"Continuing the history of disbelief found that the skeptical philosophers that arose in ancient Greece and in Rome around 500 D. C faced a very serious challenge." "Christianity stole the scene as the official religion of the Roman Empire." "It would become the Roman Catholic Church which in turn shut the great schools of philosophy a vision that encouraged material and rational universe." "And it did dominate the Western thought and if not enough, the policy well over a thousand years." "It was a very successful story and in such a world we had little room for disbelief." "ATEIZAM" "Uzburkana istorija neverovanja" "II Heads or Tails" "Due to continued success Christianity is not difficult to find in Europe today the ruins of intact church once so powerful." "But what exactly happened?" "It is very difficult in the twenty- understand the mentality of the past especially with regard attitudes about religion." "Because we live in today in a literate society, where almost everyone read or write, may not be so complicated for historians of the future discover the opinions and beliefs so-called "ordinary people"." "But when we look at the XIII century when the abbey was founded, thoughts of mass no fault of the illiterate, did not leave marks on the historical records." "But to discover the history of disbelief" "We have to understand the grounds of belief against what the thoughts Skeptics have to compete." "In order to obtain a light on the religious mentality, we have to look the way that these ideas are communicated with those who were unable to read, looking for religious figures." "This, of course, is the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua where Giotto, one of the pioneers European art painted a series of frescoes at the beginning of the fourteenth century." "The pictures give us one, accessible and almost a version comic life and death of Christ." "With surprising speed early Christianity religious belief in Europe experienced a rich and irreversible change in character." "Although there were taken time to the creed, the sacraments and liturgy establish in its canonical form and then emerge a sacred text, supervised, preserved and interpreted by an authority central dogma." "And instead of a copyright work without the folklore of pagan antiquity, they were treated as articles of faith." "The most important, inherited from the Jews, was the idea that there was one and only one God, who had created the world for the purpose to give your creature more famous, any privilege to exercise a moral choice." "Worship..." "Worship of Mary." "The expression of our You're so beautiful ... When you look at it closely." "The expression of Our Lady When she presents the baby at kings." "looks like a normal boy." "Yes, sure, probably yes." "The other notable feature of this story is the fact that it comes into contrast to the episodes no weight and no date of pagan mythology." "The events described in the New Testament occurred in what appears have been, a recent past." "The Last Supper..." "The washing of feet..." "The kiss of Judas..." "When Jesus appears in front of Caiaphas..." "Calvary..." "The Crucifixion..." "Resurrection." "Against such a foundation that suddenly switches between the mundane and the miraculous, and where the extraordinary events New Testament give us a curious kind of credibility documented this belief would be almost inconceivable." "Looking for that these paintings 700 years, I'm questioning whether they, and what they represent, must have dominated the mentality observers of the fourteenth century." "Padova" "In contrast to Judaism and Islam forbidding the representations through engravings." "Christianity revolutionized this idea, the result was that the Christian imagination surrounded by an impenetrable cyclorama of sacred images." "But even in a building secular like this this is the Palace of Justice, although this lot frescos include many subjects that are not directly religious, we still have a huge impression how was closed medieval mentality." "But things were to change." "Although these panels do not to transmit a lot, the time they were painted in the mid-fifteenth century, had philosophical movements within the community academic here in Padua, with signs of skepticism and disbelief." "In fact, it seems that There are two currents thought that Orthodox people begin to refer to atheists, and they stem from two sources acting on a type angles from the front each other." "One, if you so wish, influence is a horizontal that arises from the effect of a growing global journey with the discovery that people do not necessarily share the same beliefs, was clear that there were "Other worlds" who were not Christians, in remote" "even where people unaware of Christianity." "In the seventeenth century the missions Jesuit returning from China had to understand civilizations that had in which Christianity was not part." "But their philosophy that gave support for a moral code, at least 300 million people." "And then a little later had an influence vertical arising from the past in various forms of pagan skepticism and materialism Greco-Roman." "It's sort of artesian well which brings pre-Christian ideas Epicurus, Lucretius and Democritus." ""Fear is the mother of all gods..." ""Nature does all things by itself, without interference. "" "Having closed the schools philosophy in Athens, the recently converted Christian Roman Empire made great effort to then some of Christianize "Pagan philosophers."" "One or two of work Aristotle and Plato survived to what we know." "But only those who were valid in the Middle Ages those who were conveniently gave new support to Christian theology." "And the well-known philosophers, such as Epicurus, Democritus and Lucretius were simply considered ungodly villains, and their work discarded." "But the school in the East East, and later in Spain preserved a large amount the works of Aristotle." "And writers such as Averroes Toledo in the 12 century began to recognize aspects in Aristotle of his thinking that does not were conveniently consistent with no religious thought." "Aristotle thought the world always existed and could not be an immortal soul, which was inconsistent with the thoughts Christians and Muslims." "The version for Aristotle Averroes was soon translated into Latin, and, perhaps, led to Christian Europe, especially for Padua the same city where the chapel Scrovegni, and the Palace of Reason was quiet but efficient in propagating the Christian faith." "And then throughout Europe during the next 500 years thinkers, few of them whose names are now well known transformed these ideas old in what would be a "Confident Modern Atheism."" "And all this began to appear while the medieval frescoes were being painted on the walls we saw at the Palace Justice in Padua." "We hope that these immense city hall, now used to house modern views." "And it's actually quite hard to try view changes interventionist thinking linking the emblematic devotion of medieval frescoes secular with secularism displayed here dedicated to art and technology of the 1960s." "The advent of new science and technology in the Renaissance also had a role to provide the gradual erosion and decreased impenetrable confidence the Christian world." "In fact the conventional view is that science to automate the image of the world was the most significant factor in decrease the value of religious faith." "But while this sounds good rational..." "is far from the truth." ""I do not see God some from up here "" "It is true that Christianity inherited the image of the Ptolemaic universe in which the earth was the center of everything and everything revolved around it." "The sun. moon, the planets stars in concentric spheres." "And all this, of course, was the work of an omnipotent God." "It is not difficult to understand the why people believed that the earth was the center of the universe where everything revolves around, you could see it happening, the sun revolved around the Earth every day, you watched it." "The moon revolves around the Earth night and you could watch." "Even the stars revolved around the Earth, if you have patience enough to observe them." "And if the man was the creature supreme in a world which was the center of everything..." "Well, it was difficult to find the themselves as being the special creation of one God." "But this vision of the universe and comfortable the privileged place of man in it was to be modified." "With Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler and then, soon became clear that the Earth and all the planets revolved around the sun, which, in turn, was only a star among millions of others." "It is very difficult for us today, imagine how confusing the ideas of Copernicus must have been when they were published in 1543." "University of Padua" "But before the new image Copernican universe was accepted" "Science was also a change the representation of man your own body." "I do not think that everything be a coincidence, the work that the Belgian anatomist Versailles made here in Padua dissecting and illustrating precisely the human body was published the same year Copernicus published his work on physical structure of the universe." "Actually I'm impressed looking at this theater anatomical shape of the cone, the way he shows declining to the microcosm of the human body precisely dissected and at the same time, metaphorically at least, it rises like a telescope the heliocentric universe," "described by Copernicus in the same year." "Although the Christian authorities had suspected, is very difficult to identify any religious understanding towards any one these two scientists." "Versailles on one hand and Copernicus on the other." "Since the human body was, without a doubt, God's design then the anatomical details revealed by dissection, simply confirmed the ingenuity of its design, and the same principle applied the universe as a whole." "But even if these scientific initiatives, if we can call it that, had no effect on scriptural authority, we can still recognize them an almost imperceptible very thin crack in the rigid crust of religious belief" "One reason fractals which these lines were so imperceptible, was the fact that people most visibly responsible for the new science were committed Christians." "For whom the very fact that was also sublimely mechanical extraordinary laws and obey, inflexible and unchanging was a sign of truth and prior commitment to the idea of?" "God as divine creator and designer." "For a long time what was described image as the mechanization of the world could co-exist almost that comfortably with belief in God." ""There is a torch in each city:" "The teacher and an extinguisher:" "The pastor "" "When we consider the religious of men like Copernicus, Versailles and Galileo is somewhat surprising that the church official has been so shaken the emergence of this new science." "The Popes and Cardinals that were too ignorant or biased to realize that science could reinforce the belief omniscience and omnipotence of the creator." "They were not familiar with current science." "But they suspected that there was something strange in all this." "Something did not seem very "venerable" that was really dominated by secular curiosity rather than by the respect and veneration." "Anyway, the status quo religion was very well connected to the power social and political." "And science was perhaps too curious for their own benefits." "Curiosity, they thought, can lead to contempt." "Galileo, for example, not impressed or moved cause the Copernican view on the structure of the universe had been rejected by church officials." ""In a matter of science, authority of millions of people not worth the humble reason of a single individual. "" "For these early scientists to observe was more valuable than revelation." ""Sort of the masters astronomy to refute their own observations is to order them no see what they see and not understand what they understand. "" "As you all know, Galileo was arrested by the Catholic Inquisition and having refused to deny his opinions about the universe," "He was sentenced to house arrest the rest of his life." "One of his most Giordano Bruno was excited, who was arrested and tortured for nearly eight years, and although he denied had heretical views, he was burned in the square public in 1600." "What was left of his body after burned was thrown to the wind." "The fact is that these scientists had no difficulty to reconcile their beliefs with his knowledge." "It was the church that behaved as if an imminent conflict between religion and science." "But perhaps a better match pause here for a minute, because something else was happening which brings many questions that do not begin to do them, because even if all these scientists have redrawing the image of the universe" "and being pursued by church because of that, something else happened, something within Christianity itself would help open the path to atheism" "I refer, of course, the as the reform movements." "But an important point is that people such as:" "Calvin Luther, Swingley and many others, the fabric of faith and dogma Christian was in pieces and continued to experience further discord." "For the first time in its history Christianity began to divide, was no longer "a Catholic Church."" "And for the disbelievers potential this disagreement, this sectarianism was seen as evidence of perhaps none of the dogma may be true." "And that's what the church feared happen." ""With our dispute humor skeptical of them is stronger, nothing pleases them more than these multiple oppositions when it comes to religion. "" "Some of the new sectarian ideas presented that the Christian authorities called:" ""Little evidence of Atheism."" "The Anabaptists, for example, were a group that, despite their protests to the contrary, self-proclaimed atheists, and this brings us to another group, the Unitarians who were also seen as atheists, was not surprising that those who were burned to confirm this, insisted." ""Christ is not God, is not the savior the world but a mere man, a sinful man, and an abominable idol." "All those who worship are abominable idolaters, and Christ was not raised from death to life, much less ascended into heaven. "" "For express it, Mathew Hammond was burned by the Bishop of Norwich in 1579." "It is quite surprising that under these circumstances which is extremely rare find anyone that explicitly question the existence of the supernatural, was not for that reasoncommon to find people prepared to call themselves atheists, even though many were accused of it." "In fact when entering a very strange full of accusations and denials, and, confusingly, some of those who denied the existence of atheism are the same people who spend most of their time trying to eradicate something they say they do not exist." "Kejmbridz" "This confusing period lasted at least two centuries, was full of accusations, curious contradictions and denials and this was studied by Cambridge historian Simon Schaffer" "This formidable ambiguity which brought together historical the fiercest hunters Atheists of the XVI, XVII and XVIII can simultaneously claiming to be found that no such thing exists." "Because one of the best arguments that the enemies those who deny the existence of God have is to say that it is impossible to do this." "And the argument often good against atheists, is that there is none." ""Many people pretend to be atheists or labeled as atheists in the world, but it is questionable whether any man seriously adopt this principle. "" "You are arguing against unicorns you are arguing against fantastic creatures you are arguing against the monsters inhabiting our minds." ""It's very questionable that always been such a monster atheistic in nature as a serious, who lived and died in office of their reason and sense. "" "Thus the high-risk this game is played this led to absolute and fascinating logic problem that is to deny the existence position against those who are arguing." ""I think an Atheist an impossible thing, most of those who call themselves Atheists are lazy, because they do not given time to think. "" "I think atheism is a label that many intelligent people try to escape." "And for that reason we have this problem, recalling the history of atheism that even focus... that certainly for any reason, Atheists should be tried, making an enormous effort to ensure that could not be charged as such." "So now there are atheists?" "Many sermons have been preached." "Many books written, and laws designed to combat atheism But it seems clear that something is happening." "The convictions and doubts of illiterate masses may not be available to academic scrutiny." "But we are entering at a stage where something recognized as atheism is beginning to emerge." "I mean people who are involved in this development, consistently deny that are skeptical." "I think the word 'Atheist' is a word that scares a word you do not I would like to be associated linked to the late eighteenth and in many cases beyond." "The word 'atheist' is not the kind of word you would use on your shirt." "And what the enemy is always allocate to you." "The confusion and ambiguity Throughout this period, is optimized by the fact that in 600 years," "French theologian and a popular Catholic priest, Pierre Charron wrote in his "Book of wisdom."" ""All religions have that in common, that they are absurd common sense. "" ""For they are remnants of a variety of elements, some seem to be worth nothing, are nasty, an insult to human reason, any strong intelligence and vigorous them laugh. "" "The issue is that the reforms Christianity has a internal reconstruction in the hands of other Christians who do not had nothing to do with science." "And one of the most significant in this process was the emergence of a group which we have called deists." "The Deists were a great group of upper class and as the name suggests, they most certainly believed in a deity." "But they were dissatisfied with Christianity and especially with insolent behavior religious authorities that time." "So why do Deists accepted there was a kind supreme being the dawn of creation." "They often accept little or nothing." "There were several factors that favored the development of Deism." "In England, at least had a greater tolerance that allows people from they were members some privileged class, and are not very exposed, to speculate on nature of Christianity." "The Deists insisted that all humans shared an indelible sense sacred." "And that beneath the surface, varieties of superstition corrupt and irrational rituals, we could identify a monotheistic universe What was common to all human society." "Well, initially, there was a genuine desire to redraw a new and more tolerant humanistic form of Christianity, one that did not put ênfaze in miracles it was open to reason and be more human." "But still, after all, support the divinity of Christ, and certainly the presence of an intelligent being." "Well, there are a number British writers and literary who developed these ideas beginning in the early seventeenth century with the person known as the father of Deism Lord Herbert of Cherbury." "Lord Herbert was born in 1582 writer was an aristocrat of metaphysical poetry." "A man who was in constant passion, He said that the greatest beauties of society kept pictures of him in secret in their necklines." "But when he was not distributing your pictures he wrote:" ""Religion is a common notion, but there was never a century and not a country without religion, have to figure out universal agreement that was brought to reality by religion. "" ""And compare all that we found on this subject. "" "For they were Hebert, crucially, non-negotiable." "But he believed that all Christians and many non-Christians would be able to support this." ""There is a supreme being." "This supreme power is to be worshiped. "" ""The agreement calls for this common although they differ from men, and always believed, that all vices and crimes should be observed and and erased by repentance. "" "National Gallery of Art" "Although the movement has Deist developed very quickly in the 17 century and especially in the 18 is very difficult to identify any you call "Assumed an Atheist"" "In the middle of the seventeenth century we come face to face with someone who is very close." "Son of Thomas Hobbes a cleric of Wiltshire, spent most of his life to tutor the children of the aristocracy including the young boy who one day would become King Charles II." "His philosophy was quite materialistic or monistic not surprisingly philosophers he studied classics" "Epicurus, Democritus and Lucretius" "Hobbes denied any idea of?" "the immaterial their aim was to conventional religion." "What is so fascinating about the criticism of Hobbes is that it uses many of the arguments apologies more conservative used by established religions, and the ingeniously reverses." "So the apologists conservative religion often said:" ""Look at the cult, you see how bad and dangerous they are, to leave the path of one true faith? "" "Hobbes simply rolled the argument and said:" ""Can not you see the terrible history of sectarianism, persecution, to hunt heresy, this shows you that thinking the world is intrinsically worse "" "Hobbes gave way to atheism, partly because it is what philosophers call a monistic" "There is only one kind of thing that is..." "What's the matter." "The matter we see, feel, and play and nothing more." ""The universe, the mass of things that there is body, which means the body, and has the dimension of magnitude length, width and depth. "" ""Every part of the universe is 'Body' and what is not 'body' is not part of the universe, and because the universe is everything, which is not part of it is nothing, and consequently, anywhere. "" "He is actually echoing something which has already been said earlier in pagan antiquity." "Absolutely." "And what I think have been decisive on Hobbes is presented in the middle of the seventeenth century, he does it brilliantly together a series of arguments which was distributed in traditional pagan philosophy and the tradition of classical antiquity." "With Democritus and Epicurus..." "They systematized." "They a transformed program coherent philosophical, and what this meant was... maybe something more that in the English tradition, you rarely get a argument against the atheistic philosoph if not systematic." "You can no longer say that anymore." "You can say that is a diabolical system or that is based on a logical deeply flawed." "But it is very difficult to say that there was systematic is not as if "on the table."" "What I think it matters both historically and philosophically about the works of Hobbes is that it provides the most the most important sources for philosophical atheism since." "Parish of Hucknall in Derbyshire." "So do we Our first and sincere Atheist?" "you can suspect there is not much space to an immaterial soul in the image materialistic world of Hobbes." "On the other hand, for Hobbes this vision scholastic of the immaterial soul was self-contradictory and meaningless, as a rectangle around." "One could assume that Hobbes was reluctant to accept the immortality of the soul." "But although he often make suggestions this indirect effect he prudently covering all bets." "He even conceived the idea resurrection on Judgement Day, for the same reason he reluctantly acknowledged there was, after all, a divine origin to the universe a force greater than had the course of things" "Considering the tone of his speech and its radical attitude immaterial, is surprising to find Hobbes shows the tomb of local church in Derbyshire." "Although many people think Hobbes was an atheist, or at least an encouraging atheists." ""infidels of every 100 English is a hobbyist what I know, raises the number of atheism "" "Already by the late seventeenth century MPs discussed issues facing to combat what many considered to be the "Blasphemy of unbelief."" "In fact, this status on blasphemy, 1697 when it finally became law, did not specifically mention atheism." "This then is the first decree..." "Although it is clear when look at the original words these documents 300 years old that atheists would be nipped in the bud." ""Anyone who has been educated here at any time, having professed Christian religion in this kingdom." "It should be... writing, printing..." "What is it...?" "... Or giving advice, talking, denying any of the people the holy trinity..." "And he added something here..." "and accidentally  and insist that there is God will be more than one..." "I love this idea of two officers of parliament sitting side by side yet discussing polytheism, otherwise they may be picked up at the last minute." "... If you deny the truth of the Christian religion or the holy scriptures of Old and New Testament as divine authority..." "New subtitle" "But the discussions and disputes that preceded the final decree of blasphemy, actually specified atheism which demonstrates the seriousness with that this matter was handled." "This is the year 1677..." "1677, let's see what they were talking about." "The crime of blasphemy and atheism, says that "any persons older than 16 years 16 years or more, not being clearly and apparently suffering through natural disease or infirmity, if not a madman or away from common sense shall, after this decree, speak or write denying that God exists..." "And these things they say it's about..." "What they say they will do with the person..." "Probably eliminate them..." "For the benefit of the clergy should trial there on pain of death upon him, and implementation should follow no right to defense..." "And that's blasphemy or atheism?" "A decree on the punishment atheism and blasphemy" "As soon as I reviewed these papers and feel what these people did" "I felt my blood pressure to accelerate and a type of atheist anger virtuous start blasting." "Look at this!" "that stupid, awful people." ""Civilization will not find perfection until the last stone, last church falls on the last priest. "" "While early Deists were busy reconstructing Christianity while being careful to avoid accusations of atheism, the world of science continued to make progress." "The Copernican view about the universe may have convinced the "free thinkers"" "But even with the observations Kepler and Galileo" "It seems mathematically uncertain and no one knew how it really worked, until Alexander Pope who said:" ""The night covered the nature and its laws, God said "Let Newton be!" "and all was light"" "With so much advertising that type, phrases, famous poems course that is only a simplification." "But the theory of Isaac Newton speaking about gravity and the laws of motion." "Certainly it would be impossible today to intelligent men accept the Earth as the center the universe as the Church Catholic both insisted." "Whatever the role of man, today it is impossible to accept literalness that we are in the center of things." "The distance that Christianity differs from Newton Orthodox Anglican was not noticed until their unknown religious writings were discovered the last century." "But today it is clear that their scientific achievements were closely related their religious convictions, and he was certain that God revealed to him in words as much as he did in creative actions." "It seems that two patterns emerge when dealing with the role of science in the history of disbelief." "One that we have seen when we looked at Copernicus and Galileo is that most scientists involved, and that includes Newton, remained firm believers, or due to science, or as in most cases, because of their sciences." "The second model was seen in people who were not scientists intellectuals and in some cases theologians found it easy to reconcile new scientific discoveries with their beliefs the existence of a supreme being." "The Rev. Samuel Clark, for example, arrived at Trinity College in Cambridge" "Not long after the publication of 'Principia' of Newton." "In 1704 he was invited to present a set lectures in which Robert Boyle, one of the most notable society co-Newton Real instituted the establishment the truth of religion against the Christian infidels." "The first series of lectures Clark was entitled:" ""A demonstration of being and attributes of God "" "particularly in response to Mr. Hobbes, Spinoza and his followers." "Like many of his predecessors of the sixteenth century," "Clark identified three distinct classes of Atheists there were those, as he said:" ""It is stupid and ignorant who had never used any of his natural reason to discover the most simple and obvious truths. "" "And there were those who..." ""As vice corrupt and depraved life the principles of his nature "and decided not to listen to reason." "And finally there were those they were both moral and rational which own speculation had convinced the that the atheist position was more strong and conclusive and is the third group contain, as Clark said," ""The only people to call themselves atheists 'People' to whom this speech can be directed are those that are able to be rational." "Now, in contrast to Descartes, French philosopher of the previous century, whom the most significant argument for the existence of God was the fact that it could be found on undisputed ideas in our minds, in other words we simply" "and since we this knowledge would have to be a gift from God." "Clark, like Newton, refers to the objective evidence of celestial mechanics, and how many authors before and after, Clark also recalled the biology as evidence for a intelligent design." ""The latest findings anatomy and physics, blood circulation, the structure exact heart and brain, are works of a conscious intelligence. "" "Despite its apparent logic rigid the findings that religious Clark arrived, not necessarily followed the mechanical evidence he observed." "Like Newton, he was a Christian, predisposed to look for nature as the expression of a supreme intelligence." "So in a sense important and inevitable the argument he developed is a certain point conclusion already known." "The fact that the clergy had learned so little difficult to reconcile the mechanical Newtonian with the notion of a supreme being, will show us that conflict between religion and the increasingly mechanized figure of the natural world was seriously overstated." ""As far as I recall, not there is a single word in gospels that celebrates the intelligence. "" "As noted earlier, since there was a reform" "There is a sense in which the road to atheism was paved, not by science but by religious intentions." "Efforts as Deists Hobbes, in order to create a more rational religion helped forge the weapons that eventually would turn against religious ideas." "Hobbes lived the last years of his life here in the elegant Devenshire family home, whose children he had taught." "But many of these had called "Deists" in England which, incidentally, was very tolerant to allow these riders, and it is very important to understand that most of them were knights, freely express these ideas." "But I come back here for at less, at least 4 programs if I were to do justice names such as:" "Shaftsbury, Bolingbroke, Toland, Tingle, Anthony Collins." "All of them, in different ways, were trying to identify something that was common among all religions some of them home early." "Although many of them are significant, there is a giant was perhaps the philosopher most significant in English to express these notions deists, and although he never Atheist have been accepted," "He was, without a shadow of Probably the most experienced, elegant and eloquent skeptical of them all." "I'm referring, of course, the great Scottish philosopher David Hume" ""I have always considered David Hume the nearest man, perfect, wise and virtuous, as perhaps allow the fragility of human nature. "" "David Hume was born in 1711 32 years after the death of Hobbes." "He attended the University Edinburgh to 12 years to study on their own." "At age 20 he had already traveled to France, and began to write treatises about human nature." "While Hobbes assumed man, here referring to as nature, was a dangerous creature, and therefore needed a social structure possibly supported by religion to curb their selfishness, their violence and greed." "Hume was less than a pessimist, but his own skepticism about religion, however, hampered his academic career." ""Overall, the errors in religion are dangerous;" "the philosophy is just ridiculous. "" "What was thought to be a Atheist very subversive in fact, he refused to the chair of moral philosophy the University of Edinburgh by clergy who have decided on such matters after all that then all universities were religious foundations." "In their conversations about of natural religion, a work that one his friends considered to be as provocative and that was not published until after his death," "Hume, indeed, made a critical devastating to the conventional wisdom." ""The power of God is infinite, which he wishes to do he does, but neither man nor any other animal is happy, so he does not want the their happiness." "questions still Epicurus were not answered," "He can and wants to prevent evil then why does evil exist?" "Hume, like other deists, had a compunction understanding when was to eliminate any kind of divine authority." "Perhaps this was simply the result theory to be dangerous and socially unacceptable label atheist." ""No one ever trust interpret my evil intentions, nobody has a sense depth of religion or exerts more profound admiration to the supreme being. "" "At the same time, I think it would be wrong consider deism as a conspiracy indivisible because in the group now carries this title There is a wide spectrum of religious opinion ranging from pantheism on the one hand, to an unacceptable way" "and non-conventional Anglicanism on the other." "But despite the energy with which these issues were being discussed is impossible to find in England at least, anyone who is prepared to show and deny the existence of God." "Looked at the period of history of human thought" "I am intrigued and even depressed to the extent that religious ideas inhibited expressive freedom of skepticism," "And of course, to my understanding and inexcusably has to do with prudence and self-protection." "But still there more thing that" "Even some of the most skeptics, we know and discussed in this program, seem to have the convictions later, there must be a purpose in the universe." "At the end of the eighteenth century, English Deism may have begun to weaken and lose heart." "Although David Hume has worked Diplomacy in Paris deistic ideas were carried to Europe by the philosopher Voltaire French where, in spite of Catholicism Francis, their philosophers such as:" "Pierre Bayle, Condillac, La Mettrie, Diderot, among others." "were coming to conclusions that its English counterpart holdouts." "Anyway, in the late eighteenth century Atheism in France, unlike of England, became, almost literally, a dangerous matter." "In fact, in August 18777 books were torn and publicly burned the execution officer." "Of these seven books, three of them were published with a pseudo-name, the name of someone who had died there 10 years before" "Today we know that the author was Baron Pierre Henri D'Holbach." "Today it is accepted that D'Holbach was the first to write a book atheist" "He, unlike Hobbes, not 'bet' on the immortality of the soul." "Not that he agreed with Hume there should be a force supernatural in the universe." ""If we return to the beginning, find that ignorance and fear created the gods, the enthusiasm and the adorned the mistake, that worshiped the weakness, preserved the credulity, and that respect customary and tyranny support them" "order to make the blindness of man serve their own interests. "" ""If ignorance of nature gave rise to the gods, then knowledge of it will destroy the "" "The Baron lived here in the Rue Royale, and his room was a popular gathering place." "His famous dinners attract French intellectuals, but men of ideas like what they saw from the outside," "Benjamin Franklin, Horace Walpole, David Garrick, Warren Stone, Adam Smith and many others." "When the Scottish philosopher David Hume attended his first dinner he told his host that he never there was a known atheist." "Diderot and reported to their host D'Holbach, that stretching your hand on the table, said:" ""Well here we have 18 Atheists" "But I must admit that 3 of them have not yet decided "" "The fact is that Paul Henri Thiery Baron D'Holbach was the first person from the classical times, at least to insist, without any hesitation, God does not exist and there was no dimension supernatural universe." "His book "The System of Nature" which became known as: "The Atheist's Bible"" "D'Holbach, however, is a character very in the history of disbelief and your home is considered the place of birth of modern atheism." ""Only the clouds away and the ghosts of religion discover the truth, reason and morality. "" "It would be great if someone could visit the locations where these issues controversial were discussed." "The problem is that nobody know exactly where D'Holbach lived." "There should be a plate these facades, or at least a modest subscription celebrating the fact that he been one of the pioneers of Frances atheism to have lived there." "But I can not find anything related to it." "One could assume that even if it was something very shameful to be mentioned..." "Of course not." "In the end France became a secular state some years later and D'Holbach had a role important to let the foundations of progressive thought-free." "Still, perhaps the His atheism was too digest for the revolutionaries." "And the strings revolutions and restorations, should someone like D'Holbach have self-disqualified the celebrations that he undoubtedly deserved." "Well, anyway, not no traces of it can be found here on the street where the great church Madeleine still dominates the view." "I also can not find his grave." "He was buried here at St. Roch, less than a mile away, and his tomb is no longer there apparently." "For some reason even his remains appear to have been carelessly lost." "And although the documents church openly admit that he was buried here, there is nothing inside to indicate this fact." "Anyway things changed since then, on streets like this, in the alleys mechanized traffic that passes in front of exotic shops business in France." "neither religion nor their negations seem to have more importance." "Still, it's very strange what was a moment controversial in the history of thought, was apparently forgotten." "But maybe what happened here has been hidden, because in the subsequent history of skepticism and disbelief," "Atheism has become closely associated the establishment of completely new structures and violent political revolutions in three different continents." "sub by feha@neobee.net"