to treat it." "Because pain to treat it." "Because pain has to treat it." "Because pain has such a strong a strong psychological a strong psychological component a strong psychological component to a strong psychological component to it, it, psychological it, psychological treatments it, psychological treatments can it, psychological treatments can be" "it, psychological treatments can be used used to used to counteract used to counteract the used to counteract the pain." "used to counteract the pain." "Developing" "Developing radical" "Developing radical new" "Developing radical new therapies," "Developing radical new therapies, targeting targeting the targeting the source targeting the source of targeting the source of pain." "targeting the source of pain." "Together," "Together, this" "Together, this could" "Together, this could transform" "Together, this could transform the" "Together, this could transform the lives lives of lives of millions." "lives of millions." "Anything lives of millions." "Anything in lives of millions." "Anything in the lives of millions." "Anything in the lower lower arm?" "lower arm?" "There lower arm?" "There is lower arm?" "There is nothing." "lower arm?" "There is nothing." "That's lower arm?" "There is nothing." "That's good, good, that's good, that's what good, that's what we good, that's what we want." "good, that's what we want." "Do good, that's what we want." "Do that good, that's what we want." "Do that again!" "Deep" "Deep in" "Deep in the" "Deep in the heart" "Deep in the heart of" "Deep in the heart of the" "Deep in the heart of the Tuscan" "Deep in the heart of the Tuscan countryside countryside live countryside live a family countryside live a family who countryside live a family who could countryside live a family who could help help unlock help unlock one help unlock one of" "help unlock one of the help unlock one of the great help unlock one of the great questions questions about questions about pain." "questions about pain." "Why questions about pain." "Why we questions about pain." "Why we feel questions about pain." "Why we feel it it so it so differently." "it so differently." "The it so differently." "The Marsilis." "Like" "Like all" "Like all families," "Like all families, they" "Like all families, they have" "Like all families, they have their" "Like all families, they have their differences." "differences." "But differences." "But there differences." "But there is differences." "But there is one differences." "But there is one thing differences." "But there is one thing they they have they have in they have in common. they have in common." "A highly they have in common." "A highly unusual unusual trait unusual trait which unusual trait which runs unusual trait which runs through unusual trait which runs through their their family." "It" "It is" "It is a normal" "It is a normal family" "It is a normal family meal" "It is a normal family meal for" "It is a normal family meal for the" "It is a normal family meal for the Marsilis." "Marsilis." "But" "Marsilis." "But what" "Marsilis." "But what protects" "Marsilis." "But what protects most" "Marsilis." "But what protects most of" "Marsilis." "But what protects most of us us in us in a seemingly us in a seemingly harmless us in a seemingly harmless situation, situation, and situation, and throughout situation, and throughout all situation, and throughout all of" "situation, and throughout all of our our live, our live, is our live, is our our live, is our ability our live, is our ability to our live, is our ability to feel our live, is our ability to feel pain." "pain." "The pain." "The Marsilis pain." "The Marsilis are pain." "The Marsilis are different, pain." "The Marsilis are different, and and it and it starts and it starts with and it starts with the and it starts with the grandmother." "I fell" "I fell of" "I fell of an" "I fell of an escalator" "I fell of an escalator and" "I fell of an escalator and heard" "I fell of an escalator and heard myself." "myself." "I myself." "I went myself." "I went to myself." "I went to the myself." "I went to the doctor myself." "I went to the doctor and myself." "I went to the doctor and she she said, she said, you she said, you haven't she said, you haven't broken she said, you haven't broken anything anything this anything this time," "anything this time, but anything this time, but you anything this time, but you have anything this time, but you have broken broken your broken your ankle broken your ankle twice broken your ankle twice before." "broken your ankle twice before. -- broken your ankle twice before. -- and and hurt and hurt myself." "and hurt myself." "So, and hurt myself." "So, I had and hurt myself." "So, I had broken and hurt myself." "So, I had broken my my ankle my ankle twice my ankle twice and my ankle twice and never my ankle twice and never noticed my ankle twice and never noticed it." "my ankle twice and never noticed it." "Maria's" "Maria's daughter" "Maria's daughter Laetitia" "Maria's daughter Laetitia has" "Maria's daughter Laetitia has a curious curious response curious response to curious response to temperature. curious response to temperature." "I can can swim can swim in can swim in the can swim in the sea can swim in the sea at can swim in the sea at any can swim in the sea at any time can swim in the sea at any time of" "can swim in the sea at any time of year, year, even year, even when year, even when the year, even when the water year, even when the water is year, even when the water is really" "year, even when the water is really cold, cold, at cold, at around cold, at around 10 cold, at around 10 or cold, at around 10 or 11 cold, at around 10 or 11 degrees," "cold, at around 10 or 11 degrees, I am am able am able to am able to get am able to get into am able to get into the am able to get into the water am able to get into the water and" "am able to get into the water and swim swim for swim for two, swim for two, three, swim for two, three, five swim for two, three, five minutes." "swim for two, three, five minutes." "Her" "Her sister" "Her sister Elaine" "Her sister Elaine a has" "Her sister Elaine a has a problem" "Her sister Elaine a has a problem with with heat." "with heat." "Especially with heat." "Especially during with heat." "Especially during mealtime." "mealtime." "I mealtime." "I can mealtime." "I can eat mealtime." "I can eat piping mealtime." "I can eat piping hot mealtime." "I can eat piping hot food, mealtime." "I can eat piping hot food, but but I but I can't but I can't feel but I can't feel it." "but I can't feel it." "Because but I can't feel it." "Because of but I can't feel it." "Because of this, this, I this, I get this, I get blisters this, I get blisters in this, I get blisters in my this, I get blisters in my mouth." "These" "These strange" "These strange events" "These strange events even" "These strange events even extend" "These strange events even extend to" "These strange events even extend to a third third generation." "third generation." "When third generation." "When I was third generation." "When I was younger, younger, I younger, I fell younger, I fell off younger, I fell off my younger, I fell off my bicycle, younger, I fell off my bicycle, which which then" "which then fell which then fell on which then fell on my which then fell on my arm." "which then fell on my arm. 10 which then fell on my arm. 10 minutes minutes later, minutes later, I didn't minutes later, I didn't feel minutes later, I didn't feel anything," "anything, and anything, and kept anything, and kept riding. anything, and kept riding." "A few anything, and kept riding." "A few months months later months later I couldn't months later I couldn't move months later I couldn't move my months later I couldn't move my arm, months later I couldn't move my arm, because" "because I because I had because I had broken because I had broken it." "TRANSLATION:" "TRANSLATION:" "I never" "TRANSLATION:" "I never noticed" "TRANSLATION:" "I never noticed I was" "TRANSLATION:" "I never noticed I was different different from different from anyone different from anyone else, different from anyone else, but different from anyone else, but when when I when I go when I go to when I go to the" "when I go to the seaside, when I go to the seaside, everyone when I go to the seaside, everyone runs runs in runs in the runs in the sand runs in the sand because runs in the sand because it" "runs in the sand because it is runs in the sand because it is hot." "I can" "I can walk" "I can walk on" "I can walk on it" "I can walk on it normally." "I can walk on it normally." "The" "I can walk on it normally." "The Marsilis" "Marsilis count" "Marsilis count themselves" "Marsilis count themselves lucky" "Marsilis count themselves lucky that that their that their bizarre that their bizarre condition that their bizarre condition hasn't that their bizarre condition hasn't cause cause them cause them any cause them any lasting cause them any lasting injury." "cause them any lasting injury." "But cause them any lasting injury." "But in in the in the last in the last year, in the last year, a group in the last year, a group of in the last year, a group of scientists scientists have scientists have tried" "scientists have tried to scientists have tried to understand scientists have tried to understand what what exactly what exactly is what exactly is causing what exactly is causing it." "Dr" "Dr John" "Dr John would" "Dr John would travels" "Dr John would travels the" "Dr John would travels the world" "Dr John would travels the world in" "Dr John would travels the world in search search of search of people search of people who search of people who feel search of people who feel pain search of people who feel pain in search of people who feel pain in strange" "strange ways, strange ways, or strange ways, or don't strange ways, or don't feel strange ways, or don't feel pain strange ways, or don't feel pain at strange ways, or don't feel pain at all." "all." "He all." "He is all." "He is a geneticist, all." "He is a geneticist, and all." "He is a geneticist, and believes believes that believes that many believes that many of believes that many of the believes that many of the clues believes that many of the clues that that we that we all that we all feel" "that we all feel pain that we all feel pain differently that we all feel pain differently lie lie in lie in our lie in our DNA." "lie in our DNA." "One lie in our DNA." "One of lie in our DNA." "One of the lie in our DNA." "One of the amazing lie in our DNA." "One of the amazing results results of results of the results of the advances results of the advances in results of the advances in genetic results of the advances in genetic target target -- target -- technology target -- technology mean" "target -- technology mean it target -- technology mean it is target -- technology mean it is relatively relatively straightforward relatively straightforward to relatively straightforward to find relatively straightforward to find mutations mutations associated mutations associated with mutations associated with various" "mutations associated with various human human diseases." "human diseases." "We human diseases." "We have human diseases." "We have known human diseases." "We have known for human diseases." "We have known for many many years many years that many years that some many years that some aspects many years that some aspects of many years that some aspects of pain pain perception pain perception are pain perception are inherited." "pain perception are inherited." "And pain perception are inherited." "And there there have there have been there have been families there have been families with there have been families with loss there have been families with loss of of pain, of pain, or of pain, or going" "of pain, or going pain." "of pain, or going pain." "Finding of pain, or going pain." "Finding the of pain, or going pain." "Finding the genes genes that genes that are genes that are important genes that are important for genes that are important for unusual unusual paint unusual paint status unusual paint status provides unusual paint status provides us unusual paint status provides us with" "with an with an immediate with an immediate insight with an immediate insight into with an immediate insight into the with an immediate insight into the media's media's that media's that underlie media's that underlie pain media's that underlie pain perception" "perception in perception in normal perception in normal people perception in normal people -- perception in normal people -- the perception in normal people -- the mediums." "Hundreds" "Hundreds of" "Hundreds of genes" "Hundreds of genes shape" "Hundreds of genes shape how" "Hundreds of genes shape how our" "Hundreds of genes shape how our pain pain system pain system works." "pain system works." "And pain system works." "And for pain system works." "And for John, pain system works." "And for John, the the secret the secret to the secret to understanding the secret to understanding what the secret to understanding what is the secret to understanding what is happening happening in happening in the happening in the Marsilis" "happening in the Marsilis lies happening in the Marsilis lies in happening in the Marsilis lies in the the millions the millions of the millions of neurons the millions of neurons that the millions of neurons that transmit transmit messages transmit messages from" "transmit messages from our transmit messages from our body transmit messages from our body to transmit messages from our body to our our brain." "our brain." "The our brain." "The pain our brain." "The pain system our brain." "The pain system requires a whole a whole set a whole set of a whole set of neurons a whole set of neurons that a whole set of neurons that innovate innovate the innovate the skin innovate the skin and innovate the skin and the" "innovate the skin and the muscle innovate the skin and the muscle and and the and the viscera." "and the viscera." "These and the viscera." "These new and the viscera." "These new runs and the viscera." "These new runs are and the viscera." "These new runs are incredibly incredibly long." "incredibly long." "For incredibly long." "For example, incredibly long." "For example, I have have sells have sells at have sells at my have sells at my fingertips have sells at my fingertips that have sells at my fingertips that go have sells at my fingertips that go up up to" "up to my up to my spinal up to my spinal cord, up to my spinal cord, one up to my spinal cord, one nerve up to my spinal cord, one nerve cell." "cell." "If cell." "If I damage cell." "If I damage my cell." "If I damage my finger cell." "If I damage my finger by cell." "If I damage my finger by putting putting it putting it in putting it in hot putting it in hot tea, putting it in hot tea, a signal putting it in hot tea, a signal is putting it in hot tea, a signal is transmitted" "transmitted into transmitted into my transmitted into my spinal transmitted into my spinal cord." "transmitted into my spinal cord." "These" "These go" "These go up" "These go up to" "These go up to the" "These go up to the brain" "These go up to the brain stem" "These go up to the brain stem and" "These go up to the brain stem and then then finally then finally to then finally to the then finally to the cortex, then finally to the cortex, where then finally to the cortex, where pain pain is" "pain is perceived." "pain is perceived." "It pain is perceived." "It is pain is perceived." "It is this pain is perceived." "It is this pain pain is perceived." "It is this pain system system that system that is system that is not system that is not working system that is not working properly system that is not working properly in in the in the Marsilis, in the Marsilis, and" "in the Marsilis, and the in the Marsilis, and the fact in the Marsilis, and the fact it in the Marsilis, and the fact it affects affects three affects three generations, affects three generations, which" "affects three generations, which points points to points to a genetic points to a genetic link." "points to a genetic link." "We points to a genetic link." "We are points to a genetic link." "We are on points to a genetic link." "We are on our our way our way to our way to see our way to see our our way to see our friends, our way to see our friends, the our way to see our friends, the Marsilis." "Marsilis." "We" "Marsilis." "We took" "Marsilis." "We took blood" "Marsilis." "We took blood from" "Marsilis." "We took blood from my" "Marsilis." "We took blood from my grandmother, grandmother, the grandmother, the mother, grandmother, the mother, the grandmother, the mother, the sister grandmother, the mother, the sister and and her and her children." "and her children." "We and her children." "We are and her children." "We are busy and her children." "We are busy sequencing sequencing the sequencing the DNA sequencing the DNA of sequencing the DNA of various sequencing the DNA of various candidates candidates Jean candidates Jean is candidates Jean is that candidates Jean is that we candidates Jean is that we think" "candidates Jean is that we think might might underline might underline the might underline the condition." "might underline the condition. -- might underline the condition. -- candidate candidate genes." "So" "So nice" "So nice to" "So nice to see" "So nice to see you" "So nice to see you again." "So nice to see you again." "We" "So nice to see you again." "We have" "So nice to see you again." "We have actually actually got actually got some actually got some very actually got some very exciting actually got some very exciting use." "actually got some very exciting use." "Now" "Now we" "Now we are" "Now we are getting" "Now we are getting the" "Now we are getting the sequence" "Now we are getting the sequence of" "Now we are getting the sequence of every every gene every gene in every gene in your every gene in your body, every gene in your body, and every gene in your body, and we every gene in your body, and we are" "every gene in your body, and we are fairly fairly confident fairly confident that fairly confident that this fairly confident that this is fairly confident that this is a single single mutation single mutation in single mutation in the single mutation in the family" "single mutation in the family that single mutation in the family that define define some define some aspect define some aspect of define some aspect of the define some aspect of the biology define some aspect of the biology of of the" "of the sensory of the sensory neurons." "of the sensory neurons." "Which of the sensory neurons." "Which means of the sensory neurons." "Which means you you are you are completely you are completely new, you are completely new, genetically you are completely new, genetically defined defined syndrome." "defined syndrome." "We defined syndrome." "We are defined syndrome." "We are very defined syndrome." "We are very excited excited at excited at the excited at the prospect excited at the prospect of excited at the prospect of describing describing this describing this as describing this as Marsilis describing this as Marsilis syndrome." "syndrome." "We syndrome." "We thought syndrome." "We thought you syndrome." "We thought you should syndrome." "We thought you should get syndrome." "We thought you should get some some credit some credit for some credit for the some credit for the information some credit for the information we some credit for the information we are are getting are getting out are getting out of" "are getting out of this are getting out of this study." "are getting out of this study." "John are getting out of this study." "John believes believes the believes the Marsilis believes the Marsilis have believes the Marsilis have a faulty believes the Marsilis have a faulty gene, gene, which gene, which somehow gene, which somehow affects gene, which somehow affects how" "gene, which somehow affects how their their sensory their sensory neurons their sensory neurons grow their sensory neurons grow and their sensory neurons grow and develop." "develop." "If develop." "If these develop." "If these neurons develop." "If these neurons are develop." "If these neurons are defective, defective, the defective, the pathways defective, the pathways along defective, the pathways along which defective, the pathways along which pain pain signals pain signals flow pain signals flow don't" "pain signals flow don't work pain signals flow don't work properly." "properly." "This properly." "This could properly." "This could explain properly." "This could explain why properly." "This could explain why the the Marsilis the Marsilis feel the Marsilis feel less the Marsilis feel less pain the Marsilis feel less pain than the Marsilis feel less pain than normal." "normal." "This normal." "This is normal." "This is not normal." "This is not just normal." "This is not just interesting interesting for interesting for you interesting for you but interesting for you but very interesting for you but very fascinating fascinating for fascinating for everybody." "fascinating for everybody." "Maybe fascinating for everybody." "Maybe we fascinating for everybody." "Maybe we will will find will find some will find some fundamental will find some fundamental mechanism mechanism of mechanism of pain mechanism of pain perception mechanism of pain perception through through this through this analysis." "through this analysis." "TRANSLATION:" "through this analysis." "TRANSLATION:" "It" "It is" "It is really" "It is really fantastic," "It is really fantastic, to" "It is really fantastic, to have" "It is really fantastic, to have found found a found a reason found a reason why found a reason why we found a reason why we have found a reason why we have these found a reason why we have these peculiar" "peculiar traits, peculiar traits, compared peculiar traits, compared to peculiar traits, compared to the peculiar traits, compared to the normal normal population." "normal population." "The normal population." "The fact normal population." "The fact we normal population." "The fact we know normal population." "The fact we know it it is it is a gene it is a gene which it is a gene which modify it is a gene which modify his it is a gene which modify his our it is a gene which modify his our DNA" "DNA is" "DNA is an" "DNA is an exceptional" "DNA is an exceptional discovery" "DNA is an exceptional discovery " "His" "His the" "His the fact" "His the fact it" "His the fact it is" "His the fact it is called" "His the fact it is called Marsilis," "His the fact it is called Marsilis, thank thank you." "thank you." "This thank you." "This discovery thank you." "This discovery will thank you." "This discovery will add thank you." "This discovery will add to to the to the growing to the growing library to the growing library of to the growing library of genes to the growing library of genes linked linked to linked to pay linked to pay mechanisms." "linked to pay mechanisms." "And linked to pay mechanisms." "And add linked to pay mechanisms." "And add to to our to our understanding to our understanding of to our understanding of why to our understanding of why we to our understanding of why we all to our understanding of why we all feel feel it feel it difficultly." "feel it difficultly. -- feel it difficultly. -- differently." "Closer" "Closer to" "Closer to home," "Closer to home, a team" "Closer to home, a team from" "Closer to home, a team from Cambridge" "Cambridge University" "Cambridge University have" "Cambridge University have been" "Cambridge University have been studying studying extremely studying extremely rare studying extremely rare and studying extremely rare and remarkable remarkable individual, remarkable individual, who remarkable individual, who may remarkable individual, who may hold remarkable individual, who may hold the" "the clues, the clues, not the clues, not just the clues, not just to the clues, not just to how the clues, not just to how pain the clues, not just to how pain works," "works, but works, but how works, but how we works, but how we can works, but how we can treat works, but how we can treat it." "works, but how we can treat it." "This" "This lady" "This lady lives" "This lady lives in" "This lady lives in London" "This lady lives in London with" "This lady lives in London with her" "This lady lives in London with her family, family, where family, where she family, where she runs family, where she runs her family, where she runs her own family, where she runs her own shop." "I think" "I think people" "I think people might" "I think people might not" "I think people might not understand it how important pain is, to it how important pain is, to be it how important pain is, to be able able to able to function able to function normally." "able to function normally." "For able to function normally." "For most able to function normally." "For most of of us, of us, pain of us, pain protects of us, pain protects and of us, pain protects and alerts of us, pain protects and alerts us of us, pain protects and alerts us to" "to danger." "to danger." "It to danger." "It is to danger." "It is our to danger." "It is our most to danger." "It is our most ancient to danger." "It is our most ancient survival survival mechanism." "There" "There is" "There is this" "There is this famous" "There is this famous children's" "There is this famous children's book book about book about a girl." "book about a girl." "What book about a girl." "What she book about a girl." "What she does book about a girl." "What she does is book about a girl." "What she does is she she jumps she jumps from she jumps from a roof, she jumps from a roof, using she jumps from a roof, using an she jumps from a roof, using an umbrella umbrella as" "umbrella as a parachute." "I thought" "I thought that" "I thought that this" "I thought that this was" "I thought that this was funny" "I thought that this was funny and" "I thought that this was funny and I wanted wanted to wanted to try wanted to try to wanted to try to do wanted to try to do it wanted to try to do it myself, wanted to try to do it myself, so" "wanted to try to do it myself, so I jumped jumped from jumped from the jumped from the roof jumped from the roof of jumped from the roof of a garage." "jumped from the roof of a garage." "It" "It was" "It was about" "It was about two-and-a-half-three" "It was about two-and-a-half-three metres metres high. metres high." "I landed metres high." "I landed on metres high." "I landed on my metres high." "I landed on my knees metres high." "I landed on my knees on on the on the cement. on the cement." "I thought on the cement." "I thought that on the cement." "I thought that this on the cement." "I thought that this was was funny, was funny, so was funny, so I did was funny, so I did it was funny, so I did it again. was funny, so I did it again." "I did was funny, so I did it again." "I did it it again it again and it again and once it again and once more it again and once more and it again and once more and what it again and once more and what happened happened was happened was that" "happened was that I really happened was that I really hurt happened was that I really hurt my happened was that I really hurt my knee." "knee." "This knee." "This wasn't knee." "This wasn't discovered knee." "This wasn't discovered until knee." "This wasn't discovered until several several weeks several weeks later." "several weeks later." "By several weeks later." "By then several weeks later." "By then I had several weeks later." "By then I had this this massive this massive infection." "this massive infection." "She this massive infection." "She feels this massive infection." "She feels no no pain no pain at no pain at all no pain at all - absolutely no pain at all - absolutely none no pain at all - absolutely none and and hasn't and hasn't done and hasn't done since" "and hasn't done since she and hasn't done since she was and hasn't done since she was born." "and hasn't done since she was born." "These" "These kinds" "These kinds of" "These kinds of incidents" "These kinds of incidents happened" "These kinds of incidents happened all all the all the time. all the time." "I was all the time." "I was looking all the time." "I was looking through all the time." "I was looking through the the window the window and the window and looking the window and looking at the window and looking at this the window and looking at this marching marching band, marching band, passing marching band, passing by," "marching band, passing by, and marching band, passing by, and my marching band, passing by, and my mum mum woke mum woke up mum woke up and mum woke up and she mum woke up and she smelt" "mum woke up and she smelt burnt mum woke up and she smelt burnt flesh." "flesh." "She flesh." "She rushed flesh." "She rushed into flesh." "She rushed into the flesh." "She rushed into the kitchen flesh." "She rushed into the kitchen and and she and she found and she found me and she found me sitting and she found me sitting on and she found me sitting on my and she found me sitting on my knees" "knees on knees on top knees on top of knees on top of the knees on top of the radiator." "knees on top of the radiator." "She knees on top of the radiator." "She actually actually had actually had to actually had to tear actually had to tear me actually had to tear me off actually had to tear me off because actually had to tear me off because by by then by then my" "by then my flesh by then my flesh and by then my flesh and skin by then my flesh and skin was by then my flesh and skin was burnt." "by then my flesh and skin was burnt." "For" "For years," "For years, there" "For years, there was" "For years, there was no" "For years, there was no medical" "For years, there was no medical explanation explanation for explanation for why explanation for why she explanation for why she and explanation for why she and the explanation for why she and the few explanation for why she and the few like" "like her like her around like her around the like her around the world like her around the world could like her around the world could not like her around the world could not feel feel pain." "feel pain." "The feel pain." "The scientists feel pain." "The scientists set feel pain." "The scientists set about feel pain." "The scientists set about investigating investigating why." "investigating why." "Again investigating why." "Again they investigating why." "Again they were investigating why." "Again they were convinced convinced the convinced the answer convinced the answer must convinced the answer must lie convinced the answer must lie in convinced the answer must lie in their their genes." "their genes." "They" "They analysed" "They analysed their" "They analysed their DNA" "They analysed their DNA and" "They analysed their DNA and compared compared it compared it with compared it with the compared it with the general compared it with the general population population to population to look population to look for population to look for differences." "population to look for differences." "They" "They discovered" "They discovered it" "They discovered it was" "They discovered it was caused" "They discovered it was caused by" "They discovered it was caused by mutaigs mutaigs in mutaigs in one mutaigs in one single mutaigs in one single gene." "mutaigs in one single gene. -- mutaigs in one single gene. -- mutations mutations in mutations in one mutations in one single mutations in one single gene, mutations in one single gene, the mutations in one single gene, the SCN9A" "SCN9A SCN9A" "SCN9A " "SCN9A - it's" "SCN9A - it's a dramatic" "SCN9A - it's a dramatic break" "SCN9A - it's a dramatic break through through in through in understanding through in understanding pain through in understanding pain mechanisms." "mechanisms." "These mechanisms." "These people mechanisms." "These people have mechanisms." "These people have high mechanisms." "These people have high intelligence, intelligence, they intelligence, they are intelligence, they are physically intelligence, they are physically normal, normal, but normal, but don't normal, but don't suffer normal, but don't suffer from" "normal, but don't suffer from pain normal, but don't suffer from pain at at all." "at all." "This at all." "This tells at all." "This tells us at all." "This tells us immediately at all." "This tells us immediately that that the that the gene that the gene SCN9A that the gene SCN9A is that the gene SCN9A is essential that the gene SCN9A is essential for for pain for pain perception for pain perception but" "for pain perception but is for pain perception but is not for pain perception but is not critically critically involved critically involved in critically involved in other critically involved in other systems systems in systems in the systems in the body." "systems in the body." "The" "The SCN9A" "The SCN9A gene" "The SCN9A gene is" "The SCN9A gene is the" "The SCN9A gene is the key" "The SCN9A gene is the key to" "The SCN9A gene is the key to understanding understanding May-Lyn's understanding May-Lyn's condition." "understanding May-Lyn's condition." "In" "In May-Lyn," "In May-Lyn, this" "In May-Lyn, this gene" "In May-Lyn, this gene is" "In May-Lyn, this gene is faulty," "In May-Lyn, this gene is faulty, this this is this is why this is why she this is why she doesn't this is why she doesn't feel this is why she doesn't feel pain." "To" "To be" "To be able" "To be able to" "To be able to explain" "To be able to explain my" "To be able to explain my condition" "To be able to explain my condition was was the was the greatest was the greatest relief was the greatest relief ever." "was the greatest relief ever." "It was the greatest relief ever." "It actually actually gave actually gave me actually gave me a few actually gave me a few words actually gave me a few words that actually gave me a few words that I could could use." "could use." "It could use." "It actually could use." "It actually gave could use." "It actually gave me could use." "It actually gave me a term, term, so term, so that term, so that I could term, so that I could tell term, so that I could tell someone, term, so that I could tell someone, "This" ""This is" ""This is my" ""This is my condition."" ""This is my condition." We" "We all" "We all carry" "We all carry the" "We all carry the SCN9A" "We all carry the SCN9A gene." "We all carry the SCN9A gene." "Even" "We all carry the SCN9A gene." "Even the the tinniest the tinniest change the tinniest change in the tinniest change in this the tinniest change in this gene the tinniest change in this gene can can affect can affect our can affect our pain can affect our pain thresholds." "can affect our pain thresholds." "For" "For scientists" "For scientists the can affect our pain thresholds." "For scientists the" "For scientists the broader" "For scientists the broader significance significance of significance of the significance of the SCN9A significance of the SCN9A gene significance of the SCN9A gene is significance of the SCN9A gene is it it has it has one it has one major" "it has one major function it has one major function in it has one major function in our it has one major function in our body." "body." "It body." "It is body." "It is principally responsible body." "It is principally responsible for for how for how we for how we feel for how we feel pain." "for how we feel pain." "This for how we feel pain." "This has for how we feel pain." "This has implications implications for implications for not implications for not just implications for not just understanding understanding pain, understanding pain, but understanding pain, but curing understanding pain, but curing it." "understanding pain, but curing it." "So" "So this" "So this one" "So this one gene," "So this one gene, it's" "So this one gene, it's a dream" "So this one gene, it's a dream for" "So this one gene, it's a dream for people people that people that would people that would like people that would like to people that would like to make people that would like to make drugs drugs that drugs that treat" "drugs that treat pain, drugs that treat pain, because drugs that treat pain, because it drugs that treat pain, because it seems seems to seems to be seems to be only seems to be only involved seems to be only involved in" "seems to be only involved in pain seems to be only involved in pain path path ways path ways and path ways and not path ways and not have path ways and not have major path ways and not have major roles" "path ways and not have major roles in in other in other aspects in other aspects of in other aspects of bodily in other aspects of bodily function." "in other aspects of bodily function." "If" "If you" "If you could" "If you could make" "If you could make a drug" "If you could make a drug that" "If you could make a drug that blocked blocked the blocked the function blocked the function of blocked the function of the blocked the function of the gone blocked the function of the gone in blocked the function of the gone in normal" "normal people, normal people, then normal people, then it normal people, then it would normal people, then it would be normal people, then it would be a painkiller painkiller without painkiller without side painkiller without side effects." "painkiller without side effects." "So painkiller without side effects." "So May-Lyn" "May-Lyn may" "May-Lyn may usher" "May-Lyn may usher in" "May-Lyn may usher in a new" "May-Lyn may usher in a new era" "May-Lyn may usher in a new era for" "May-Lyn may usher in a new era for cures cures for cures for pain." "cures for pain." "Having cures for pain." "Having no cures for pain." "Having no pain, cures for pain." "Having no pain, it cures for pain." "Having no pain, it gives gives me gives me so gives me so many gives me so many challenges." "gives me so many challenges." "It gives me so many challenges." "It has gives me so many challenges." "It has afpbged afpbged my afpbged my life afpbged my life in afpbged my life in a neg afpbged my life in a neg -- afpbged my life in a neg -- affected affected my affected my life affected my life in" "affected my life in a negative affected my life in a negative way." "affected my life in a negative way." "If" "If something" "If something positive" "If something positive comes" "If something positive comes out" "If something positive comes out of" "If something positive comes out of me me having me having lived me having lived this me having lived this life me having lived this life this me having lived this life this way, me having lived this life this way, that" "that would that would be that would be just that would be just amazing." "We" "We all" "We all carry" "We all carry hundreds" "We all carry hundreds of" "We all carry hundreds of genes" "We all carry hundreds of genes which which are which are involved which are involved in which are involved in pain which are involved in pain mechanisms." "mechanisms." "Changes mechanisms." "Changes in mechanisms." "Changes in every mechanisms." "Changes in every one mechanisms." "Changes in every one of mechanisms." "Changes in every one of these these genes these genes will these genes will affect these genes will affect the these genes will affect the way these genes will affect the way we these genes will affect the way we feel" "feel pain." "feel pain." "All" "All of" "All of us" "All of us have" "All of us have our" "All of us have our own" "All of us have our own genetic" "All of us have our own genetic fingerprint fingerprint that fingerprint that shapes fingerprint that shapes how fingerprint that shapes how we fingerprint that shapes how we experience experience pain." "experience pain." "But" "But genes" "But genes alone" "But genes alone don't" "But genes alone don't explain" "But genes alone don't explain everything." "everything." "Key everything." "Key life everything." "Key life experiences everything." "Key life experiences are are proving are proving to are proving to be are proving to be just are proving to be just as are proving to be just as important." "Rachel" "Rachel Hay" "Rachel Hay is" "Rachel Hay is 16" "Rachel Hay is 16 and" "Rachel Hay is 16 and getting" "Rachel Hay is 16 and getting ready" "Rachel Hay is 16 and getting ready to to sit to sit her to sit her GCSEs." "to sit her GCSEs." "She to sit her GCSEs." "She battles to sit her GCSEs." "She battles to to sit her GCSEs." "She battles to lead lead an lead an ordinary lead an ordinary life. lead an ordinary life." "I was lead an ordinary life." "I was 12 lead an ordinary life." "I was 12 years years old years old and years old and just years old and just one years old and just one day years old and just one day I threw a cricket a cricket ball a cricket ball and" "a cricket ball and I felt a cricket ball and I felt something a cricket ball and I felt something click click in click in my click in my right click in my right wrist." "click in my right wrist." "The click in my right wrist." "The pain click in my right wrist." "The pain came came for came for about came for about a couple came for about a couple of came for about a couple of weeks." "came for about a couple of weeks." "Then" "Then it" "Then it went" "Then it went away." "Then it went away." "Came" "Then it went away." "Came back," "Then it went away." "Came back, but" "Then it went away." "Came back, but then then went then went away then went away again." "then went away again." "You'd then went away again." "You'd expect then went away again." "You'd expect the the pain the pain from the pain from a minor the pain from a minor accident the pain from a minor accident like the pain from a minor accident like this this to this to disappear." "this to disappear." "Rachel's this to disappear." "Rachel's didn't." "this to disappear." "Rachel's didn't." "When" "When I" "When I feel" "When I feel the" "When I feel the pain," "When I feel the pain, I feel" "When I feel the pain, I feel it" "When I feel the pain, I feel it in" "When I feel the pain, I feel it in my my right my right wrist." "my right wrist." "Sometimes my right wrist." "Sometimes I feel my right wrist." "Sometimes I feel it my right wrist." "Sometimes I feel it at at the at the top at the top of at the top of my at the top of my head, at the top of my head, down at the top of my head, down my" "at the top of my head, down my neck at the top of my head, down my neck and and then and then right and then right down and then right down my and then right down my back." "and then right down my back." "Sometimes" "Sometimes my" "Sometimes my hips." "Sometimes my hips." "Then" "Sometimes my hips." "Then sometimes" "Sometimes my hips." "Then sometimes both both my both my feet." "both my feet." "It's" "It's like" "It's like a burning," "It's like a burning, shooting," "It's like a burning, shooting, stabbing stabbing pain." "stabbing pain." "Rachel stabbing pain." "Rachel suffers stabbing pain." "Rachel suffers from stabbing pain." "Rachel suffers from complex complex regional complex regional pain complex regional pain syndrome." "complex regional pain syndrome." "You" "You just" "You just want" "You just want to" "You just want to take" "You just want to take the" "You just want to take the pain" "You just want to take the pain yourself." "yourself." "There's yourself." "There's nothing yourself." "There's nothing worse yourself." "There's nothing worse than than when than when you than when you see than when you see your than when you see your child than when you see your child up than when you see your child up through through the" "through the night through the night crying, through the night crying, sobbing, through the night crying, sobbing, basically basically there's basically there's nothing basically there's nothing you basically there's nothing you can" "basically there's nothing you can do." "do." "I do." "I just do." "I just want do." "I just want the do." "I just want the pain do." "I just want the pain to do." "I just want the pain to go do." "I just want the pain to go away." "How" "How can" "How can Rachel's" "How can Rachel's simple" "How can Rachel's simple injury" "How can Rachel's simple injury have" "How can Rachel's simple injury have such such an such an impact such an impact on such an impact on how such an impact on how she such an impact on how she feels such an impact on how she feels pain" "pain after pain after so pain after so many pain after so many years?" "pain after so many years?" "Neuroscientist" "Neuroscientist Professor" "Neuroscientist Professor fits" "Neuroscientist Professor fits Gerald" "Gerald " "Gerald " " Fitzgerald" "Gerald " " Fitzgerald believes" "Gerald " " Fitzgerald believes how" "Gerald " " Fitzgerald believes how we we feel we feel pain we feel pain in we feel pain in early we feel pain in early life we feel pain in early life may we feel pain in early life may determine determine how" "determine how we determine how we feel determine how we feel it determine how we feel it in determine how we feel it in later determine how we feel it in later life." "life." "Early life." "Early life life." "Early life experience life." "Early life experience is life." "Early life experience is a very very important very important sim very important sim lus very important sim lus to very important sim lus to the very important sim lus to the developing developing pain developing pain -- developing pain -- stimulus" "developing pain -- stimulus to developing pain -- stimulus to the developing pain -- stimulus to the developing developing pain developing pain path developing pain path ways." "developing pain path ways." "It developing pain path ways." "It is developing pain path ways." "It is an developing pain path ways." "It is an early early formation early formation for early formation for our early formation for our pain early formation for our pain path early formation for our pain path ways, ways, just ways, just like ways, just like all" "ways, just like all our ways, just like all our senses." "ways, just like all our senses." "The ways, just like all our senses." "The brain brain is brain is extremely brain is extremely complex brain is extremely complex and brain is extremely complex and is brain is extremely complex and is made made up made up of made up of literally made up of literally billions" "made up of literally billions of made up of literally billions of neurons, neurons, which neurons, which all neurons, which all need neurons, which all need to neurons, which all need to be neurons, which all need to be connected" "connected together connected together appropriately." "connected together appropriately." "The" "The formation" "The formation will" "The formation will be" "The formation will be influenced" "The formation will be influenced by" "The formation will be influenced by information, information, stimulation information, stimulation that information, stimulation that comes information, stimulation that comes from from outthe from outthe side from outthe side -- from outthe side -- from" "from outthe side -- from the from outthe side -- from the outside outside world." "outside world." "All outside world." "All our outside world." "All our senses outside world." "All our senses need outside world." "All our senses need stimulation stimulation to stimulation to develop." "stimulation to develop." "It stimulation to develop." "It lays stimulation to develop." "It lays down down connections down connections in down connections in our down connections in our brain." "down connections in our brain." "Her down connections in our brain." "Her research research shows research shows pain research shows pain is research shows pain is similar." "research shows pain is similar." "Our research shows pain is similar." "Our pain pain path pain path ways pain path ways are pain path ways are shaped pain path ways are shaped in pain path ways are shaped in response response to response to touch." "pain path ways are shaped in response to touch." "response to touch." "It" "It is" "It is thought" "It is thought the" "It is thought the way" "It is thought the way in" "It is thought the way in which" "It is thought the way in which the" "It is thought the way in which the fine-tuning fine-tuning of fine-tuning of pain fine-tuning of pain path fine-tuning of pain path ways fine-tuning of pain path ways occurs occurs is occurs is actually occurs is actually by occurs is actually by piggybacking" "occurs is actually by piggybacking on on the on the back on the back of on the back of the on the back of the touch on the back of the touch path on the back of the touch path way." "on the back of the touch path way." "The" "The question" "The question she" "The question she is" "The question she is now" "The question she is now trying" "The question she is now trying to" "The question she is now trying to answer answer is, answer is, what answer is, what happens answer is, what happens if answer is, what happens if our answer is, what happens if our developing" "developing sense developing sense of developing sense of pain developing sense of pain is developing sense of pain is not developing sense of pain is not just just stimulated, just stimulated, but just stimulated, but oversame just stimulated, but oversame time" "just stimulated, but oversame time lated?" "lated?" " - over" " over stimulated?" " over stimulated?" "Here" "Here in" "Here in the" "Here in the neonatal" "Here in the neonatal department" "Here in the neonatal department of" "Here in the neonatal department of the the hospital the hospital they the hospital they have the hospital they have devised the hospital they have devised an the hospital they have devised an experiment experiment to experiment to see experiment to see how" "experiment to see how experiences experiment to see how experiences in in early in early days in early days of in early days of life in early days of life may in early days of life may affect in early days of life may affect how" "how we how we feel how we feel pain how we feel pain in how we feel pain in later how we feel pain in later life." "how we feel pain in later life." "Sleepy," "Sleepy, aren't" "Sleepy, aren't you?" "Sleepy, aren't you?" "They" "Sleepy, aren't you?" "They are" "Sleepy, aren't you?" "They are comparing comparing the comparing the brain comparing the brain activity comparing the brain activity of comparing the brain activity of full-term full-term babies, full-term babies, with full-term babies, with the full-term babies, with the brain" "full-term babies, with the brain activity activity of activity of premature activity of premature babies activity of premature babies who activity of premature babies who have have reached have reached the have reached the same have reached the same age." "have reached the same age." "These have reached the same age." "These premature premature babies, premature babies, they premature babies, they have premature babies, they have to premature babies, they have to have premature babies, they have to have hundreds hundreds of hundreds of painful hundreds of painful procedures." "hundreds of painful procedures." "It's" "It's only" "It's only because" "It's only because of" "It's only because of their" "It's only because of their clinical" "It's only because of their clinical care care that care that they care that they need care that they need this." "care that they need this." "This care that they need this." "This is care that they need this." "This is an an intense an intense input an intense input through an intense input through the an intense input through the pain an intense input through the pain path path ways, path ways, which path ways, which is" "path ways, which is not path ways, which is not normal." "path ways, which is not normal." "It path ways, which is not normal." "It is is not is not what is not what would is not what would normally is not what would normally happen is not what would normally happen to to a to a baby." "As" "As part" "As part of" "As part of the" "As part of the study," "As part of the study, they" "As part of the study, they have" "As part of the study, they have recruited recruited Jacob, recruited Jacob, a full-time recruited Jacob, a full-time baby." "recruited Jacob, a full-time baby." "Ready" "Ready when" "Ready when you" "Ready when you are." "Ready when you are." "We" "Ready when you are." "We only" "Ready when you are." "We only do" "Ready when you are." "We only do the" "Ready when you are." "We only do the research research on research on babies research on babies that research on babies that clinically research on babies that clinically require require a require a blood require a blood test." "require a blood test." "He require a blood test." "He needs require a blood test." "He needs a final final jaundice final jaundice level, final jaundice level, so final jaundice level, so he final jaundice level, so he can final jaundice level, so he can go final jaundice level, so he can go home" "home with home with mummy." "home with mummy." "Very home with mummy." "Very good home with mummy." "Very good boy." "home with mummy." "Very good boy." "Both" "Both sets" "Both sets of" "Both sets of babies," "Both sets of babies, as" "Both sets of babies, as part" "Both sets of babies, as part of" "Both sets of babies, as part of their their routine their routine care, their routine care, are their routine care, are given their routine care, are given a clinically clinically required clinically required heel clinically required heel prick" "clinically required heel prick test." "clinically required heel prick test." "During" "During this" "During this procedure," "During this procedure, their" "During this procedure, their brain" "During this procedure, their brain activity activity is activity is recorded." "When" "When they" "When they carefully" "When they carefully examined" "When they carefully examined the" "When they carefully examined the results, results, the results, the premature results, the premature babies results, the premature babies had results, the premature babies had stronger stronger brain stronger brain activity stronger brain activity than" "stronger brain activity than the stronger brain activity than the full-time full-time babies, full-time babies, suggesting full-time babies, suggesting an full-time babies, suggesting an increased increased sensitivity increased sensitivity to increased sensitivity to pain." "increased sensitivity to pain." "For increased sensitivity to pain." "For Mariah," "Mariah, it" "Mariah, it is" "Mariah, it is these" "Mariah, it is these repeated" "Mariah, it is these repeated painful painful treatments painful treatments that painful treatments that could painful treatments that could be painful treatments that could be altering altering the altering the normal altering the normal development altering the normal development of" "altering the normal development of their their pain their pain pathways." "their pain pathways." "What their pain pathways." "What could their pain pathways." "What could be their pain pathways." "What could be happening happening is happening is that happening is that could happening is that could be happening is that could be strengthening, strengthening, all strengthening, all weakening strengthening, all weakening some strengthening, all weakening some of" "of the of the connections of the connections in of the connections in their of the connections in their pain of the connections in their pain pathways." "pathways." "It pathways." "It could pathways." "It could be pathways." "It could be that pathways." "It could be that early pathways." "It could be that early life life experience life experience actually life experience actually influences life experience actually influences that, that, and that, and as that, and as long that, and as long as that, and as long as we" "that, and as long as we understand that, and as long as we understand that, that, then that, then those that, then those children, that, then those children, when that, then those children, when they" "they become they become adults, they become adults, can they become adults, can be they become adults, can be treated they become adults, can be treated appropriately, appropriately, according appropriately, according to appropriately, according to their" "appropriately, according to their early early life early life experience." "This" "This does" "This does not" "This does not happen" "This does not happen to" "This does not happen to all" "This does not happen to all premature premature babies, premature babies, but premature babies, but the premature babies, but the research premature babies, but the research is is a is a fascinating is a fascinating insight" "is a fascinating insight to is a fascinating insight to how is a fascinating insight to how our is a fascinating insight to how our pain pain pathways pain pathways developed." "pain pathways developed." "And pain pathways developed." "And it pain pathways developed." "And it extends extends to extends to every extends to every one extends to every one of extends to every one of us." "extends to every one of us." "Our extends to every one of us." "Our early early life early life experiences, early life experiences, and early life experiences, and our early life experiences, and our interactions interactions with interactions with the interactions with the Environment, interactions with the Environment, are" "are all are all different." "are all different." "These are all different." "These will are all different." "These will ultimately ultimately shape ultimately shape how ultimately shape how our ultimately shape how our pain ultimately shape how our pain system system is system is wired system is wired up." "system is wired up." "These system is wired up." "These experiences experiences don't experiences don't mean experiences don't mean that experiences don't mean that you experiences don't mean that you are experiences don't mean that you are stuck stuck with stuck with that stuck with that set" "stuck with that set of stuck with that set of pathways stuck with that set of pathways for stuck with that set of pathways for the the rest the rest of the rest of your the rest of your life," "the rest of your life, that the rest of your life, that can the rest of your life, that can never never change." "never change." "The never change." "The adult never change." "The adult nervous never change." "The adult nervous system system is system is also system is also plastic." "system is also plastic." "Not system is also plastic." "Not as system is also plastic." "Not as much system is also plastic." "Not as much as as during as during development, as during development, but as during development, but it as during development, but it still as during development, but it still is." "is." "So is." "So your is." "So your brain is." "So your brain is is." "So your brain is not is." "So your brain is not fixed, is." "So your brain is not fixed, it is." "So your brain is not fixed, it is is moving is moving all is moving all the is moving all the time, is moving all the time, and is moving all the time, and changing changing all" "changing all the changing all the time." "Mariah's" "Mariah's work" "Mariah's work may" "Mariah's work may also" "Mariah's work may also help" "Mariah's work may also help explain" "Mariah's work may also help explain the the pain the pain Rachel the pain Rachel feels." "She" "She is" "She is on" "She is on her" "She is on her way" "She is on her way to" "She is on her way to see" "She is on her way to see a consultant consultant Jackie consultant Jackie clinch, consultant Jackie clinch, an consultant Jackie clinch, an expert consultant Jackie clinch, an expert in in child in child paint in child paint management." "Her" "Her history" "Her history is" "Her history is such" "Her history is such that" "Her history is such that she" "Her history is such that she was" "Her history is such that she was born born extremely born extremely premature." "born extremely premature." "We born extremely premature." "We do born extremely premature." "We do not born extremely premature." "We do not completely completely understand completely understand the completely understand the impact completely understand the impact of completely understand the impact of this, this, what this, what we this, what we see this, what we see clinically" "this, what we see clinically would this, what we see clinically would indicate indicate that indicate that there indicate that there is indicate that there is an indicate that there is an effect." "indicate that there is an effect." "Since" "Since you" "Since you left" "Since you left us," "Since you left us, tell" "Since you left us, tell me" "Since you left us, tell me what" "Since you left us, tell me what you" "Since you left us, tell me what you have have been have been doing have been doing at have been doing at home, have been doing at home, that have been doing at home, that you have been doing at home, that you weren't" "weren't doing weren't doing when weren't doing when the weren't doing when the pain weren't doing when the pain was weren't doing when the pain was severe severe last severe last year. severe last year." "I have severe last year." "I have been severe last year." "I have been back severe last year." "I have been back to to school." "to school." "Fantastic." "to school." "Fantastic." "Jackie to school." "Fantastic." "Jackie and to school." "Fantastic." "Jackie and her her team her team used her team used a wide her team used a wide range her team used a wide range of her team used a wide range of therapies, therapies, aimed therapies, aimed at" "therapies, aimed at getting therapies, aimed at getting Rachel therapies, aimed at getting Rachel back back to back to a normal back to a normal life, back to a normal life, and back to a normal life, and children" "back to a normal life, and children like like her." "like her." "The like her." "The marvellous like her." "The marvellous thing like her." "The marvellous thing about about children about children and about children and adolescents about children and adolescents is about children and adolescents is they they are they are essentially they are essentially a developing they are essentially a developing system." "system." "So system." "So any system." "So any insult system." "So any insult or system." "So any insult or injury system." "So any insult or injury that that causes that causes pain that causes pain has that causes pain has a degree that causes pain has a degree of that causes pain has a degree of reversibility." "reversibility." "Can reversibility." "Can you reversibility." "Can you bring reversibility." "Can you bring the reversibility." "Can you bring the foot foot up foot up and foot up and down foot up and down in foot up and down in that foot up and down in that position?" "foot up and down in that position?" "Beautiful." "Beautiful." "Young" "Beautiful." "Young people" "Beautiful." "Young people are" "Beautiful." "Young people are able" "Beautiful." "Young people are able to" "Beautiful." "Young people are able to look look at look at different look at different ways look at different ways of look at different ways of carrying look at different ways of carrying out out activities out activities that out activities that they" "out activities that they enjoy, out activities that they enjoy, and out activities that they enjoy, and relationships relationships they relationships they want relationships they want to relationships they want to reform, relationships they want to reform, then" "then this then this can then this can be then this can be extremely then this can be extremely positive." "then this can be extremely positive." "The" "The pain" "The pain often" "The pain often hasn't" "The pain often hasn't gone" "The pain often hasn't gone away" "The pain often hasn't gone away completely, completely, but completely, but it completely, but it is completely, but it is less completely, but it is less intrusive intrusive on intrusive on their intrusive on their lifestyle." "intrusive on their lifestyle." "In intrusive on their lifestyle." "In the the future, the future, I would the future, I would like the future, I would like to the future, I would like to do the future, I would like to do well the future, I would like to do well in" "in school, in school, to in school, to pass in school, to pass my in school, to pass my driver's in school, to pass my driver's licence, licence, to licence, to travel" "licence, to travel around licence, to travel around the licence, to travel around the world." "I am" "I am really" "I am really determined" "I am really determined to" "I am really determined to do" "I am really determined to do all" "I am really determined to do all of" "I am really determined to do all of those those things." "Scientists" "Scientists have" "Scientists have taken" "Scientists have taken a leap" "Scientists have taken a leap forward forward in forward in explaining forward in explaining why forward in explaining why each forward in explaining why each of forward in explaining why each of us us feel us feel pain us feel pain differently." "us feel pain differently." "Experience" "Experience shaped" "Experience shaped by" "Experience shaped by our" "Experience shaped by our jeans," "Experience shaped by our jeans, and" "Experience shaped by our jeans, and by by our by our early by our early life by our early life experiences," "But" "But there" "But there has" "But there has been" "But there has been one" "But there has been one great" "But there has been one great obstacle obstacle in obstacle in trying obstacle in trying to obstacle in trying to explain obstacle in trying to explain pain." "obstacle in trying to explain pain." "Why" "Why does" "Why does the" "Why does the amount" "Why does the amount of" "Why does the amount of pain" "Why does the amount of pain we" "Why does the amount of pain we feel" "Why does the amount of pain we feel not not always not always reflect not always reflect the not always reflect the injury not always reflect the injury we not always reflect the injury we receive?" "receive?" "Why receive?" "Why is receive?" "Why is it receive?" "Why is it so receive?" "Why is it so subjective?" "receive?" "Why is it so subjective?" "Scientists" "Scientists now" "Scientists now believe" "Scientists now believe the" "Scientists now believe the answer" "Scientists now believe the answer to to this to this lies to this lies deep to this lies deep within to this lies deep within our to this lies deep within our mind." "In" "In the" "In the summer" "In the summer of" "In the summer of last" "In the summer of last year," "In the summer of last year, Jonathan" "Jonathan Metz" "Jonathan Metz found" "Jonathan Metz found out" "Jonathan Metz found out how" "Jonathan Metz found out how true" "Jonathan Metz found out how true this this can this can be. this can be." "I decided this can be." "I decided I would this can be." "I decided I would go this can be." "I decided I would go down down into down into the down into the basement, down into the basement, and down into the basement, and clean down into the basement, and clean the the boiler the boiler that" "the boiler that heats the boiler that heats my the boiler that heats my house the boiler that heats my house and the boiler that heats my house and my my hot my hot water." "my hot water." "This my hot water." "This went my hot water." "This went on my hot water." "This went on for my hot water." "This went on for four my hot water." "This went on for four or or five or five minutes, or five minutes, and or five minutes, and was or five minutes, and was going or five minutes, and was going very or five minutes, and was going very well," "well, until well, until the well, until the nozzle well, until the nozzle from well, until the nozzle from the well, until the nozzle from the back back came back came off back came off and" "back came off and dropped back came off and dropped down back came off and dropped down into back came off and dropped down into the the heating the heating box the heating box below." "the heating box below." "Without the heating box below." "Without even the heating box below." "Without even thinking thinking about thinking about it, thinking about it, I reached thinking about it, I reached in thinking about it, I reached in between between the between the heating between the heating fans." "between the heating fans." "In between the heating fans." "In the between the heating fans." "In the process, process, I process, I cut process, I cut my process, I cut my arm process, I cut my arm up, process, I cut my arm up, and process, I cut my arm up, and relies" "relies pretty relies pretty quickly relies pretty quickly that relies pretty quickly that it relies pretty quickly that it was relies pretty quickly that it was lodged lodged in lodged in between lodged in between the lodged in between the two" "lodged in between the two heating lodged in between the two heating vents, vents, and vents, and basically vents, and basically trapped." "vents, and basically trapped." "For vents, and basically trapped." "For the the following the following 12 the following 12 hours, the following 12 hours, Jonathan the following 12 hours, Jonathan tried tried desperately tried desperately to tried desperately to free tried desperately to free himself, tried desperately to free himself, but" "but without but without success. but without success." "I tried but without success." "I tried yelling, yelling, it yelling, it initially yelling, it initially it yelling, it initially it was, yelling, it initially it was, somebody, somebody, please somebody, please come somebody, please come help." "somebody, please come help. 18 somebody, please come help. 18 or somebody, please come help. 18 or" "24 hours 24 hours later," "24 hours later, the 24 hours later, the screens" "24 hours later, the screens were, 24 hours later, the screens were, hey, hey, people, hey, people, I am hey, people, I am dying hey, people, I am dying down" "hey, people, I am dying down here, hey, people, I am dying down here, somebody somebody called somebody called the somebody called the police, somebody called the police, I am somebody called the police, I am going" "going to going to die." "going to die. 24 going to die. 24 hours going to die. 24 hours after going to die. 24 hours after being going to die. 24 hours after being trapped trapped in trapped in his trapped in his basement," "trapped in his basement, Jonathan trapped in his basement, Jonathan was was faced was faced with was faced with an was faced with an unimaginable was faced with an unimaginable decision." "decision." "As decision." "As the decision." "As the hours decision." "As the hours worn, decision." "As the hours worn, I started started thinking started thinking more started thinking more about started thinking more about how started thinking more about how what what was what was happening what was happening to what was happening to me" "what was happening to me what what was happening to me what impact impact others impact others -- impact others -- or impact others -- or on." "impact others -- or on." "My impact others -- or on." "My fiancee, impact others -- or on." "My fiancee, my my family my family and my family and friends." "my family and friends." "That, my family and friends." "That, I think, think, really think, really was think, really was the think, really was the turning-point." "think, really was the turning-point." "If" "If I" "If I was" "If I was going" "If I was going to" "If I was going to live," "If I was going to live, it" "If I was going to live, it was" "If I was going to live, it was going going to going to be going to be because going to be because of going to be because of something going to be because of something I was was going was going to" "was going to do. was going to do." "I didn't was going to do." "I didn't see was going to do." "I didn't see any was going to do." "I didn't see any help help on help on the help on the horizon, help on the horizon, and help on the horizon, and that help on the horizon, and that left help on the horizon, and that left me" "me with me with only me with only one me with only one other me with only one other option me with only one other option that" "I could" "I could think" "I could think of," "I could think of, which" "I could think of, which was" "I could think of, which was to" "I could think of, which was to cut" "I could think of, which was to cut my my arm my arm off." "I" "I just" "I just started" "I just started cutting." "I just started cutting." "It" "I just started cutting." "It went" "I just started cutting." "It went right right through right through the right through the flesh." "I was" "I was astonished" "I was astonished when" "I was astonished when I was" "I was astonished when I was at" "I was astonished when I was at least least an least an inch least an inch deep least an inch deep into least an inch deep into my least an inch deep into my arm least an inch deep into my arm and" "least an inch deep into my arm and hadn't hadn't felt hadn't felt anything hadn't felt anything other hadn't felt anything other than hadn't felt anything other than mild mild discomfort." "mild discomfort." "That mild discomfort." "That was mild discomfort." "That was true mild discomfort." "That was true all mild discomfort." "That was true all the the way the way through the way through the the way through the cut." "the way through the cut." "Cutting the way through the cut." "Cutting through through the through the flesh, through the flesh, the through the flesh, the bone through the flesh, the bone and through the flesh, the bone and the through the flesh, the bone and the major" "major arteries major arteries was major arteries was almost major arteries was almost entirely major arteries was almost entirely pain-free." "pain-free." "Somehow" "Somehow his" "Somehow his body" "Somehow his body managed" "Somehow his body managed to" "Somehow his body managed to control" "Somehow his body managed to control the the amount the amount of the amount of physical the amount of physical pain the amount of physical pain he the amount of physical pain he was the amount of physical pain he was experiencing." "experiencing." "What" "What I" "What I did" "What I did feel" "What I did feel quite" "What I did feel quite a bit" "What I did feel quite a bit of" "What I did feel quite a bit of was" "What I did feel quite a bit of was the the emotional the emotional pain the emotional pain of the emotional pain of watching the emotional pain of watching ones the emotional pain of watching ones self-cut self-cut off self-cut off one's" "self-cut off one's limb." "self-cut off one's limb." "That self-cut off one's limb." "That was self-cut off one's limb." "That was difficult." "difficult." "Right difficult." "Right next difficult." "Right next to difficult." "Right next to my difficult." "Right next to my head difficult." "Right next to my head there there was there was my there was my exposed there was my exposed inside there was my exposed inside of there was my exposed inside of my there was my exposed inside of my arm" "arm to." "arm to." "Have arm to." "Have to arm to." "Have to look arm to." "Have to look at arm to." "Have to look at that arm to." "Have to look at that for arm to." "Have to look at that for hours hours was hours was just hours was just terrifying." "hours was just terrifying." "Shake!" "hours was just terrifying." "Shake!" "Good" "Good girl!" "Good girl!" "It" "Good girl!" "It is" "Good girl!" "It is this" "Good girl!" "It is this miss-match" "Good girl!" "It is this miss-match between between the between the pain between the pain we between the pain we feel between the pain we feel and between the pain we feel and the between the pain we feel and the extent extent of" "extent of our extent of our injury extent of our injury that extent of our injury that has extent of our injury that has fascinated fascinated and fascinated and baffled fascinated and baffled scientists fascinated and baffled scientists for for years." "for years." "Shake!" "Professor" "Professor Tracey" "Professor Tracey is" "Professor Tracey is one" "Professor Tracey is one of" "Professor Tracey is one of the" "Professor Tracey is one of the world's world's leading world's leading pain world's leading pain experts, world's leading pain experts, investigating investigating why investigating why pain investigating why pain is investigating why pain is so" "investigating why pain is so sub investigating why pain is so sub jebgive." "jebgive." " - subjective." " subjective." "Pain" " subjective." "Pain doesn't" " subjective." "Pain doesn't exist" " subjective." "Pain doesn't exist out out there out there in out there in the out there in the environment." "out there in the environment." "Pleasure" "Pleasure doesn't" "Pleasure doesn't exist" "Pleasure doesn't exist out" "Pleasure doesn't exist out there." "Pleasure doesn't exist out there." "These" "These are" "These are things" "These are things you" "These are things you generate" "These are things you generate and" "These are things you generate and experience experience as experience as feelings." "experience as feelings." "Pain experience as feelings." "Pain is experience as feelings." "Pain is one experience as feelings." "Pain is one of of those." "of those." "It" "It can" "It can change," "It can change, depending" "It can change, depending on" "It can change, depending on what" "It can change, depending on what environment environment you environment you are environment you are in, environment you are in, changing environment you are in, changing the the context, the context, whether the context, whether you" "the context, whether you are the context, whether you are distracted." "distracted." "How distracted." "How you distracted." "How you feel distracted." "How you feel emotion distracted." "How you feel emotion ally." "ally." "All ally." "All these ally." "All these things ally." "All these things change ally." "All these things change how ally." "All these things change how it it is it is seen it is seen by it is seen by the it is seen by the brain." "it is seen by the brain." "That it is seen by the brain." "That changes changes the changes the experience changes the experience of changes the experience of how changes the experience of how much changes the experience of how much pain pain you pain you feel." "pain you feel." "Using" "Using advanced" "Using advanced scanners," "Using advanced scanners, Irene" "Using advanced scanners, Irene has" "Using advanced scanners, Irene has carried carried out carried out countless carried out countless experiments carried out countless experiments to to investigate to investigate where to investigate where pain to investigate where pain is to investigate where pain is generated." "generated." "In" "In the" "In the brain," "In the brain, and" "In the brain, and it's" "In the brain, and it's not" "In the brain, and it's not always" "In the brain, and it's not always pleasant." "pleasant." "What" "What I" "What I do" "What I do for" "What I do for a living" "What I do for a living is" "What I do for a living is I burn" "What I do for a living is I burn people, people, unsuspecting people, unsuspecting students." "people, unsuspecting students." "We people, unsuspecting students." "We inflict inflict with inflict with all inflict with all our inflict with all our torture inflict with all our torture devises devises painful devises painful stimuli." "devises painful stimuli." "Then devises painful stimuli." "Then we devises painful stimuli." "Then we look look at look at how look at how the look at how the signals look at how the signals arrive look at how the signals arrive in look at how the signals arrive in the the brain," "the brain, how the brain, how the the brain, how the brain the brain, how the brain puts the brain, how the brain puts it the brain, how the brain puts it together together and" "together and generates together and generates the together and generates the experience experience that experience that is experience that is pain." "experience that is pain." "One" "One of" "One of the" "One of the reasons" "One of the reasons she" "One of the reasons she inflicts" "One of the reasons she inflicts this this torture this torture is this torture is to this torture is to explore this torture is to explore a fundamental fundamental question fundamental question - how fundamental question - how do fundamental question - how do our" "fundamental question - how do our emotions emotions affect emotions affect how emotions affect how we emotions affect how we feel emotions affect how we feel pain?" "emotions affect how we feel pain?" "So" "So the" "So the purpose" "So the purpose of" "So the purpose of this" "So the purpose of this experiment" "So the purpose of this experiment is is to is to understand is to understand how is to understand how emotions is to understand how emotions can is to understand how emotions can change change the change the pain change the pain experience." "change the pain experience." "Whether change the pain experience." "Whether anxiety, anxiety, making anxiety, making somebody, anxiety, making somebody, or anxiety, making somebody, or being anxiety, making somebody, or being more more anxious more anxious can more anxious can make" "more anxious can make the more anxious can make the pain more anxious can make the pain worse." "worse." "Irene worse." "Irene first worse." "Irene first showed worse." "Irene first showed her worse." "Irene first showed her unsuspecting unsuspecting volunteers unsuspecting volunteers a triangle." "unsuspecting volunteers a triangle." "At" "At the" "At the same" "At the same time" "At the same time gave" "At the same time gave them" "At the same time gave them a low" "At the same time gave them a low pain pain stimulus." "pain stimulus." "This" "This was" "This was repeated" "This was repeated several" "This was repeated several times." "This was repeated several times." "When" "When they" "When they saw" "When they saw the" "When they saw the triangle" "When they saw the triangle and" "When they saw the triangle and got" "When they saw the triangle and got the the low the low temperature the low temperature they the low temperature they rated the low temperature they rated it the low temperature they rated it three three out three out of three out of ten." "three out of ten." "That three out of ten." "That is three out of ten." "That is a mild three out of ten." "That is a mild pain." "pain." "Next pain." "Next the pain." "Next the volunteers pain." "Next the volunteers were pain." "Next the volunteers were shown shown a shown a square, shown a square, but shown a square, but given shown a square, but given a high shown a square, but given a high pain pain stimulus." "pain stimulus." "This" "This was" "This was also" "This was also repeated" "This was also repeated several" "This was also repeated several times." "times." "So" "So I" "So I expected" "So I expected of" "So I expected of this" "So I expected of this square," "So I expected of this square, followed followed by followed by the followed by the high followed by the high temperature, followed by the high temperature, they they rated they rated it they rated it seven they rated it seven out" "they rated it seven out of they rated it seven out of ten." "they rated it seven out of ten." "They" "They learn" "They learn the" "They learn the rule" "They learn the rule that" "They learn the rule that the" "They learn the rule that the triangle triangle is triangle is followed triangle is followed by triangle is followed by low triangle is followed by low temperature temperature by temperature by the temperature by the square temperature by the square by" "temperature by the square by this temperature by the square by this high high danger high danger pain." "high danger pain." "Irene high danger pain." "Irene had high danger pain." "Irene had a trick high danger pain." "Irene had a trick up up her up her sleeve." "up her sleeve." "Then up her sleeve." "Then what up her sleeve." "Then what we up her sleeve." "Then what we do up her sleeve." "Then what we do is up her sleeve." "Then what we do is show show them show them the show them the square, show them the square, but show them the square, but we show them the square, but we give show them the square, but we give them" "them a them a low them a low temperature, them a low temperature, so them a low temperature, so they them a low temperature, so they never never get never get the never get the high never get the high temperature" "never get the high temperature again." "again." "Every again." "Every time again." "Every time they again." "Every time they see again." "Every time they see the again." "Every time they see the square square they square they get square they get anxious square they get anxious because square they get anxious because they they think they think they they think they will they think they will get they think they will get the" "they think they will get the high they think they will get the high temperature." "temperature." "And temperature." "And the temperature." "And the results temperature." "And the results were temperature." "And the results were intriguing." "intriguing." "When" "When they" "When they saw" "When they saw the" "When they saw the square," "When they saw the square, even" "When they saw the square, even though though I though I gave though I gave them though I gave them the though I gave them the low though I gave them the low temperature, temperature, they temperature, they actually" "temperature, they actually now temperature, they actually now rated rated that rated that at rated that at five rated that at five out rated that at five out of rated that at five out of ten rated that at five out of ten thaifplt" "thaifplt had thaifplt had gone thaifplt had gone up thaifplt had gone up from thaifplt had gone up from three thaifplt had gone up from three to thaifplt had gone up from three to five five to five to the five to the same" "five to the same low five to the same low temperature five to the same low temperature -- five to the same low temperature -- they they had they had gone they had gone up they had gone up from" "they had gone up from three they had gone up from three to they had gone up from three to five they had gone up from three to five to to the to the same to the same low to the same low temperature" "to the same low temperature because to the same low temperature because they they were they were anxious." "they were anxious." "Anxiety they were anxious." "Anxiety affects they were anxious." "Anxiety affects our our feeling our feeling for our feeling for pain." "our feeling for pain." "What" "What we" "What we are" "What we are doing" "What we are doing is" "What we are doing is imaging" "What we are doing is imaging the" "What we are doing is imaging the brain brain throughout brain throughout that brain throughout that process brain throughout that process and brain throughout that process and working working out working out that working out that when working out that when in" "working out that when in effect working out that when in effect anxiety anxiety turns anxiety turns the anxiety turns the heat anxiety turns the heat up anxiety turns the heat up and anxiety turns the heat up and makes anxiety turns the heat up and makes the" "the low the low temperature the low temperature more the low temperature more painful, the low temperature more painful, it it is it is where it is where amplification it is where amplification has it is where amplification has occurred." "occurred." "Anxiety occurred." "Anxiety is occurred." "Anxiety is only occurred." "Anxiety is only one occurred." "Anxiety is only one emotion emotion which emotion which can emotion which can alter emotion which can alter how emotion which can alter how intensely intensely we intensely we can intensely we can feel intensely we can feel pain." "intensely we can feel pain." "We" "We have" "We have done" "We have done dozens" "We have done dozens of" "We have done dozens of experiments" "We have done dozens of experiments where where we where we have where we have manipulated where we have manipulated people's where we have manipulated people's emotions." "emotions." "We emotions." "We have emotions." "We have made emotions." "We have made people emotions." "We have made people depressed, depressed, very depressed, very sad, depressed, very sad, very depressed, very sad, very happy." "depressed, very sad, very happy." "Importantly" "Importantly with" "Importantly with the" "Importantly with the brain" "Importantly with the brain imaging" "Importantly with the brain imaging we we can we can understand we can understand where we can understand where in we can understand where in the we can understand where in the brain brain are brain are the brain are the key" "brain are the key areas brain are the key areas that brain are the key areas that are brain are the key areas that are important important for important for changing important for changing the important for changing the pain." "important for changing the pain." "It's" "It's not" "It's not just" "It's not just our" "It's not just our emotions" "It's not just our emotions that" "It's not just our emotions that can" "It's not just our emotions that can influence influence how influence how much influence how much something influence how much something hurts." "influence how much something hurts." "Irene's" "Irene's experiments" "Irene's experiments are" "Irene's experiments are uncovering" "Irene's experiments are uncovering other other regions other regions of other regions of the other regions of the brain other regions of the brain involved other regions of the brain involved in in pain." "in pain." "And" "And how" "And how these" "And how these work" "And how these work together" "And how these work together will" "And how these work together will determine determine how determine how you determine how you feel determine how you feel pain determine how you feel pain at determine how you feel pain at any determine how you feel pain at any one" "one moment." "one moment." "You" "You do" "You do so" "You do so many" "You do so many things" "You do so many things when" "You do so many things when you" "You do so many things when you are" "You do so many things when you are feeling feeling it." "feeling it." "So feeling it." "So there feeling it." "So there are feeling it." "So there are all feeling it." "So there are all these feeling it." "So there are all these parts parts of parts of the parts of the brain, parts of the brain, these parts of the brain, these attention parts of the brain, these attention networks, networks, emotional" "networks, emotional networks, networks, emotional networks, motivational, motivational, decision-making motivational, decision-making networks, networks, sensory networks, sensory areas." "networks, sensory areas." "Because networks, sensory areas." "Because pain pain is pain is a complicated, pain is a complicated, multi- pain is a complicated, multi- dimensional dimensional experience, dimensional experience, it dimensional experience, it has dimensional experience, it has to" "dimensional experience, it has to access access those access those parts access those parts of access those parts of the access those parts of the brain access those parts of the brain in access those parts of the brain in order" "order to order to generate order to generate the order to generate the experience order to generate the experience that that is that is pain." "that is pain." "And" "And it's" "And it's this" "And it's this new" "And it's this new understanding" "And it's this new understanding of" "And it's this new understanding of pain pain which pain which can pain which can help pain which can help explain pain which can help explain how pain which can help explain how Johnathan" "Johnathan was" "Johnathan was able" "Johnathan was able to" "Johnathan was able to cut" "Johnathan was able to cut off" "Johnathan was able to cut off his" "Johnathan was able to cut off his arm arm and arm and hardly arm and hardly feel arm and hardly feel anything arm and hardly feel anything at arm and hardly feel anything at all." "I had" "I had concluded" "I had concluded that" "I had concluded that nobody" "I had concluded that nobody was" "I had concluded that nobody was going going to going to hear going to hear me, going to hear me, nobody going to hear me, nobody was going to hear me, nobody was coming going to hear me, nobody was coming for" "for me." "for me." "It for me." "It felt for me." "It felt like for me." "It felt like a matter for me." "It felt like a matter of for me." "It felt like a matter of life life or life or death." "life or death." "Just" "Just as" "Just as the" "Just as the brain" "Just as the brain can" "Just as the brain can turn" "Just as the brain can turn up" "Just as the brain can turn up how" "Just as the brain can turn up how we we feel we feel pain, we feel pain, in we feel pain, in situations we feel pain, in situations of we feel pain, in situations of extreme" "extreme survival extreme survival it extreme survival it can extreme survival it can turn extreme survival it can turn it extreme survival it can turn it down." "down." "Areas" "Areas of" "Areas of Jonathan's" "Areas of Jonathan's brain" "Areas of Jonathan's brain linked" "Areas of Jonathan's brain linked to" "Areas of Jonathan's brain linked to decision-making, decision-making, emotion decision-making, emotion and decision-making, emotion and attention attention transmitted attention transmitted messages attention transmitted messages to attention transmitted messages to the the brain the brain stem." "the brain stem." "This the brain stem." "This area the brain stem." "This area of the brain stem." "This area of the the brain stem." "This area of the brain brain acts brain acts as brain acts as a gate-keeper, brain acts as a gate-keeper, blocking blocking the blocking the pain blocking the pain signals blocking the pain signals from blocking the pain signals from entering" "entering his entering his brain." "entering his brain." "This" "This set" "This set off" "This set off a chain" "This set off a chain of" "This set off a chain of chemical" "This set off a chain of chemical reactions reactions which reactions which flooded reactions which flooded his reactions which flooded his body reactions which flooded his body with with natural with natural painkillers." "with natural painkillers." "It with natural painkillers." "It was with natural painkillers." "It was this this process this process that this process that ultimately this process that ultimately saved this process that ultimately saved his his life." "his life." "The" "The future" "The future actually" "The future actually looks" "The future actually looks pretty" "The future actually looks pretty bright." "bright." "I'm bright." "I'm back bright." "I'm back at bright." "I'm back at work." "bright." "I'm back at work." "I'll bright." "I'm back at work." "I'll be bright." "I'm back at work." "I'll be there there part there part time." "there part time." "That's there part time." "That's going there part time." "That's going well." "there part time." "That's going well." "Getting" "Getting married" "Getting married soon." "Getting married soon." "I'm" "Getting married soon." "I'm pretty" "Getting married soon." "I'm pretty excited." "Every" "Every time" "Every time you" "Every time you feel" "Every time you feel pain," "Every time you feel pain, it's" "Every time you feel pain, it's a completely completely unique completely unique experience." "completely unique experience." "It completely unique experience." "It can can change can change from can change from hour can change from hour to can change from hour to hour." "can change from hour to hour." "Even can change from hour to hour." "Even second second to second to second." "second to second." "It" "It is" "It is shaped" "It is shaped by" "It is shaped by our" "It is shaped by our moods," "It is shaped by our moods, and" "It is shaped by our moods, and the" "It is shaped by our moods, and the context context of context of the context of the situation context of the situation we're context of the situation we're in." "Now" "Now in" "Now in Seattle," "Now in Seattle, at" "Now in Seattle, at The" "Now in Seattle, at The Harbour" "Now in Seattle, at The Harbour View" "Now in Seattle, at The Harbour View Medical" "Medical sen" "Medical sen scientists" "Medical sen scientists are" "Medical sen scientists are helping" "Medical sen scientists are helping burns burns victims, burns victims, who burns victims, who experience burns victims, who experience excruciating excruciating pain excruciating pain on excruciating pain on a daily excruciating pain on a daily basis." "I was" "I was involved" "I was involved in" "I was involved in plans" "I was involved in plans for" "I was involved in plans for two" "I was involved in plans for two minutes." "minutes." "It minutes." "It was minutes." "It was the minutes." "It was the worst minutes." "It was the worst pain minutes." "It was the worst pain I had had ever had ever felt." "had ever felt." "It had ever felt." "It was had ever felt." "It was just had ever felt." "It was just excruciating." "excruciating." "This excruciating." "This man excruciating." "This man was excruciating." "This man was in excruciating." "This man was in a motorbike motorbike accident motorbike accident and motorbike accident and suffered motorbike accident and suffered second second and second and third second and third degree second and third degree burns." "second and third degree burns." "The second and third degree burns." "The healing healing process healing process can healing process can be healing process can be as healing process can be as painful healing process can be as painful as as the as the injury as the injury itself." "as the injury itself." "When" "When I'm" "When I'm going" "When I'm going through" "When I'm going through wound" "When I'm going through wound care," "When I'm going through wound care, they they have they have to they have to peel they have to peel off they have to peel off all they have to peel off all my they have to peel off all my day" "they have to peel off all my day- old old dressings old dressings attached old dressings attached to old dressings attached to my old dressings attached to my new old dressings attached to my new skin." "skin." "Then skin." "Then re-dress skin." "Then re-dress all skin." "Then re-dress all my skin." "Then re-dress all my bandages." "skin." "Then re-dress all my bandages." "It's" "It's just" "It's just really," "It's just really, really" "It's just really, really painful." "It's just really, really painful." "Armed" "Armed with" "Armed with the" "Armed with the knowledge" "Armed with the knowledge that" "Armed with the knowledge that pain" "Armed with the knowledge that pain is is generated is generated in is generated in the is generated in the brain, is generated in the brain, Mr is generated in the brain, Mr Hofman" "Hofman and" "Hofman and his" "Hofman and his colleague" "Hofman and his colleague are" "Hofman and his colleague are generating generating cutting-edge generating cutting-edge treatments generating cutting-edge treatments to to control to control it." "to control it." "Because to control it." "Because pain to control it." "Because pain has to control it." "Because pain has such such a such a strong such a strong psychological such a strong psychological component component to component to it, component to it, psychological component to it, psychological treatments treatments can treatments can be treatments can be used" "treatments can be used to treatments can be used to counter treatments can be used to counter act act the act the pain." "act the pain." "For act the pain." "For them, act the pain." "For them, the act the pain." "For them, the key act the pain." "For them, the key region region in region in the region in the brain region in the brain is region in the brain is where region in the brain is where we region in the brain is where we process" "process attention." "process attention." "Because" "Because humans" "Because humans are" "Because humans are so" "Because humans are so vizly" "Because humans are so vizly dominant, dominant, wherever dominant, wherever you dominant, wherever you are dominant, wherever you are looking dominant, wherever you are looking that that is that is where that is where your" "that is where your attention that is where your attention is that is where your attention is focused." "focused." "For focused." "For example, focused." "For example, during focused." "For example, during wound focused." "For example, during wound care, care, when care, when getting care, when getting their care, when getting their bandage care, when getting their bandage changed, changed, they changed, they are changed, they are looking" "changed, they are looking at changed, they are looking at these changed, they are looking at these tools tools that tools that the tools that the nurses tools that the nurses are tools that the nurses are using" "tools that the nurses are using to tools that the nurses are using to treat treat them treat them and treat them and they treat them and they are treat them and they are looking treat them and they are looking at" "treat them and they are looking at these these objects, these objects, it these objects, it makes these objects, it makes them these objects, it makes them anxious." "anxious." "So anxious." "So they anxious." "So they begin anxious." "So they begin to anxious." "So they begin to associate anxious." "So they begin to associate objects objects in objects in the objects in the room objects in the room with objects in the room with high objects in the room with high pain." "objects in the room with high pain." "So" "So you" "So you can" "So you can imagine" "So you can imagine that" "So you can imagine that day" "So you can imagine that day after" "So you can imagine that day after day, day, they day, they start day, they start to day, they start to develop day, they start to develop psychological psychological associations psychological associations between psychological associations between the" "the treatment the treatment room the treatment room and the treatment room and pain, the treatment room and pain, amplifying amplifying how amplifying how much amplifying how much pain amplifying how much pain they amplifying how much pain they experience." "experience." "As experience." "As part experience." "As part of experience." "As part of his experience." "As part of his daily experience." "As part of his daily care care routine care routine he care routine he is care routine he is having care routine he is having physiotherapy, physiotherapy, so physiotherapy, so his physiotherapy, so his skin physiotherapy, so his skin becomes" "physiotherapy, so his skin becomes more more flexible more flexible as more flexible as it more flexible as it heals." "more flexible as it heals." "As more flexible as it heals." "As I go more flexible as it heals." "As I go through through physical through physical therapy through physical therapy it through physical therapy it is through physical therapy it is more through physical therapy it is more painful, painful, especially painful, especially under painful, especially under the" "painful, especially under the knees painful, especially under the knees and and ankles." "and ankles." "Where and ankles." "Where it and ankles." "Where it is and ankles." "Where it is really and ankles." "Where it is really tight." "tight." "They tight." "They push tight." "They push you tight." "They push you really, tight." "They push you really, really tight." "They push you really, really hard." "hard." "Push hard." "Push here hard." "Push here to hard." "Push here to get hard." "Push here to get a good hard." "Push here to get a good stretch." "stretch." "Good stretch." "Good job." "stretch." "Good job." "Deep stretch." "Good job." "Deep breaths!" "stretch." "Good job." "Deep breaths!" "Nice" "Nice job!" "Nice job!" "What" "What would" "What would you" "What would you say" "What would you say your" "What would you say your pain" "What would you say your pain is" "What would you say your pain is from from zero from zero to from zero to ten?" "from zero to ten?" "It's from zero to ten?" "It's about from zero to ten?" "It's about a five from zero to ten?" "It's about a five or or six." "or six." "This" "This is" "This is one" "This is one of" "This is one of the" "This is one of the most" "This is one of the most painful" "This is one of the most painful parts parts of parts of Calib's parts of Calib's rehabilitation." "parts of Calib's rehabilitation." "It parts of Calib's rehabilitation." "It is is this is this that is this that Hunter is this that Hunter is is this that Hunter is targeting is this that Hunter is targeting for for the for the new for the new treatment." "for the new treatment." "The" "The idea" "The idea is" "The idea is to" "The idea is to make" "The idea is to make a very" "The idea is to make a very attention attention of attention of grabbing attention of grabbing experience attention of grabbing experience for for the for the patient for the patient and for the patient and give for the patient and give them" "for the patient and give them a place place to place to escape place to escape from place to escape from their place to escape from their pain." "place to escape from their pain." "By" "By manipulating" "By manipulating the" "By manipulating the part" "By manipulating the part of" "By manipulating the part of the" "By manipulating the part of the brain's brain's attentional brain's attentional system brain's attentional system Calib brain's attentional system Calib will will experience will experience the will experience the world will experience the world of will experience the world of snow" "will experience the world of snow world world - world - a world world - a world far world - a world far away world - a world far away from world - a world far away from his world - a world far away from his pain" "pain and pain and suffering. pain and suffering." "I am pain and suffering." "I am ready pain and suffering." "I am ready when pain and suffering." "I am ready when you you are." "When" "When they" "When they put" "When they put you" "When they put you in" "When they put you in Snow" "When they put you in Snow World," "When they put you in Snow World, the the snowmen the snowmen throw the snowmen throw snowballs the snowmen throw snowballs at the snowmen throw snowballs at you." "the snowmen throw snowballs at you." "You" "You have" "You have to" "You have to throw" "You have to throw snowballs" "You have to throw snowballs back" "You have to throw snowballs back at" "You have to throw snowballs back at them." "them." "When them." "When you them." "When you hit them." "When you hit the them." "When you hit the penguins, them." "When you hit the penguins, they they freeze." "they freeze." "If they freeze." "If you they freeze." "If you hit they freeze." "If you hit them they freeze." "If you hit them a second second time, second time, they second time, they explode." "second time, they explode." "There's a lot a lot of a lot of action a lot of action in a lot of action in it." "a lot of action in it." "You a lot of action in it." "You never a lot of action in it." "You never stop stop to stop to think stop to think about stop to think about anything stop to think about anything else." "stop to think about anything else." "When" "When they" "When they go" "When they go into" "When they go into virtual" "When they go into virtual reality" "When they go into virtual reality their their spot their spot light their spot light of their spot light of attention their spot light of attention is their spot light of attention is drawn drawn into drawn into the drawn into the world." "drawn into the world." "They drawn into the world." "They are drawn into the world." "They are focusing focusing into focusing into the focusing into the virchoul focusing into the virchoul world." "focusing into the virchoul world." "They" "They basically" "They basically become" "They basically become " "They basically become -- virchoul" "They basically become -- virchoul world." "world." "They world." "They basically world." "They basically become world." "They basically become oblivious oblivious to oblivious to what oblivious to what is oblivious to what is happening." "oblivious to what is happening." "There" "There are" "There are some" "There are some exciting" "There are some exciting results." "There are some exciting results." "So," "So, basically" "So, basically what" "So, basically what you" "So, basically what you see" "So, basically what you see here" "So, basically what you see here is," "So, basically what you see here is, it's it's all it's all pain-related it's all pain-related brain it's all pain-related brain activity." "activity." "Pain activity." "Pain lights activity." "Pain lights the activity." "Pain lights the brain activity." "Pain lights the brain up activity." "Pain lights the brain up like like a like a Christmas like a Christmas tree like a Christmas tree when like a Christmas tree when there's like a Christmas tree when there's no no virtual no virtual reality." "no virtual reality." "Some no virtual reality." "Some regions no virtual reality." "Some regions here here show here show 50% here show 50% reduction here show 50% reduction in here show 50% reduction in pain- here show 50% reduction in pain- related related activity." "related activity." "This related activity." "This is related activity." "This is consistent consistent with consistent with the consistent with the idea consistent with the idea that consistent with the idea that there's there's so there's so much there's so much attention there's so much attention devoted" "there's so much attention devoted to to Snow to Snow World, to Snow World, there's to Snow World, there's not to Snow World, there's not enough to Snow World, there's not enough to" "to process to process the to process the pain to process the pain signals to process the pain signals any to process the pain signals any more." "more." "There" "There is" "There is a limit" "There is a limit to" "There is a limit to how" "There is a limit to how much" "There is a limit to how much information information the information the brain information the brain can information the brain can process information the brain can process at at any at any one at any one time." "at any one time." "So," "So, all" "So, all Calib's" "So, all Calib's brain" "So, all Calib's brain is" "So, all Calib's brain is receiving" "So, all Calib's brain is receiving the the same the same amount the same amount of the same amount of pain the same amount of pain signals, the same amount of pain signals, he the same amount of pain signals, he just" "just doesn't just doesn't register just doesn't register them." "just doesn't register them." "When just doesn't register them." "When I was was in was in Snow was in Snow World was in Snow World I did was in Snow World I did not was in Snow World I did not think was in Snow World I did not think about" "about the about the pain about the pain at about the pain at all." "about the pain at all." "There about the pain at all." "There was about the pain at all." "There was no about the pain at all." "There was no pain." "pain." "There pain." "There was pain." "There was at pain." "There was at some pain." "There was at some points, pain." "There was at some points, but, pain." "There was at some points, but, for for the for the most for the most part for the most part there for the most part there was for the most part there was no for the most part there was no pain." "Over" "Over the" "Over the last" "Over the last decade," "Over the last decade, a new" "Over the last decade, a new understanding understanding of understanding of pain understanding of pain has understanding of pain has emerged." "understanding of pain has emerged." "Every" "Every pain" "Every pain experience" "Every pain experience we" "Every pain experience we have" "Every pain experience we have involves involves many involves many different involves many different parts involves many different parts of involves many different parts of the the brain, the brain, creating the brain, creating its the brain, creating its own" "the brain, creating its own neurosignature." "neurosignature." "The" "The brain's" "The brain's sophisticated" "The brain's sophisticated ability" "The brain's sophisticated ability to to do to do this to do this has to do this has a powerful to do this has a powerful influence to do this has a powerful influence on on how on how much" "on how much something on how much something hurts." "Sometimes," "Sometimes, our" "Sometimes, our pain" "Sometimes, our pain system" "Sometimes, our pain system fails" "Sometimes, our pain system fails us" "Sometimes, our pain system fails us and and can and can go and can go horribly and can go horribly wrong." "and can go horribly wrong." "Pain and can go horribly wrong." "Pain can and can go horribly wrong." "Pain can become become a become a living become a living nightmare become a living nightmare from become a living nightmare from which which there which there is which there is no which there is no escape." "which there is no escape. 33-year- which there is no escape. 33-year- old old Rebecca old Rebecca is old Rebecca is an old Rebecca is an installation old Rebecca is an installation artist." "artist." "Five artist." "Five years artist." "Five years ago, artist." "Five years ago, a dramatic artist." "Five years ago, a dramatic event event changed event changed her event changed her life. event changed her life." "I was event changed her life." "I was artist-in-residence, artist-in-residence, I artist-in-residence, I had artist-in-residence, I had just artist-in-residence, I had just bought bought a bought a house, bought a house, there bought a house, there was bought a house, there was a lot" "bought a house, there was a lot going going on." "going on." "One going on." "One morning, going on." "One morning, I was going on." "One morning, I was getting getting ready getting ready and getting ready and my getting ready and my whole getting ready and my whole left getting ready and my whole left side side went side went completely. side went completely." "I kind side went completely." "I kind of side went completely." "I kind of fellow fellow over, fellow over, and fellow over, and ended fellow over, and ended up fellow over, and ended up going fellow over, and ended up going to fellow over, and ended up going to hospital," "hospital, and hospital, and I was hospital, and I was in hospital, and I was in there hospital, and I was in there for hospital, and I was in there for a week, week, and" "week, and it week, and it was week, and it was a stroke week, and it was a stroke -- week, and it was a stroke " " I kind week, and it was a stroke " " I kind of of fell of fell over." "Although" "Although she" "Although she has" "Although she has made" "Although she has made a full" "Although she has made a full recovery recovery from recovery from the recovery from the stroke, recovery from the stroke, years recovery from the stroke, years later, later, Rebecca later, Rebecca is later, Rebecca is still" "later, Rebecca is still suffering later, Rebecca is still suffering from from persistent from persistent paint from persistent paint down from persistent paint down her from persistent paint down her left from persistent paint down her left side." "side. -- side. -- persistent side. -- persistent pain." "side. -- persistent pain." "Basically, side. -- persistent pain." "Basically, all all of all of that all of that side all of that side is all of that side is either all of that side is either very all of that side is either very sensitive, sensitive, very" "sensitive, very tight, sensitive, very tight, clamped sensitive, very tight, clamped up, sensitive, very tight, clamped up, it it wants it wants to it wants to pull it wants to pull in" "it wants to pull in like it wants to pull in like that." "it wants to pull in like that." "It it wants to pull in like that." "It feels feels like feels like there feels like there is feels like there is a huge feels like there is a huge pressure feels like there is a huge pressure on on the on the back on the back of" "on the back of my on the back of my head, on the back of my head, it on the back of my head, it feels on the back of my head, it feels like like there" "like there is like there is something like there is something stabbing like there is something stabbing into into my into my life." "into my life. " "I" "I it" "I it is" "I it is like" "I it is like I am" "I it is like I am cut" "I it is like I am cut in" "I it is like I am cut in half." "I it is like I am cut in half." "You" "I it is like I am cut in half." "You get get told get told it get told it is get told it is never, get told it is never, ever get told it is never, ever going get told it is never, ever going to" "get told it is never, ever going to go go away, go away, and go away, and that go away, and that is go away, and that is what go away, and that is what makes" "go away, and that is what makes it go away, and that is what makes it hard hard sometimes." "hard sometimes." "You hard sometimes." "You just hard sometimes." "You just have hard sometimes." "You just have to hard sometimes." "You just have to get get on get on with get on with it." "It" "It is" "It is this" "It is this pain," "It is this pain, pain" "It is this pain, pain that" "It is this pain, pain that persists" "It is this pain, pain that persists long long after long after the long after the injury long after the injury has long after the injury has healed long after the injury has healed and and serves and serves no" "and serves no purpose and serves no purpose at and serves no purpose at all, and serves no purpose at all, that and serves no purpose at all, that is is known is known as is known as chronic" "is known as chronic pain." "is known as chronic pain." "Chronic is known as chronic pain." "Chronic pain pain is pain is one pain is one of pain is one of the pain is one of the biggest pain is one of the biggest medical pain is one of the biggest medical health health problems health problems in" "health problems in the health problems in the world." "health problems in the world." "It health problems in the world." "It affects affects a affects a staggering affects a staggering one affects a staggering one in affects a staggering one in five affects a staggering one in five people." "This" "This pain," "This pain, that" "This pain, that defies" "This pain, that defies explanation," "This pain, that defies explanation, has has a has a huge has a huge impact has a huge impact on has a huge impact on the has a huge impact on the lives has a huge impact on the lives of" "has a huge impact on the lives of the the millions the millions who the millions who suffer the millions who suffer from the millions who suffer from it." "the millions who suffer from it." "I've" "I've made" "I've made a painting" "I've made a painting that" "I've made a painting that people" "I've made a painting that people can can walk can walk across." "can walk across." "They can walk across." "They leave can walk across." "They leave a mark." "can walk across." "They leave a mark." "That" "That represents" "That represents the" "That represents the people" "That represents the people that" "That represents the people that work work there, work there, all work there, all visitors work there, all visitors to work there, all visitors to the work there, all visitors to the shows." "shows." "I shows." "I think shows." "I think the shows." "I think the subtext shows." "I think the subtext to shows." "I think the subtext to it shows." "I think the subtext to it is shows." "I think the subtext to it is that that I that I can't that I can't walk that I can't walk around that I can't walk around a gallery that I can't walk around a gallery any" "any more." "any more." "It any more." "It is any more." "It is very any more." "It is very painful any more." "It is very painful and any more." "It is very painful and I get get very get very frustrated get very frustrated and get very frustrated and annoyed. get very frustrated and annoyed." "I used used to used to run used to run around used to run around a lot, used to run around a lot, I used used to run around a lot, I used to used to run around a lot, I used to be" "be very be very active." "be very active." "It be very active." "It is be very active." "It is little be very active." "It is little things, be very active." "It is little things, that that you that you think that you think you that you think you can that you think you can do, that you think you can do, because that you think you can do, because you've" "you've always you've always done you've always done and, you've always done and, and you've always done and, and you you've always done and, and you just just have just have to" "just have to realise just have to realise that just have to realise that you just have to realise that you can't just have to realise that you can't do do that do that anymore." "do that anymore." "You do that anymore." "You put do that anymore." "You put a front do that anymore." "You put a front on do that anymore." "You put a front on things, things, because things, because you things, because you don't things, because you don't want things, because you don't want to things, because you don't want to be" "be miserable, be miserable, and be miserable, and you be miserable, and you don't be miserable, and you don't want be miserable, and you don't want people people to people to not" "people to not have people to not have fun people to not have fun when people to not have fun when you're people to not have fun when you're around, around, and around, and go," "around, and go, there around, and go, there she around, and go, there she goes around, and go, there she goes again, again, moaning!" "again, moaning!" "So again, moaning!" "So I tend again, moaning!" "So I tend not again, moaning!" "So I tend not to again, moaning!" "So I tend not to mention mention it mention it a lot." "Understanding" "Understanding chronic" "Understanding chronic pain" "Understanding chronic pain is" "Understanding chronic pain is one" "Understanding chronic pain is one of of the of the greatest of the greatest challenges of the greatest challenges facing of the greatest challenges facing medical medical science medical science today." "medical science today." "Chronic medical science today." "Chronic pain medical science today." "Chronic pain is is bizarre, is bizarre, because is bizarre, because it is bizarre, because it is is bizarre, because it is just is bizarre, because it is just on, is bizarre, because it is just on, it" "it is it is permanently it is permanently on." "Scientists" "Scientists are" "Scientists are still" "Scientists are still unsure" "Scientists are still unsure why," "Scientists are still unsure why, but but the but the pain but the pain system but the pain system gets but the pain system gets damaged." "but the pain system gets damaged." "It" "It continues" "It continues to" "It continues to fire" "It continues to fire pain" "It continues to fire pain signals" "It continues to fire pain signals incessantly, incessantly, over incessantly, over and incessantly, over and over incessantly, over and over again, incessantly, over and over again, for for absolutely for absolutely no for absolutely no reason." "for absolutely no reason." "This for absolutely no reason." "This causes causes a causes a cascade causes a cascade of causes a cascade of changes causes a cascade of changes in causes a cascade of changes in the causes a cascade of changes in the nervous nervous system nervous system that" "nervous system that amplified nervous system that amplified these nervous system that amplified these signals." "signals." "The signals." "The question signals." "The question is, signals." "The question is, what signals." "The question is, what has signals." "The question is, what has happened happened to happened to the happened to the central happened to the central nervous happened to the central nervous system, system, the system, the spinal system, the spinal cord system, the spinal cord and" "system, the spinal cord and the system, the spinal cord and the brain, brain, when brain, when you brain, when you have brain, when you have been brain, when you have been living" "brain, when you have been living with with this with this constant with this constant input with this constant input from with this constant input from tissue tissue damaged tissue damaged areas." "tissue damaged areas." "At tissue damaged areas." "At constant tissue damaged areas." "At constant barrage, barrage, bombarding barrage, bombarding the barrage, bombarding the central barrage, bombarding the central nervous nervous system nervous system -- nervous system -- that nervous system -- that constant nervous system -- that constant barrage." "barrage." "Irene barrage." "Irene has barrage." "Irene has been barrage." "Irene has been looking barrage." "Irene has been looking at barrage." "Irene has been looking at brain brain scans brain scans of brain scans of patients brain scans of patients with brain scans of patients with chronic chronic pain, chronic pain, to chronic pain, to see chronic pain, to see the" "chronic pain, to see the impact chronic pain, to see the impact it chronic pain, to see the impact it could could be could be having could be having on could be having on the could be having on the brain." "could be having on the brain." "If could be having on the brain." "If you you look you look at you look at this you look at this day you look at this day to you look at this day to hear, you look at this day to hear, this you look at this day to hear, this is" "is taken is taken from is taken from researchers is taken from researchers in is taken from researchers in America" "America " "America -- this" "America -- this data" "America -- this data here." "America -- this data here." "If" "America -- this data here." "If you" "America -- this data here." "If you go go to go to the go to the front go to the front of go to the front of the go to the front of the brain, go to the front of the brain, it go to the front of the brain, it shows" "shows there shows there is shows there is a significant shows there is a significant decrease decrease in decrease in the decrease in the amount decrease in the amount of decrease in the amount of the decrease in the amount of the grey" "decrease in the amount of the grey matter, matter, those matter, those nerve matter, those nerve cells matter, those nerve cells that matter, those nerve cells that do matter, those nerve cells that do the" "the processing the processing and the processing and generate the processing and generate the the processing and generate the experience experience of experience of pain." "experience of pain." "There experience of pain." "There is experience of pain." "There is a significant significant loss significant loss of significant loss of that significant loss of that in significant loss of that in this significant loss of that in this part part of part of the part of the brain," "part of the brain, compared part of the brain, compared to part of the brain, compared to controls." "controls." "What controls." "What seems controls." "What seems to controls." "What seems to be controls." "What seems to be the controls." "What seems to be the case controls." "What seems to be the case is is that is that people is that people in is that people in chronic is that people in chronic pain, is that people in chronic pain, living living with living with his" "living with his constant living with his constant barrage living with his constant barrage of living with his constant barrage of Signals," "Signals, it" "Signals, it is" "Signals, it is put" "Signals, it is put in" "Signals, it is put in an" "Signals, it is put in an enormous" "Signals, it is put in an enormous burden burden on burden on the burden on the brain, burden on the brain, producing burden on the brain, producing structural structural and structural and chemical structural and chemical changes." "structural and chemical changes." "Scientists" "Scientists believe" "Scientists believe these" "Scientists believe these changes" "Scientists believe these changes can can be can be reversed." "can be reversed." "Understanding can be reversed." "Understanding the can be reversed." "Understanding the effects effects chronic effects chronic pain effects chronic pain has effects chronic pain has on effects chronic pain has on the effects chronic pain has on the brain brain is brain is driving brain is driving a new brain is driving a new wave" "brain is driving a new wave of brain is driving a new wave of research research that research that could research that could offer research that could offer hope research that could offer hope for research that could offer hope for the" "the millions the millions who the millions who suffer the millions who suffer from the millions who suffer from it." "Determined" "Determined to" "Determined to find" "Determined to find relief" "Determined to find relief from" "Determined to find relief from her" "Determined to find relief from her pain, pain, Rebecca pain, Rebecca is pain, Rebecca is on pain, Rebecca is on her pain, Rebecca is on her way pain, Rebecca is on her way to" "pain, Rebecca is on her way to try pain, Rebecca is on her way to try out out a out a cutting-edge out a cutting-edge treatment." "out a cutting-edge treatment." "You out a cutting-edge treatment." "You just just get just get to just get to the just get to the point, just get to the point, away just get to the point, away you just get to the point, away you go," "just get to the point, away you go, I'm" "I'm going" "I'm going to" "I'm going to try" "I'm going to try anything" "I'm going to try anything " "I'm going to try anything -- where" "I'm going to try anything -- where you you go." "you go." "I'm you go." "I'm going you go." "I'm going to you go." "I'm going to try you go." "I'm going to try anything you go." "I'm going to try anything to to make to make it to make it better." "to make it better." "I'm to make it better." "I'm not to make it better." "I'm not expecting expecting any expecting any great expecting any great results, expecting any great results, but expecting any great results, but even even a even a little even a little improvement even a little improvement would" "even a little improvement would be even a little improvement would be brilliant." "Rebecca" "Rebecca is" "Rebecca is not" "Rebecca is not alone." "Rebecca is not alone." "For" "Rebecca is not alone." "For countless" "Rebecca is not alone." "For countless chronic chronic pain chronic pain sufferers chronic pain sufferers in chronic pain sufferers in the chronic pain sufferers in the UK, chronic pain sufferers in the UK, treatments treatments have treatments have little treatments have little or" "treatments have little or no treatments have little or no effect." "treatments have little or no effect." "Now," "Now, neuroscientist" "Now, neuroscientist Professor" "Now, neuroscientist Professor believes believes one believes one of believes one of the believes one of the ways believes one of the ways to believes one of the ways to help believes one of the ways to help chronic chronic pain" "chronic pain is chronic pain is the chronic pain is the way chronic pain is the way it chronic pain is the way it is chronic pain is the way it is treated treated in treated in the treated in the brain." "treated in the brain." "In treated in the brain." "In the treated in the brain." "In the last treated in the brain." "In the last five five to five to 10 five to 10 years, five to 10 years, dramatic five to 10 years, dramatic changes five to 10 years, dramatic changes have have taken have taken place have taken place that" "have taken place that have have taken place that have dramatically dramatically changed dramatically changed the dramatically changed the way dramatically changed the way we dramatically changed the way we think think about think about pain, think about pain, especially" "think about pain, especially chronic chronic pain." "chronic pain." "We chronic pain." "We have chronic pain." "We have learned chronic pain." "We have learned that chronic pain." "We have learned that the the brain the brain can the brain can undergo the brain can undergo several the brain can undergo several different different types different types of different types of changes different types of changes that different types of changes that increase" "increase the increase the pain." "increase the pain." "The increase the pain." "The positive increase the pain." "The positive thing thing is thing is that thing is that these thing is that these changes thing is that these changes can thing is that these changes can be thing is that these changes can be reversed." "reversed." "Morning." "Rebecca" "Rebecca has" "Rebecca has come" "Rebecca has come to" "Rebecca has come to the" "Rebecca has come to the pain" "Rebecca has come to the pain Relief" "Rebecca has come to the pain Relief Foundation" "Foundation for" "Foundation for trans" "Foundation for trans cranial" "Foundation for trans cranial magnetic magnetic stimulation, magnetic stimulation, a treatment magnetic stimulation, a treatment for for chronic for chronic pain for chronic pain which for chronic pain which is for chronic pain which is still for chronic pain which is still in" "for chronic pain which is still in clinical clinical trial clinical trial its clinical trial its fash clinical trial its fash trials." "clinical trial its fash trials." "The clinical trial its fash trials." "The team team will team will file team will file a magnetic team will file a magnetic impulses team will file a magnetic impulses into into her into her brain into her brain -- into her brain -- clinical" "into her brain -- clinical trials." "into her brain -- clinical trials." "The" "The team" "The team will" "The team will fire" "The team will fire magnetic" "The team will fire magnetic impulses." "impulses." "There impulses." "There are impulses." "There are tiny impulses." "There are tiny differences differences that differences that are differences that are interesting differences that are interesting and and may and may explain and may explain why and may explain why you and may explain why you have and may explain why you have the" "and may explain why you have the pain pain that pain that you pain that you have." "pain that you have." "His pain that you have." "His theory pain that you have." "His theory is pain that you have." "His theory is that that the that the constant that the constant barrage that the constant barrage of that the constant barrage of pain that the constant barrage of pain signals signals experienced signals experienced by signals experienced by Rebecca signals experienced by Rebecca could" "could be could be causing could be causing changes could be causing changes in could be causing changes in the could be causing changes in the part part of part of her part of her brain part of her brain that" "part of her brain that is part of her brain that is responsible responsible for responsible for movement." "responsible for movement." "The responsible for movement." "The motor responsible for movement." "The motor cortex." "cortex." "That cortex." "That is cortex." "That is your cortex." "That is your primary cortex." "That is your primary motor cortex." "That is your primary motor cortex." "cortex." "It cortex." "It has cortex." "It has spread cortex." "It has spread out cortex." "It has spread out over cortex." "It has spread out over a large large area." "large area." "We large area." "We think large area." "We think this large area." "We think this is large area." "We think this is an large area." "We think this is an indication indication that indication that the indication that the nerve indication that the nerve cells indication that the nerve cells are indication that the nerve cells are not not functioning not functioning the not functioning the way" "not functioning the way they not functioning the way they should." "not functioning the way they should." "How" "How is" "How is that?" "How is that?" "Fine," "How is that?" "Fine, thank" "How is that?" "Fine, thank you." "How is that?" "Fine, thank you." "So" "How is that?" "Fine, thank you." "So pronounced pronounced are pronounced are these pronounced are these changes, pronounced are these changes, he pronounced are these changes, he believes believes the believes the parts believes the parts responsible believes the parts responsible for believes the parts responsible for moving" "moving her moving her hand moving her hand have moving her hand have now moving her hand have now rewired moving her hand have now rewired to moving her hand have now rewired to the the parts the parts of the parts of her" "the parts of her cortex the parts of her cortex controlling the parts of her cortex controlling other other parts other parts of other parts of her other parts of her body." "other parts of her body." "That's other parts of her body." "That's good, good, and good, and little good, and little finger, good, and little finger, push good, and little finger, push against against my against my finger." "against my finger." "That's against my finger." "That's really against my finger." "That's really nice." "To" "To test" "To test this" "To test this out," "To test this out, they" "To test this out, they will" "To test this out, they will fire" "To test this out, they will fire a signal signal -- signal -- single signal -- single magnetic signal -- single magnetic pulse signal -- single magnetic pulse into into the into the part into the part of" "into the part of Rebecca's into the part of Rebecca's brain into the part of Rebecca's brain that that should that should normally that should normally move that should normally move her that should normally move her hand." "that should normally move her hand." "Three," "Three, two," "Three, two, one." "Three, two, one." "The" "Three, two, one." "The fact" "Three, two, one." "The fact Rebecca's" "Three, two, one." "The fact Rebecca's arm arm moved arm moved and arm moved and not arm moved and not her arm moved and not her hand arm moved and not her hand is arm moved and not her hand is a strong" "strong indication strong indication that strong indication that the strong indication that the nerve strong indication that the nerve cells cells in cells in her cells in her motor cells in her motor cortex cells in her motor cortex have cells in her motor cortex have been" "cells in her motor cortex have been rewired." "rewired." "The rewired." "The interesting rewired." "The interesting thing rewired." "The interesting thing about about the about the responses about the responses is about the responses is that about the responses is that we about the responses is that we actually actually see, actually see, when actually see, when stimulating" "actually see, when stimulating your actually see, when stimulating your hand hand area hand area only, hand area only, responses hand area only, responses in hand area only, responses in all hand area only, responses in all different" "different muscles different muscles supplying different muscles supplying the different muscles supplying the whole whole of whole of the whole of the arm." "whole of the arm." "To whole of the arm." "To us, whole of the arm." "To us, that whole of the arm." "To us, that is whole of the arm." "To us, that is representative representative of representative of some representative of some sort representative of some sort of representative of some sort of change change that change that has change that has happened change that has happened in change that has happened in the" "change that has happened in the map change that has happened in the map of of the of the motor of the motor cortex." "Now" "Now he" "Now he will" "Now he will begin" "Now he will begin the" "Now he will begin the treatment" "Now he will begin the treatment for" "Now he will begin the treatment for Rebecca's" "Rebecca's chronic" "Rebecca's chronic pain." "Rebecca's chronic pain." "Rebecca," "Rebecca's chronic pain." "Rebecca, ready ready to ready to go?" "ready to go?" "Paul ready to go?" "Paul is ready to go?" "Paul is going ready to go?" "Paul is going to ready to go?" "Paul is going to give ready to go?" "Paul is going to give you you a you a series you a series of you a series of pulses." "you a series of pulses." "Nice you a series of pulses." "Nice and you a series of pulses." "Nice and relaxed, relaxed, three, relaxed, three, two, relaxed, three, two, one, relaxed, three, two, one, go." "relaxed, three, two, one, go." "By relaxed, three, two, one, go." "By giving giving her giving her repeated giving her repeated magnetic giving her repeated magnetic pulses, giving her repeated magnetic pulses, the the professor the professor believes the professor believes they the professor believes they should the professor believes they should help" "help rewire help rewire the help rewire the nerve help rewire the nerve cells help rewire the nerve cells back help rewire the nerve cells back to help rewire the nerve cells back to her her normal her normal function," "her normal function, correcting her normal function, correcting her her normal function, correcting her motor motor cortex, motor cortex, which motor cortex, which should motor cortex, which should help motor cortex, which should help reduce" "reduce the reduce the pain." "reduce the pain." "Any reduce the pain." "Any sensations reduce the pain." "Any sensations in reduce the pain." "Any sensations in the the scalp?" "the scalp?" "Just the scalp?" "Just around the scalp?" "Just around here." "the scalp?" "Just around here." "What the scalp?" "Just around here." "What about about the about the arm?" "about the arm?" "Did about the arm?" "Did it about the arm?" "Did it feel about the arm?" "Did it feel anything?" "anything?" "No." "anything?" "No." "The anything?" "No." "The motor anything?" "No." "The motor cortex anything?" "No." "The motor cortex does anything?" "No." "The motor cortex does have have properties have properties in have properties in the have properties in the fact have properties in the fact that have properties in the fact that it have properties in the fact that it controls controls pain" "controls pain to controls pain to a certain controls pain to a certain extent." "controls pain to a certain extent." "We" "We think" "We think one" "We think one reason" "We think one reason Rebecca" "We think one reason Rebecca is" "We think one reason Rebecca is having having this having this much having this much pain having this much pain is having this much pain is that having this much pain is that the having this much pain is that the motor" "motor cortex motor cortex isn't motor cortex isn't doing motor cortex isn't doing the motor cortex isn't doing the job motor cortex isn't doing the job properly properly on properly on the properly on the affected" "properly on the affected side." "properly on the affected side." "If properly on the affected side." "If we we can we can normalise we can normalise the we can normalise the motor we can normalise the motor cortex, we can normalise the motor cortex, it it will it will be it will be more it will be more capable" "it will be more capable of it will be more capable of controlling controlling pain, controlling pain, and controlling pain, and this controlling pain, and this is controlling pain, and this is what controlling pain, and this is what we" "we aim we aim to we aim to do." "Any" "Any sensations" "Any sensations on" "Any sensations on the" "Any sensations on the arm" "Any sensations on the arm now?" "Any sensations on the arm now?" "I have have some have some warm have some warm sensation have some warm sensation there, have some warm sensation there, in have some warm sensation there, in my my middle my middle finger." "my middle finger." "Interesting. my middle finger." "Interesting." "I think think we think we just think we just continue think we just continue targeting think we just continue targeting that that same that same region." "that same region." "Three, that same region." "Three, two, that same region." "Three, two, one, that same region." "Three, two, one, go." "go." "The go." "The fact go." "The fact Rebecca go." "The fact Rebecca feel go." "The fact Rebecca feel sensation go." "The fact Rebecca feel sensation in in different in different parts in different parts of in different parts of her in different parts of her body in different parts of her body is, in different parts of her body is, for" "for the for the professor, for the professor, a strong for the professor, a strong indication indication that indication that the indication that the motor indication that the motor cortex indication that the motor cortex is indication that the motor cortex is beginning" "beginning to beginning to have beginning to have an beginning to have an impact beginning to have an impact on beginning to have an impact on her beginning to have an impact on her pain pain system." "pain system." "That pain system." "That muscle pain system." "That muscle relaxed." "pain system." "That muscle relaxed." "That" "That is" "That is highly" "That is highly promising." "That is highly promising." "I would" "That is highly promising." "I would be be keen be keen to be keen to do be keen to do a few be keen to do a few more." "be keen to do a few more." "Because be keen to do a few more." "Because I think think we think we are think we are seeing think we are seeing a response think we are seeing a response emerging." "Let" "Let me" "Let me quickly" "Let me quickly ask," "Let me quickly ask, anything" "Let me quickly ask, anything in" "Let me quickly ask, anything in the" "Let me quickly ask, anything in the law law on?" "law on?" " law on?" " the law on?" " the lower law on?" " the lower arm?" "law on?" " the lower arm?" "Actually, law on?" " the lower arm?" "Actually, there's there's nothing, there's nothing, which there's nothing, which is there's nothing, which is a good there's nothing, which is a good thing, thing, because thing, because normally" "thing, because normally there thing, because normally there is." "thing, because normally there is." "That..." "That..." "Are" "That..." "Are you" "That..." "Are you OK?" "That..." "Are you OK?" "That's" "That..." "Are you OK?" "That's good," "That..." "Are you OK?" "That's good, that that is that is what that is what we that is what we want." "that is what we want." "Do that is what we want." "Do that that is what we want." "Do that again." "that is what we want." "Do that again." "That's" "That's fine." "That's fine." "That's" "That's fine." "That's fine." "That's fine." "That's fine." "Sorry." "That's fine." "That's fine." "Sorry." "Great!" "Great!" "Yes," "Great!" "Yes, that" "Great!" "Yes, that is" "Great!" "Yes, that is a great" "Great!" "Yes, that is a great start." "Great!" "Yes, that is a great start." "Oh," "Oh, my" "Oh, my God." "Oh, my God." "Sorry..." "Oh, my God." "Sorry..." "Surrey..." "Sorry." "Sorry." "Good" "Sorry." "Good girl." "Sorry." "Good girl." "Well" "Sorry." "Good girl." "Well done." "Sorry." "Good girl." "Well done." "Thank" "Sorry." "Good girl." "Well done." "Thank you." "you." "For you." "For the you." "For the first you." "For the first time you." "For the first time in you." "For the first time in five you." "For the first time in five years, years, Rebecca years, Rebecca feels years, Rebecca feels complete years, Rebecca feels complete relief relief from relief from her relief from her pain." "I" "I am" "I am very," "I am very, very" "I am very, very pleased" "I am very, very pleased that" "I am very, very pleased that by" "I am very, very pleased that by just just activating just activating a small just activating a small part just activating a small part of just activating a small part of the just activating a small part of the motor" "motor cortex, motor cortex, which motor cortex, which temporarily motor cortex, which temporarily reduced reduced the reduced the pain." "reduced the pain." "It reduced the pain." "It is reduced the pain." "It is early reduced the pain." "It is early days reduced the pain." "It is early days for for Rebecca, for Rebecca, but for Rebecca, but I would for Rebecca, but I would like for Rebecca, but I would like to for Rebecca, but I would like to be" "for Rebecca, but I would like to be optimistic." "optimistic." "I optimistic." "I believe optimistic." "I believe what optimistic." "I believe what we optimistic." "I believe what we can optimistic." "I believe what we can do do is do is to do is to improve do is to improve her do is to improve her pain. do is to improve her pain." "I think do is to improve her pain." "I think that that is that is a very that is a very realistic that is a very realistic target that is a very realistic target for that is a very realistic target for us." "us." "Whether us." "Whether that us." "Whether that improvement us." "Whether that improvement is us." "Whether that improvement is permanent, permanent, that permanent, that remains permanent, that remains to permanent, that remains to be permanent, that remains to be seen." "This" "This treatment," "This treatment, and" "This treatment, and others" "This treatment, and others like" "This treatment, and others like it," "This treatment, and others like it, are are showing are showing promising are showing promising results." "are showing promising results." "As are showing promising results." "As research research continues, research continues, scientists research continues, scientists hope research continues, scientists hope these these will these will bring these will bring permanent these will bring permanent relief these will bring permanent relief for for chronic" "for chronic pain for chronic pain sufferers." "Over" "Over the" "Over the last" "Over the last decade," "Over the last decade, the" "Over the last decade, the understanding understanding of understanding of pain understanding of pain has understanding of pain has been understanding of pain has been transformed transformed by transformed by science." "transformed by science." "Genetics transformed by science." "Genetics is transformed by science." "Genetics is unravelling unravelling its unravelling its complex unravelling its complex mechanisms." "unravelling its complex mechanisms." "We" "We are" "We are making" "We are making dramatic" "We are making dramatic progress" "We are making dramatic progress in" "We are making dramatic progress in the the pain the pain field the pain field by the pain field by exploiting the pain field by exploiting genetics, genetics, and genetics, and the genetics, and the last genetics, and the last 10" "genetics, and the last 10 years genetics, and the last 10 years has genetics, and the last 10 years has been been very been very fruitful, been very fruitful, in been very fruitful, in terms" "been very fruitful, in terms of been very fruitful, in terms of understanding understanding pain understanding pain and understanding pain and developing understanding pain and developing potential potential new potential new targets." "potential new targets." "The potential new targets." "The critical potential new targets." "The critical role role the role the brain role the brain pavements role the brain pavements -- role the brain pavements -- plays role the brain pavements -- plays in in our in our perception in our perception of" "in our perception of pain in our perception of pain is in our perception of pain is being in our perception of pain is being revealed." "revealed." "It revealed." "It is revealed." "It is a great revealed." "It is a great time revealed." "It is a great time to revealed." "It is a great time to be revealed." "It is a great time to be in in pain in pain science." "in pain science." "We in pain science." "We have in pain science." "We have come in pain science." "We have come up in pain science." "We have come up with with this with this new with this new understanding with this new understanding from with this new understanding from the the physiology, the physiology, the the physiology, the neurology the physiology, the neurology and" "the physiology, the neurology and the the psychology." "the psychology." "The the psychology." "The excitement the psychology." "The excitement is the psychology." "The excitement is that that we that we are that we are going that we are going to that we are going to take that we are going to take that that we are going to take that knowledge knowledge and" "knowledge and bring knowledge and bring new knowledge and bring new treatments knowledge and bring new treatments for for pain for pain that for pain that is for pain that is based for pain that is based on for pain that is based on that" "for pain that is based on that new for pain that is based on that new science." "science." "And science." "And the science." "And the fruition science." "And the fruition of science." "And the fruition of this science." "And the fruition of this science science could science could change science could change all science could change all our science could change all our lives." "science could change all our lives." "The" "The advances" "The advances that" "The advances that have" "The advances that have been" "The advances that have been made" "The advances that have been made in" "The advances that have been made in the the understanding the understanding of the understanding of how the understanding of how pain the understanding of how pain comes the understanding of how pain comes about about have about have increased about have increased enormously." "about have increased enormously." "With" "With that," "With that, we" "With that, we are" "With that, we are entering" "With that, we are entering an" "With that, we are entering an era" "With that, we are entering an era where where I where I think where I think we where I think we will where I think we will be where I think we will be able where I think we will be able to" "where I think we will be able to help help millions help millions of help millions of people, help millions of people, maybe help millions of people, maybe tens help millions of people, maybe tens of of millions" "of millions of of millions of people, of millions of people, in of millions of people, in the of millions of people, in the world."