"MONTY HALLS:" "The Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral reef on our planet." "It's one of the seven recognised wonders of the natural world." "The reef itself is the place that most people explore." "But there's much, much more." "The coral reef is actually a very small part of this underwater world, as little as 7%." "The remaining 93% of the marine park encompasses a variety of habitats, each one remarkable in its own way." "And beyond the marine park, there are even more environments that are important to the reef." "Some close to shore... others inland." "All together there are more than 700 different types of habitat in and around the Barrier Reef." "each with its own distinctive plants and animals." "There are creatures that you would expect to see on a reef and others that you would not." "All the places in which these animals live are linked to a vast deep-water lagoon which lies between the coast of mainland Australia and the outer reef." "These habitats interconnect, and all are vital to the wellbeing of the Great Barrier Reef" "This is the little-known story of one of the most complex and spectacular ecosystems on Earth." "The Great Barrier Reef is over 2,000 kilometers long, which means the lagoon that lies between the outer reef and the Australian mainland is vast;" "an area one-and-a-half times the size of the British Isles." "Pick a spot anywhere in the lagoon and you'll probably find sand, as about two-thirds of the sea floor here is a shifting underwater desert." "It looks barren but there is life here." "It's just that you don't often see it." "Garden eels." "And an unlikely alliance, a fish and a shrimp that share a burrow." "In a world where most food is out of sight." "It takes a predator with special talents to find it." "And this is that predator, the ray." "The ray's special skill is to find living things under the sand and the largest species to do this here is the stingray." "It finds ts prey by detecting the minute electric fields produced by muscles when they contract, including the heart muscles;" "something no animal can ever switch off." "But they do have to swim directly over a beating heart to know that it's there." "By sucking and blowing, this stingray excavates its target deep under the soft sand." "Many rays feeding together produce a series of furrows an the sea floor, and all that puffing and blowing can attract unwelcome attention." "The hunter can just as easily become the hunted." "This is a stingray's worst nightmare." "A great hammerhead shark." "It has electro-receptors, too." "They're spread across the underside of ts very broad head, which it sweeps back and forth, searching for prey." "The stingray has a formidable weapon, a venomous barb." "But one hammerhead was found with 96 barbs in its body and seemed none the worse." "The stingray's first line of defense is to remain very still, in the hope that the shark doesn't find it." "The commotion warns the other rays to escape but it attracts other sharks like jackals at a kill." "Dramas like this are played out every day on the floor of the lagoon, but few people are there to witness them." "It seems surprising that the lagoon remains a relatively unexplored environment." "But if you're a diver, why would you explore the lagoon?" "It's relatively hostile, particularly when you compare it to the crystal-clear reefs that are just a short boat ride away." "Yet there's plenty of fife down here." "Prawns, squid and all manner of fish species are caught by local fishermen." "Diving here is not easy but it's well worth the effort." "Dotted across this vast underwater desert are ghostly oases where amazing life forms have taken hold." "It's a strange, almost alien world." "And if the place seems strange, many of the creatures living here are even stranger." "These oases are created not by plant; but by animals." "They're corals, but not the normal reef-building ones." "Unlike their hard coral cousins, they don't have a chalky skeleton and they thrive at depths where the light is less intense, capturing food from the water currents with eight feathery tentacles." "These soft coral gardens are important because baby fish hide amongst them." "Nearly half of all the adult fish on the reef proper grow up in the nurseries on the lagoon." "They arrive as larvae, swept in from the ocean by the tide." "Then, as the tin y fish grow, they hop from one refuge to the next across the floor of the lagoon to reach their final destination back on the Barrier Reef itself" "As long as they hide amongst the corals and seaweed, they're relatively safe." "The danger comes when they break cover." "This baby Queensland grouper ma y just be a few centimeters long now, but one day, he'll weigh half a tonne." "That?" "if he lives that long." "He can't stay hiding forever." "It's dangers like this camouflaged stonefish that farce all life dawn here to find somewhere to hide." "The floor of the lagoon is relatively flat and featureless, it's like the plains of a desert." "But every now and then, you get a little oasis of life." "And this sponge here has been heavily colonised by these feather stars, and it provides a vital bit of cover for juvenile fish on theirjourney, both to the reef and their journey to adulthood." "And that journey includes stopovers at almost anything that sticks out above the sand, like this tube-dwelling sea anemone." "A carpet anemone becomes a welcoming roadhouse." "And even the spines of a sea urchin will do the trick." "A surprising refuge is this highly venomous Stoke's sea snake." "It's picked up some hitchhikers, baby trevally, and become a mobile nursery." "Wherever it goes, they go." "With hiding places at a premium, fish will go to incredible lengths to hide down here and none more so than this." "The pearlfish is vulnerable out in the open." "So while it's not feeding, it must conceal itself" "But it has a peculiar taste in hiding places." "This is a sea cucumber." "Its body is basically a tube." "It sucks in sand at one end extracts anything edible, and passes waste out of the other." "just what' the pearlfish has been looking for." "But not the mouth end." "It's attracted to the odour of the other end." "Sea cucumbers are repulsive to most predators;" "so the pearlfish is safe inside." "It'll stay y there until it's time to feed again." "It doesn't harm its host but the bad news for sea cucumbers is that pearlfish are happy to share their temporary home with others." "It seems there's plenty of room for all." "The Barrier Reef we see today is comparatively young." "It began to farm during the last Ice Age, when sea levels were 720 metres lower than they are today." "When the ice sheets began to melt, the growth of corals kept pace with the rising seas blocking off the waters of the lagoon." "And during that one great event another important habitat was created." "Stretching away behind me to the horizon is the great expanse of the lagoon." "And yet a mere 10,000 years ago, that's a blink of an eye in geological time, the beach I'm standing on would have been the slope of a hill overlooking a plain covered in Eucalyptus forest." "But the sea level rose, the plain was inundated and the hill became an island." "These "continental islands", as they're known, are essentially pieces of mainland cut off by the rising water." "There are 600 of them scattered about the lagoon." "Any land animals cut off from the mainland had to adapt or per/Ish." "And on this island one species has done so we"" "it's positively flourished." "This is a Yellow Spotted Monitor lizard or goanna, if you're from this neck of the woods, and it's a very successful and abundant animal on this island." "And it made a real impression on Captain Cook when he came here in 1770, to the degree that when he sat down to think about a name for the island, not a terribly long process, I don't think," "he thought, "It's an island and it's covered in lizards." ""Got it." "Lizard Island." Which was rather clever, I think." "Do you see what he did there?" "When hunting, the goanna is alert' to any movement." "If the grasshopper remains still, it has a chance of escaping the goanna's attention." "Balancing on ts back legs and tail like a tripod is a trick few other lizards can perform, but it's effective to get to those just-out-of-reach places." "The goanna's sense of smell is as important as ts sight." "Its forked tongue helps to detect food from a distance." "By comparing the strength of a smell reaching each of the two prongs, it can pinpoint where it comes from." "A rotting fish is irresistible." "They're usually solitary." "But here an Lizard Island, they'll tolerate others;" "as long as there's plenty of food to go round." "Small goannas give way to larger ones." "Foraging a variety of foods has helped the goannas build a large population on Lizard Island." "But there's another important factor, and that's how they react to me." "(HALLS WHISTLING)" "There are people living on the island and the goannas are not afraid of them." "In fact, quite the opposite." "He's followed the scent of my barbeque." "Over the last few years, these animals have adapted their behaviour to get used to the presence of man, and use man as a potential food source" "This ability to learn and change as the environment around you changes is a very neat evolutionary trick." "He's used to hunting invertebrates." "But he's changed his behaviour to home in on this appallingly cooked barbequed sausage." "And in the modern world, where man has encroached on virtually every habitat, it's a very good way of ensuring your survival." "And adaptability has enabled a reptile with a more chilling interest in people to thrive in these waters." "It's the saltwater crocodile, better known locally as the "salty"." "It's the world's largest reptile, and It's common on the lagoon's islands because it's at home in saltwater and fresh, sometimes swimming far out to sea." "So it's not unusual to find one hauled out on an island beach." "Salties, though, start life with more modest dimensions." "This one-year-old is no more than 30 centimeters long and it's hiding amongst the plants at the edge of the sea." "Hunting at the junction between air and water means there's a good choice of food like mud skippers." "He'll have to improve as a hunter if he's going to grow into a six-metre giant." "And he'd better watch his back." "There's a bird about that could easily take a baby crocodile." "This is a White-bellied Sea Eagle." "It's the second largest eagle in Australia, and it's fantastic to be this close." "This is the closest I've ever been to any eagle anywhere in the world." "They can be seen just about anywhere around the lagoon." "You're as likely to spot one amongst the trees as you are over the reef, so an island is a perfect base." "They may be specialised to catch fish, but like the goannas and the crocodiles, they're adaptable, too." "This is a range of items taken from beneath a killing tree of a White-bellied Sea Eagle on a continental island." "The killing tree is where the Sea Eagle will actually take apart, dismember and eat its prey." "And it's a very good representation of what these animals eat and indeed, their strategy for hunting." "You've got a parrotfish here, which is a deeper swimming fish, you've got things like these long toms, which actually swim right on the surface." "You've even got birds here." "Most remarkable of all, you've got these freshwater turtles that don't exist on the island." "They're on the mainland, so the eagle has flown to the mainland, taken these turtles and brought them back to the nest." "And it's an excellent representation of the strategy of these animals." "If a food item is short locally, in short supply on the island, they'll actually seek alternatives." "And this generalist approach makes them very, very successful in the limited environment that an island represents." "Even so, fish make up half of its diet." "T 0 catch them, it uses huge talons." "They're also weapons it can use to have a crack at these, fruit bats." "(SCREECHING)" "Spectacled fruit bats are big." "They have a wingspan of about a metre and they roost in island forests as well as those on the mainland." "Babies have to cling on tight." "But that?" "the least of a mother's worries." "Diving into the tangle of branches and grabbing a bat hanging at its roost site is not an option for a large bird." "For the eagle to have any chance, the bats need to be airborne." "These are little red fruit bats." "During the day, they gather in roasts of up to a mill/'on, so they're not hard to find." "An eagle's appearance creates panic." "Bats are agile ﬂyers, but the eagle's powerful claws gave it the edge." "The continental islands are magnets for wildlife, providing shelter, lookout points and hunting grounds." "They're oases for life but they're not the only ones." "Below the surface of the lagoon is an island of a very different kind." "A shipwreck." "This is the SS Yongala." "She sank during a cyclone in 7977 and now sits on the seabed at a depth of 30 metres." "One hundred and twenty-two people lost their lives." "But out of this human tragedy has come an opportunity." "One hundred years underwater has created something very, very special." "The Yongala is regarded by many as the greatest wildlife wreck on Earth." "And looking around me, it's very hard to disagree." "The wreck provides shelter on the featureless plain for more than 720 fish species, this concentration of life sustained by food swept in by the exceptionally strong currents." "The living is so good, many of the young fish stay here for their entire lives rather than move to the outer reef when they grow up." "There are sea turtles dawn here, too." "This one's a loggerhead." "And the wreck?" "a favourite hangout for another species." "This is a Hawksbill turtle, and he's here to feed on the soft coral that coats the wreck." "The soft corals are one of the main reasons that all this life is attracted to the Yongala." "Almost every available space on its once-smooth hull is covered with them." "The soft corals are a refuge for millions of small fish, but they must dart out from time to time to feed on the plankton in the current." "And wherever small fish gather, it's not long before something bigger turns up to eat them." "It's a grouper." "This is a Queensland grouper." "It's the largest bony fish that lives on the Great Barrier Reef." "Queensland groupers are real giants." "This Yongala resident is known as the VIM because hes the same size as the car." "His mouth's so big, he's quite capable of swallowing sharks and rays whole." "But' another resident has an even deadlier bite." "Sea snakes have more patent venom than many of their land'-living relatives and the y put it to good use." "The olive sea snake doesn't really look as though it's hunting, but when its small head disappears into a hole, it can trap and paralyse- any fish hiding there." "It's unusual for so many predators to be swimming so close to each other, but there's so much to eat here." "Most of the action is on top of the wreck, where the strongest currents sweep in the most food." "Waters within the immediate vicinity of the wreck." "There's an area of incredibly intense and violent predatory activity." "To the small fish that call the Yongala their home, to venture into this blue water is a huge gamble." "But they've got to do it to seek out food." "And if they get it wrong and go too far, the difference between life and death on this wreck can be a matter of millimetres or seconds." "The amount of marine life to be found in the 700 metres of the wreck of the Yongala is truly staggering." "Arguably, it's a greater concentration than an any sot' on the Barrier Reef itself" "In contrast to the middle, the landward edge of the lagoon is relatively shallow" "Here, bright sunlight can reach all the way to the sandy bottom, where conditions are right for plants to grow." "This is not seaweed but a marine relative of the water lily known as "sea grass "." "It grows and flowers in vast' meadows in clear water around islands and along the shore of the mainland." "And it supports a creature that ancient mariners once mistook for mermaids." "Gathering in herds of 700 or more are dugongs or sea cows." "They're relatives of elephants." "Each one can weigh nearly half a tonne and munch through 40 kilos of sea grass a day." "Dugongs were once abundant but they've had a difficult relationship with people." "Nowadays they're trapped accidentally in fishing nets and shark protection barriers and traditionally, aboriginal hunters targeted them because they taste good, like prime beef." "And recovery of a population is slow." "A single baby is born every three to seven years." "And this baby dugong may not be old enough to breed until she's 77 years old." "A combination of all these factors means the population in the southern part of the reef has halved in the last decade." "Now there are just 77, 000 left in the entire Great Barrier Reef region." "Yet' there are still more dugongs in Australian waters than any other place on Earth." "Dugongs are not the only animals to feed on sea grass." "Young green turtles like it', too." "He's after the most tender shoots." "And this is his exclusive patch." "He's very choosy about what' he likes and what he doesn't." "like your lawn, sea grass needs to be constantly cut short for healthy growth." "So he's actually farming his own little plot that he will tend for several months before moving on." "Sea grass meadows are also nurseries for baby fish, like these domino damselfish." "They won't stay here forever." "When they're bigger, they won't' be able to hide amongst the slender stems and they'll look for a better hiding place, maybe one even closer to land." "Where the sea meets the coast, saltwater meets freshwater from rivers and streams." "But one doesn't suddenly become the other." "The water mixes slowly, creating a world unlike either, but connected to both." "It's here that you'll find a special group of plants." "Fringing the coast of the mainland is a habitat that has a profound impact on the ecosystem of the reef." "They're plants that have cracked a neat evolutionary trick." "They can live in brackish environments, which is a combination of salt and freshwater." "They're the mangroves." "They grow where no other trees are able to." "Twice a day, the tide floods their roots with saltwater." "At' the same time, water from rivers flows through the mangroves, and their lattice of roots acts like a giant tea strainer, slowing it down so that any sediments washed off the land can settle out." "Bacteria break down the trapped sediment and other organic material, helping create tonnes and tonnes of sticky mud." "A whole new home for wildlife." "In a perfect world, mud should be thick, glutinous, and as rich as dark chocolate." "And it should also stink to high heaven." "But this is extremely important stuff to the Great Barrier Reef." "One teaspoonful of this mud contains 10 million bacteria." "All those bacteria are potential food." "And although there aren't many species that eat mud directly, those that do operate in large numbers." "Legions of creatures perform the unglamorous but crucial task of breaking down the gloop." "Mud whelks and fiddler crabs both eat the mud." "And their waste is the vital product that spawns an entire food chain." "Once It's in the water, clouds of shrimp devour it." "The nutrients that started in the mud are now swimming around in small, easy-to-catch parcels." "All of this food makes the mangrove a great place for fish, small residents as well as youngsters that with one day move out to the Barrier Reef" "Reef species like these rabbit fish may look big but they're still only One-third of their adult size." "These snappers also have some growing up to do before they leave." "And these young trevally will grow up one day and be major predators on the outer reef." "The mangroves, sea grass meadows and the soft coral oases are vital nurseries for so many fish on the reef and they all provide two things, food and shelter." "The complexity of the mangrove root system makes it a perfect haven for small and juvenile fish." "The reason is the latticework of the roots as they cross means it's very difficult for large predators to manoeuvre and actually get at the smaller fish." "But predators like these young bfacktip reef sharks hide here, too." "They hum' at the edge of the mangroves, but they can't get deep into the tangle of roots." "So the young fish are safe...for now." "So, it's a great environment for the small fish to actually grow up in, to get big and strong, before they make the big move out to the open sea and the reef beyond." "But when they leave the safety of the mangroves, the y must cross that sandy desert and the many hazards waiting for them in the lagoon." "This is a mantis shrimp." "From his neatly kept burrow, he surveys the world with the most complex visual system known to science." "He's about the size of a man's forearm." "And he's got quite a reach." "Even if a young fish avoids the dangers on the sea bed, there are plenty more predators floating above." "Patrolling these inshore waters is probably the most dangerous animal in the lagoon." "The box jellyfish, whose stinging tentacles are quite capable of killing a person." "This creature is much more than a passive drifter." "It' can move as fast' as an Olympic swimmer and it has 24 eyes, each complete with a {ens that can form a detailed image." "It uses its tentacles like a trawl net." "When a fish makes contact thousands of microscopic stinging capsules explode into the prey's body, flooding it with a paralyzing venom." "The fish is killed quickly and then hauled into the mouth on the underside of the bell." "All of the habitats we've seen so far have an obvious connection to the lagoon, but there's one place that couldn't be more different from the underwater world that's critically important to the vigour of the Great Barrier Reef ecosystem." "It"s the tropical rainforest'." "The Queensland rainforest is the oldest in the world." "It's older than the Congo and even the Amazon." "And this is one of the most impressive trees in it." "This giant fig has strangled its original host and now dominates this immediate environment." "And it's an ecosystem in its own right." "But you might be asking yourself, what has this tree got in common with the reef?" "But in fact, it's directly linked." "The rainforest all around me, and indeed swamps and mangroves, are critical for the health of the reef." "These huge tracts of rainforest' close to the Queensland coast are essential because they regulate the flow of water and the sediment it' contains." "That's important, because there's an awful lot of water here." "(THUNDER RUMBLING)" "Hot; humid tropical air gives rise to vast amounts of rainfall." "It pours for at least 720 days a year, and as much as 60 centimeters can fall in a single day." "It's one of the wettest places on Earth." "Left unchecked by the forest, the water would wash out sediments and smother marine life, but the waterways flowing off the rainforest are relatively clear, and many are spectacular." "When sediments are released slowly, the nutrients in them help sustain life in the lagoon so everything flourishes." "Where conditions are just right, corals manage to grow right next to the coast." "Here, pristine tropical rainforest' grows right down to the water's edge, a stone's throw from a coral reef." "It's a place where two worlds meet', and animals from the reef and the rainforest can be found right next to each other." "These footprints belong to one of the biggest land animals in Australia." "(TRUMPETING)" "The cassowary." "A flightless bird that's almost as tall as a person." "Its claws wouldn't look out of place on a dinosaur." "And its kick is so violent that the cassowary is said to be the world's most dangerous bird." "A parent is particularly dangerous when rearing a chick." "In fact, the cassowary is shy and is rarely seen in the wild." "But its a key animal here." "It feeds on the fruits of rainforest trees and shrubs." "It's one of the few animals that spread their seeds." "The seeds of many forest trees can't germinate without animals like the cassowary." "As the forest is directly linked to the reef by regulating sediments entering the lagoon, the cassowary contributes to the health of the reef itself" "But there are now less than 2, 000 living here and they're becoming rarer all the time." "Before European settlers arrived, much of the coast here was covered in forest, and a lot of that was jungle just like this." "This is a vibrant ecosystem in its own right and it's full of reptiles and birds, as you can hear all around me." "But today, things have changed significantly." "Much of coastline that abuts the Great Barrier Reef, 80% of it, in fact, has been cleared for agriculture and much of that has been totally cleared for sugar cane." "Obviously, this has a dramatic impact on the terrestrial environment, but it also has a significant effect on the reef itself." "And its not only crops." "Cattle ranches, fish farms, six large coastal cities and many holiday resorts along the coast all have an impact on the reef system." "Without the natural vegetation controlling the movement of water and the sediment it carries, heavy rain now washes millions of tonnes of silt often laced with damaging fertilizers and pesticides, straight into the lagoon." "Sediment plumes can be so extensive they sometimes spread all the way to the outer reef." "In the sea grass meadows, the fine silt shrouds the {fight-dependent plants, and fertilizers feed algal blooms that choke the life from them." "When the meadows die, the turtles, dugongs and baby fish that depend on them die, too." "Near the shore, the water can be so murky that less light reaches the corals, so most' fringing reefs have also disappeared." "All of these habitats are interdependent." "If you ruin one, it can have an impact on many others, and that includes the outer reef itself." "T 0 look after all these habitats, the Great' Barrier Reef Marine Park sits at the heart of a network of protected areas, all interconnected and covering a vast area." "After all, the reef is an inspiration to people all over the world." "It attracts one-and-a-half million visitors each year, who come to see the largest coral reef on Earth." "Together with divers, yachtsmen and anglers, they inject seven billion dollars a year into the local economy." "But the value to Australia is even greater than that." "Towns and cities along much of the Queensland coast are not washed into the Pacific Ocean because the reef protects them." "It means the Barrier Reef is so much more than just a coral reef." "And there are vast tracts of rainforest mangrove swamps, sea grass meadows and soft' coral oases in a deep-water lagoon." "It's truly an extraordinary place." "And the reef's influence goes far beyond Australian waters." "It"s vital to wildlife from many other parts of the world." "Wave after wave of voyagers arrive here from across the ocean, from the islands of the South Pacific;" "from the Asian mainland" "and from as far away as the icy seas of Antarctica." "These wildlife visitors create some of the most impressive natural spectacles on the Great Barrier Reef" "And all this is the subject of the next programme."