"[clicking of projector]" "When you have kids the whole world changes." "By day you protect them." "By night you reassure them that everything will be okay." "But is everything going to be okay?" "Are we going to leave a better world for future generations... or will this be the time when it all started to unravel?" "?" "?" "GLOBAL WARMING, NATIONAL DEBT, ?" "?" "UNEMPLOYMENT, BIO THREAT, ?" "?" "ETHNIC CLEANSING, CIA, GHETTO NATION, GETAWAY, ?" "?" "HUNGER STRIKERS, INCOME GAPS, HATE CRIMES, OFFICE MAX, ?" "?" "MTV, TEENAGE MOMS ?" "?" "IT'S TIME TO DROP THE HONEYBOMB ?" "?" "IT'S TIME TO MAKE THE WORLD A BETTER PLACE ?" "?" "LET YOUR LOVE LAY YOUR FEARS TO WASTE ?" "?" "EVERYTHING YOU THINK YOU KNOW IS WRONG ?" "?" "IT'S TIME TO GET TOGETHER AND DROP THE HONEYBOMB ?" "?" "GREED, SLOTH AND IGNORANCE," "?" "THERE'S CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE ?" "?" "THAT WHAT WE SEEM TO HOLD SO DEAR ?" "?" "ONLY SEEMS TO NURTURE FEAR ?" "?" "DISTRUST DRIVES THE WORLD APART ?" "?" "AND IT BRINGS US DOWN AND BREAKS OUR HEARTS ?" "?" "THIS IS THE STORM BEFORE THE CALM ?" "?" "ITS TIME TO DROP THE HONEYBOMB ?" "?" "IT'S TIME TO MAKE THE WORLD A BETTER PLACE ?" "?" "LET YOUR LOVE LAY YOUR FEARS TO WASTE ?" "?" "EVERYTHING YOU THINK YOU KNOW IS WRONG ?" "?" "IT'S TIME TO GET TOGETHER AND DROP THE HONEYBOMB ?" "?" "IT'S TIME TO LET THE LIGHT SHINE FROM WITHIN ?" "?" "DON'T FIGHT THE FEELING BABY JUST GIVE IN ?" "?" "DOESN'T MATTER WHO YOU ARE OR WHERE YOU'RE FROM ?" "?" "IT'S TIME TO GET TOGETHER AND DROP THE HONEYBOMB ?" "?" "THE HONEYBOMB ?" "?" "IT'S TIME TO LET THE LIGHT SHINE FROM WITHIN ?" "?" "DON'T FIGHT THE FEELING BABY JUST GIVE IN ?" "?" "DOESN'T MATTER WHO YOU ARE OR WHERE YOU'RE FROM ?" "?" "IT'S TIME TO GET TOGETHER AND DROP THE HONEYBOMB ?" "?" "IT'S TIME TO MAKE THE WORLD A BETTER PLACE ?" "?" "LET YOUR LOVE LAY YOUR FEARS TO WASTE ?" "?" "EVERYTHING YOU THINK YOU KNOW IS WRONG ?" "?" "IT'S TIME TO GET TOGETHER AND DROP THE HONEYBOMB ?" "(Turk Pipkin narrating) These are my children:" "Lily and Katie." "They trust me to tell them the truth about the world." "But who can I trust?" "The media?" "Big business?" "Politicians?" "Seems like everyone's got an agenda." "And every year my kids' questions get harder and harder to answer." "What I need is some back-up... someone who really gets the big picture." "And I do meanbigpicture." "(male) That's a large part of what we're aiming at:" "To discover the fundamental rules that govern everything in the universe." "If you want to study a ball rolling down a hill, you have to know the laws governing rolling balls, and you have to know where it started, also." "When you solve a problem in physics, you have to know what the conditions are at the beginning that start the thing going." "There are billions and billions of planets in the universe, and it's only on those where this improbable event occurred, that intelligent creatures developed." "The big wonder of how it could all be is one of the things that has always made us wonder what else there was." "Right." "You know, a child thinks everything revolves around him or her." "And the tooth fairy is there to put a dime under the pillow when the tooth comes out." "And at a certain point as you grow up, you realize, no, I'm not the central player in the universe." "There are other people, too." "And those other people share the same problems we do." "So what's your take on Global Warming?" "Some politicians make a big deal out of the fact that we don't know for certain that doubling the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is producing global warming." "But I think they've got the wrong handle on where the burden of proof should be." "If we're doubling the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere within a century, that's such a tremendous impact on the balance of energy within the oceans and the atmosphere, that I think the burden of proof should be on the people who" "think that's nothing to worry about - to prove it - rather than on the people who think it is something to worry about." "It amazes me that we continue to have as much debate about it as there is." "If you really look at the scientific body of evidence, it's pretty overwhelming." "That's my impression." "We're doing...harm." "Or at least we're doing things that have an obvious potential for producing great harm." "We may, in half a century or a century, see the drowning of Venice, perhaps the drowning of Galveston, the drowning of large parts of the world." "Some countries like Bangladesh may go out of existence." "It's a matter of helping us in our grandchildren's lifetime." "But our grandchildren generally don't vote, and our great-grandchildren certainly don't vote." "And politicians don't care very much about people who don't vote." "Our decisions clearly are not made with our descendants in mind." "I met Steve Weinberg when my daughter Katie showed him a fossil she'd found." "So here I am watching a Nobel laureate talk science with my 12-year-old girl - and that gave me an idea." "I could talk to Weinberg and other great minds about the problems we face." "While I was trying to come up with a list of these problems, just down the road in Houston, another Nobel laureate was making a list of his own." "(male) After 9/11 I started prefacing my talks, and I would put up a picture of the planet as seen from space that had as its title:" "The Top-Ten Problems For The Next 50 Years." "And on the spur of the moment, ask the members of the audience to suggest problems they thought ought to be on this list." "So I picked a time to be far enough in the future to be away from our current moment - but not so far as to be irrelevant - and cast the question for the planet as a whole." "Energy is always there, as is Water, the Environment," "Food, the Rich-Poor Divide was a topic of grave concern to people." "War, Terrorism." "My hypothesis was that not only would energy be one of these problems, but wherever it had appeared in the order the people had suggested it, if you moved it to the top of the list, and you imagined a world where that problem" "was now solved, just totally solved - gone." "If you imagined that, you would find that at least five of the remaining nine problems on the list now had a path to a reasonable answer." "Whereas in the absence of having solved the energy problem, it wasn't clear that there was an acceptable answer at all." "How much energy are we going to need if we have 10 billion people?" "Energy is the largest enterprise of the human endeavor, about 3 trillion dollars a year." "Right now, the world runs on 14.4 trillion watts." "By mid-century, most estimates of requirements for energy are at least twice that amount." "If fossil energy remains our source of energy prosperity for the planet, it's going to be a pretty unpleasant century." "So we need to find another oil, another new basis for energy prosperity for the planet." "And even if we find more oil reserves, there's a limit on what we're going to find and our ability to burn it?" "There has been, for decades, a great debate on just when will we run out of oil." "Actually, a better way to cast the argument is, when will worldwide oil production peak?" "There's a very strong argument that that process is beginning to happen right now." "So we have a task in front of us." "I've been talking with people about this, and engaged in something I like to call the search for terawatts." "And a terawatt is how many watts?" "A terawatt is a trillion watts - it's a thousand gigawatts." "A gigawatt is a thousand megawatts." "Well, a thousand megawatts is about the size of a big electrical power plant, a nuclear plant or a coal plant." "So we need by the middle of the century, at minimum, ten terawatts from some new carbon-free energy source, to be installed." "If I knew how to build such a plant now " "I've gone out and I've got the investors and we've built the plant, and tomorrow I open the door and we turn the power on" " I would have to do that the next day and the next day and next week... every day I'd open a new plant, a new billion-dollar, five-billion-dollar investment, every day for 27 years to get ten terawatts of new power." "This is a plant we don't know how to build yet?" "And we don't know how to build it yet." "So this is a tremendous challenge." "Vast energies are available in nuclear fission reactions, let alone fusion reactions, on this earth if we go to very efficient fuel cycles." "And there's about a factor of a thousand times more energy than we need hitting the earth every day from the sun." "That is where the big energy resource is." "If you look at the planet, you can see the planet is, in a way, strangely blessed with deserts." "And becoming more blessed with deserts every year." "That's right." "So imagine if, by the middle of the century, a very small percentage of these deserts are covered with vast solar farms." "The energy that comes from these farms could easily handle the needs of 10 billion people with every one of them consuming energy like I do every day." "This project - to go find the basis of energy prosperity for ourselves and the world, to enable the well-being of all God's children - that problem will get more and more compelling each and every year until we get it done." "There are so many ways to look at the world." "What one person considers impossible is just a challenge to someone else." "After talking to Rick Smalley, I knew that my questions were about more than just me and my kids." "However you look at it, one thing I'd learned is that the problems were much bigger than I'd realized." "And I was just getting started." "New York City." "The place never ceases to amaze me." "New York's been up against it lately." "But I'd come here to learn about problems that aren't so visible to us here in America." "You're a biologist, a doctor." "You were director of the National Institutes of Health." "And now you are at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center." "It's a very exciting time for cancer research." "There's no doubt about it." "The molecular revolution has finally arrived in the clinic." "We now know enough about how certain kinds of drugs work, about the molecular basis of cancer, to have ways to treat diseases that previously were completely untouchable." "Childhood leukemia, for example, is now a highly treatable disease." "It was uniformly fatal 40 years ago." "These are monumental moments." "Has it all been just lots of steps building on other steps, or, like in your work, was there on of those 'ah-ha' moments?" "That's a very good question because for us there was something of an 'ah-ha' moment when we could show that a gene found in a chicken virus that was able to cause a malignant tumor, was actually derived" "from a normal cellular gene." "We see these remarkable discoveries at least once a year now." "We can classify tumors more precisely using mutations that affect those genes and develop therapies that interfere with the growth of cells, cause the cells that have those mutations to die." "We can't treat most cancers yet in this way, but I think the future is pretty clear here." "Whether it's five years or fifty, in the foreseeable future we're going to be treating cancer in a much more powerful way." "The press likes to talk about really scary global pandemics," "SARS being a great example, Ebola, monkeypox." "Should we be very afraid?" "We should be concerned and should recognize we're not done with infectious diseases." "We know that there can be new diseases." "And everyone of these - hantavirus, SARS, Lassa fever and several others - are potentially lethal on a large scale." "Fortunately most of them have come under control quite rapidly." "In 20 years, we've seen incredible progress with" "HIV/AIDS, and helping people to live with the disease." "I think we ought to be a little bit careful about how we describe the amazement." "Being on anti-retroviral therapy is still a hard road." "The drugs do have toxicities, they're not perfect." "They require monitoring, they're expensive." "One of the great disappoints to me is the infection rate in this country has not gone down." "There are still 40,000 new infections in this country every year, and people do still die of AIDS." "However, as you point out, it is a remarkable step forward." "This is one of the first times we've taken a disease apart, understood the components that cause the disease, and specifically targeted certain enzymes made by the virus and interfered with the virus growth." "If you look at Africa, the news seems really bleak." "You look at the number of orphans, you hear about the reduction of the number of medical personnel who are there, the idea of a continent being devastated." "Sometimes it's kind of hard to stay optimistic about the overall condition." "Is it that bleak?" "In some countries, it's pretty discouraging." "Of course, AIDS is not the only problem we're worrying about." "The countries we're talking about have terribly inadequate health systems." "Poor countries, unfortunately, don't invest enough in their health systems, nor do we as wealthy countries provide enough funds to try to help them along." "The reasons to do this are not just out of moral imperative." "Not at all." "There's political and economic reasons" "They're obvious." "People know that malaria is not a disease that occurs here in the United States very commonly." "In fact there've been only a few cases in the last 50 years." "In general, how many malaria cases and deaths are there globally?" "There are between 1 and 2 million deaths a year, most them in Africa, some in Southeast Asia." "Mostly children under the age of 3 and 4, and pregnant women." "But the number of infections is truly astronomical." "It's estimated to be as many as half a billion people who have malaria every year." "How does that compare to tuberculosis?" "Tuberculosis kills more people every year, often in the context of other diseases such as HIV/AIDS." "The estimate is something on the order of two billion people, maybe three, worldwide have been infected with the tubercular bacillus." "We do have therapies that work in the vast majority of cases." "The problem is getting the drugs to people at the right time, using the drug in the right ways, and developing methods for treating drug-resistant forms of the disease." "It seems like there is a perception in this country, in particular, that America tends to fund everything around the world." "We're the worst." "As a fraction of our gross national product, we're at the bottom of the 22 wealthiest nations." "Only one-eighth of our foreign aid is devoted to health, and it doesn't all go to the poorest countries that you're worried about." "Some of it goes to countries that are not so badly off, because we use foreign aid as a means to assist our friends." "It's not based on an altruistic policy in general." "We make false promises." "The most obvious recent one is the promise made by President Bush to spend 15 billion dollars on HIV, Malaria and tuberculosis over the next five years." "And how much of that" "A few hundred million." "A few hundred million out of 15 billion?" "The disparities in the world right now are astounding." "In this country we've seen our life expectancies rise from the high 40s to well over 70, pushing 80, and that's true in many countries in Europe as well." "In many countries around the world, the life expectancy is as low as 40 years, and sometimes falling." "If we were to save a hundred or two-hundred billion from some future war, and were to divide that up among health programs and other programs internationally, what would the results be?" "That sort of sum would be enough to counter major health effects in most of the poor countries throughout the world." "Now the money itself is not enough." "You've got to have health systems that have been improved to the point where you can actually spend the money wisely." "But that's actually more than you need to do many of the things that we recommend to try to counter the most obvious remediable health deficiencies throughout the world." "So millions of children are dying all over the world." "That raises the question:" "Do Americans not care, or do we just not know?" "(Turk) The thing about this battlefield is that you've got 15,000-plus Union soldiers, most of them anonymous, who died here." "That's only a small percentage of people killed in that war." "Every time one of these really epic, big, monumental wars ends, that's the time that everyone thinks, now we're going to have the peace dividend." "Every time there's a big war, it's the war to end all wars." "But then you want to honor the dead, and you talk about the glory of their death." "Young men grow up and they read this stuff." "And you get connected to the wrong thing, I think." "(Female) What is history?" "History is the history of war." "It's not the history of other possibilities for dealing with global conflict." "There's no history of peace." "No." "There's no history of peace." "We're also taught that peace is wimpy - it's a spineless, non-alternative to global problems." "I think that's bull." "We need to educate young people that peace is not a vision of a rainbow with a dove flying over it." "It's hard work in millions of different ways to contribute to making the world a better place for everybody." "Are we rolling?" "Hi!" "[giggling]" "We just met." "Well, we just walked up." "Let's talk about the ICBL." "You were one of the people who founded the International Campaign to Ban Landmines." "Why landmines?" "The landmine has been called, by many the eternal soldier, the perfect soldier." "You put him in the ground, and you never have to give him another order, you never have to feed him." "You don't have to give him new boots, a new uniform." "He just sits there and waits until some poor sap steps on it or picks it up and gets blown up." "The landmine, unlike the soldier, doesn't recognize a peace agreement." "If fighting parties decide they've had enough for whatever reason, and they sign an agreement - their soldiers go home, the guns go with them, and in theory, peace comes to the situation." "The landmine is not the same." "The landmine is in the ground, the peace accord comes, the landmine doesn't know." "What year did the campaign start?" "In November of 1991." "The Vietnam Veterans, actually, based in Washington, DC, asked me, "Do you think you could create a political movement that would address this problem?"" "So you go out and what do you find?" "Roughly speaking, how many landmines and where were they?" "How many countries were they in?" "There were tens of millions in 80-some countries around the world today." "Tens of millions of landmines in the ground, taking somewhere between fifteen and twenty thousand new mine victims a year - on top of the tens of thousands that are already trying to live with the crippling, amputations, blindness," "and the other effects of landmines." "So every year you have fifteen to twenty thousand new victims." "You have mines in the ground in about 80 countries around the world." "There are still about 180 millions mines in stockpiles that we need to get rid of before they get in the ground." "(Turk) Your partners that you put together around the world include a lot of NGOs - Non-Governmental Organizations." "(Williams) The fun thing is we started with the two, the staff of one, me." "And today it's over 1,300 non-governmental organizations in 80-some countries around the world working in partnership with the 143 nations that are now part of this treaty." "It really is a global expression of the possibility of a different world." "No one's ever really banned a weapons system before." "And within five years you had an international treaty that banned landmines, so obviously you worked fast." "It was a moment in time." "We happened to be in the right place at the right time, in a certain sense - the end of the Soviet Union." "There was such a sense of hope that the world then maybe could be different;" "that maybe we would have a "peace dividend."" "We could use that money to deal with some of the intractable problems of the world, and thus make everybody a little bit better, and thus make us all more safe." "We've still got some big countries that haven't signed the treaty - the United States being one of them." "Is that a reluctance to give up our willingness to be able to use landmines, or are there other reasons?" "It was clear we would have some challenges, but the point of view of those of us who had fought for this issue, was that it was way more important to get countries like" "Angola, Cambodia, Croatia, Bosnia, where mines were used in great numbers during their fighting - where mines were still kept in large stockpiles." "Obviously those are the countries that you want to target and get them onboard, get them to destroy their stocks, begin getting the mines out of the ground, so that if they go to war again, they don't have mines to use." "Now that you've made this progress with landmines, are there other people, or do you guys say, OK, what could be next?" "Is there another system of weapons we could go after?" "Well, that's part of, back to your question of why is the US opposed." "It was, not only is this our stuff, if we give in-- in their view it's like this contest." "If we give in to civil society, who knows what they're coming after next?" "Exactly." "So they're concerned with the slippery slope, the precedent." "They're not really concerned about landmines." "Obviously the US Military doesn't need landmines." "Look at how we fight war." "Shouldn't there be a little bit more adjustment from the, however many trillion we now spend on war, to provide drinking water to the two billion people on this planet who do not have fresh drinking water?" "Or provide a little bit of support for the more than one billion people on the planet who live on one dollar a day?" "You'd equalize the playing field a little bit so that you give people a stake in their own future." "When the Nobel committee recognized you as one of the winners of the Peace Prize, I think some of what they were accomplishing - and wanted to accomplish - was to point out the idea that one person can change the world." "There's nothing magical about change." "It is getting up off your - and caring enough to take the first step to contribute to change on an issue you care about." "Anybody can do it if they just get up and take the first step and do the work." "It's work - it's not a magical vision for a better future." "It's being the future you want to see." "Ahmed Zewail... (Turk reading) I came to America for my PhD, and never dreamed that one day" "I would be honored with the Linus Pauling Chair, named after the winner of two Nobel prizes." "As Sir Humphrey Davy eloquently said in 1825," ""Fortunately, science, like that nature to which it belongs, is neither limited by time nor by space." "It belongs to the world, and is of no country, and of no age."" "Here we are in the beautiful Chemistry Library at Cal Tech." "I love this room." "This is the room that Linus Pauling used to use." "In fact we have many of his books are here." "So this is a historic room for us, actually." "(Turk) I was walking around looking at the chemistry books, and realizing how much I don't know." "[laughs]" "Let's start with talking about your childhood." "You grew up in a family of fairly modest means in Egypt." "How did you become a scientist?" "As a young child I was very much intrigued by the love of knowledge." "Always this curiosity of what science was about and why substances behave this way." "I grew up in a small family in a town that is about 60 kilometers from Alexandria." "As you know Alexandria had the first library and university of the world." "In fact, it was in Alexandria the first proof that the earth was not flat, it's round, it was actually made in Alexandria in a beautiful experiment using the sun and the shadow." "And from this they estimated the circumference of the earth." "And it turns out to be probably within 1% of what we know today." "What is it about Egypt that has let this culture survive for 6,000 years?" "The nature of the Egyptians themselves, and the Nile." "If you go to Cairo, and you watch the movement of the Nile, you just somehow feel the depth of eternity." "It's there to stay." "Somehow I think the Egyptian people have the same character." "I really enjoyed your book "Voyage Through Time."" "You compared your work in femtochemistry and the photos you're taking of molecular changes with the" "Eadweard Muybridge photos of a horse running that were taken to prove whether a horse's feet all left the ground." "I think I came from the point of view of trying to understand basically how atoms and molecules move." "But, in so doing, I found the analogy with Muybridge and also Marie in France, who photographed - he was the first to photograph the righting of a cat." "This is the idea of dropping a cat" "Of dropping a cat, and as it rights, it lands with its own feet on the floor." "People were saying this is due to the divine power of the cat." "And it violates the laws of Newton." "But Marie also took snapshots of the cat as it was falling under the influence of gravity, and actually we understand now that it's all in the angular momentum of the cat." "The cat is very bright to understand the physics of angular momentum." "So to me, the idea of snapshot photography, which at the beginning of the last century was in the millisecond - a 1,000th of a second." "And almost by the end of the last century, we can get into a millionth of a billionth of a second, was fascinating." "A millionth of a billionth of a second?" "So you take pictures in your work of atoms and molecules as they go through these changes and the length of the changes in the millionth of a billionth of a second, which is what you call?" "A femtosecond." "Compare a femtosecond to a second." "A femtosecond to a second is like one second to 32 million years." "So it's basically impossible for me to conceive of this." "Where does this work lead us?" "There's a whole new field now called Control of Matter." "And you are controlling on the atomic scale." "Can you do surgery on the level of the atom?" "If you can do that, you can impact pharmaceuticals, you can impact our understanding of diseases, genes - so the potential is enormous because you are opening up a whole new world." "If you look at Egypt, chemistry is another science which was invented in Egypt." "But science doesn't seem to be flourishing in all parts of the world." "Science education is the one that provides the rational thinking." "And so it allows us to reduce dogmas in the world." "You can speak Spanish, you can speak Texan." "You do very well." "You can speak Egyptian, you can speak Arabic, you can speak any language." "But these are different languages." "You wouldn't be able to communicate." "However, scientists in Texas, in Cairo, in Germany, in Los Angeles all speak the same language." "We have a lot of conflict in what seems between East and West right now, and sometimes it's termed to be religious conflict, which I'm not necessarily sure I buy into." "Actually I do feel there is some misconception in the West about Islam." "The fundamental message of Islam is very similar to all religions - is to be a good human being, is to follow your God, and to be faithful." "And the emphasis on knowledge." "Knowledge, knowledge, knowledge." "Gaining knowledge - going out of your way to be knowledgeable." "We need more understanding, to understand the commonality between us rather than the differences." "Exactly." "And you have a unique perspective, being an Egyptian and an American." "I am an Egyptian." "I am an Arab." "I am an African." "I am a Middle Easterner." "I am a Mediterranean." "I am an American." "So...do I have an internal conflict of cultures and religions and civilizations?" "I came here." "I enjoy the American culture." "I'm part of it." "I didn't lose my roots of Middle Eastern Culture and Egyptian culture." "So I think people can tolerate." "And I think the key, the key, in my opinion, is to learn how to build bridges between humans, to build the bridges between cultures, and to build the bridges between nations." "And not to use a slogan of conflict of civilizations and conflict of religions." "[playing piano solo]" "Even though the year had slipped away, I began to feel as if" "I were somehow ending up in the right place at the right time." "And if you want to get a feel for what we have created in the world, and for what we could lose, some places are better than others." "Speaking of right place, right time, just as I needed a laureate to talk to about environmental issues, for the first time, the Nobel Committee awarded the Peace Prize to an environmentalist." "Thanks for joining me here in Paris." "I hoped to catch up with you in Kenya but you're traveling so fast." "There are a lot of places I should be where I cannot be." "Wangari, you're the first environmentalist to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize." "Can you tell me a little about the connection between the environment and peace?" "When you look at the world and all the fights and all that have been fought, they are always over resources." "Sometimes the resources are so degraded that we are fighting over the little that there is." "Managing the resources is a very important ingredient to promoting peace." "When you started the Green Belt Movement nearly 30 years ago, did you have an idea that you were going to be involved in such a big scope?" "I started with a very simple and benign idea." "At the Forum of the National Council of Women, rural women raised issues that resonated with me very strongly." "They said they needed firewood." "They said they needed clean drinking water." "And they complained that they did not have enough food for their children." "What had happened is that the people in that area had introduced cash crops." "They were not growing food, which is partly the reason why they were suffering." "Also closely connected with that was deforestation that was going on." "They were getting less water, and a lot of the water they were getting was full of silt - silted soils." "So I connected these ideas, and I thought immediately, the problems they are complaining about are partly caused by their own lifestyle." "Therefore they needed to change their lifestyle, and they needed to do something about the land." "So I simply recommended, "let us plant tress."" "And that started the whole movement of women organizing into groups, receiving education so they could develop skills to be able to take seeds, plant them on their land, nurture them, talk to their neighbors, convince them that they should also plant," "and eventually started a whole movement of mostly women doing something immediately to support and improve their own livelihoods." "(Turk) The result on the environmental side has been almost 30 million tress planted, and jobs for thousands of women, and really, from what I understand, has transformed the Kenyan landscape with greenbelts of trees." "(Wangari) That's what is amazing." "The tress, you plant a seed, it germinates and it looks so fragile, and within a very short time becomes a huge tree that gives you shade." "If it is a fruit tree it gives you fruit." "If it is timber, it gives you timber and you are able to build your houses." "It just transformed the life of the very women who planted the trees." "And the Green Belt Movement has spread all across Africa." "If you follow the approach that the Green Belt Movement has been doing, you actually also put money in the hands or pockets of poor women, because for every seeding that these women grow and plant, if it survives, they get paid." "A very small amount of money, but if the women are planting trees in the thousands and the millions, that money is able to buy them food, sometimes they are able to buy clothes, they are able to pay school fees." "You have empowered your people, you have informed your people, you have made your people have the confidence and the courage to do things for themselves." "I love your book, "The Green Belt Movement."" "One of the things I liked the most was a simple statement." "You said the trees were a great symbol of hope." "Sometimes people look at Africa - they can't believe the poverty they are seeing;" "they can't believe the deprivation they are seeing." "And so they want to bring money or they want to bring solutions." "The approach that the Green Belt Movement has been working with for the last 30 years has worked because we went to the most vulnerable members of the community, we empowered these communities, we challenged these communities." "Development agencies and governments need to understand that development doesn't come - hasn't come from anywhere - until the people themselves work with their own hands and engage themselves, and change!" "Because they change the environment in which they live, but they also change themselves, and that's what is very important in Africa." "You are an inspiration to women and to girls all over the world - to my two daughters - and I wonder, when you look into the eyes of African children, what do you see?" "I see a lot of hope, and I see a lot of encouragement." "We must do our best to give an opportunity to all our children, because we don't know which one of them will be the best endowed." "I want to look at the eyes of the leaders, especially the political leaders, the business leaders in Africa and I want to say," "Africa can produce the best." "And therefore we, as leaders, have a special responsibility to create stable states, to create states that don't have conflict, to create an enabling environment where the African child can grow." "Despite all the problems they're fighting in Kenya, my time there showed me they've not forgotten the importance of their ancient traditions, or their incredible natural wonders." "Okay, so I was finding reason for hope in the world." "But these little warning messages kept bouncing around inside my head." "It was something" "Steve Weinberg had told me." "I think in many ways, it's the worst danger facing the world." "In the long run, going year after year with these nuclear forces ready to attack each other." "Even a completely accidental nuclear war would destroy both countries, and a lot of the rest of the world as well." "(Williams) The other one who is awesome, who I would have recommended that you interview for this, is Joseph Rotblat." "Joe...might be 95 now." "He's the only nuclear scientist to have left Los Alamos before the bomb was completed, and he has dedicated his life to anti-nuke stuff." "He is sharp and funny, and just" "I absolutely love him." "(male) Anything which happens to one part of the world will affect people in other parts of the world." "We have become more and more interdependent - like one family." "Professor, along with Albert Einstein, you were one of 11 scientists who signed a letter to the world calling for a total ban of nuclear weapons." "That was 50 years ago." "How old are you now?" "(Rotblat) Ninety-six." "Ninety-six." "Congratulations." "I hope that I can come to your 100th birthday." "Well, if you can sign me a certificate I'll be around in about four years time, I shall be glad to see you." "Everyone would be glad to see me if I could sign a certificate like that." "For the past year, I've been talking to some very smart people." "I've learned that there's actually some encouraging solutions to a lot of the problems facing us out there, if we do the right things." "But none of that's going to do us any good if we blow ourselves up." "Am I paranoid to worry about blowing ourselves up?" "I don't think so, not at all, no." "There was, in fact, a time about 14 years ago after the end of the Cold War, when people thought that the nuclear issue could be taken off the agenda." "But then I'm afraid that the last few years, the situation became much more dangerous." "How many nations have nuclear weapons?" "Officially, there are five - supposedly five - nuclear weapons states, and these are those which carried out nuclear tests before 1967." "This is when the non-proliferation treaty came into being:" "the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain, France, and China." "But actually we've now got three more." "India and Pakistan, who have tested nuclear weapons and everyone knows about them." "And Israel, who up to this date denies they have tested a nuclear weapon, but everybody knows." "And the five nations - for instance the United States - how many weapons does the United States have?" "At one time, between the two superpowers, there were 120,000 nuclear warheads." "Each of which had a destructive power at least ten times that of the Hiroshima bomb." "So if all these weapons were really exploded, not only would civilization be destroyed, but possibly the human race would have been imperiled." "Therefore, we were really, really in danger." "Since then, people realized the danger, there've been attempts to reduce nuclear arsenals, talks have been going on about reduction." "But, these talks have stopped, and now the United States has still got something like 30,000 nuclear warheads - I mean, together with the other nations - about 30,000, which is far, far, too much." "(Turk) Thirty thousand nuclear weapons." "I cannot imagine." "What would be the effects of even one of these fairly large weapons being destructed in a city?" "Well, we've seen in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, in one instant 100,000 people killed." "Since then we've accumulated bigger weapons, a thousand times more powerful." "There aren't enough targets in the world for all these weapons." "(Turk) A city like Paris or New York, or London - any city - we could lose?" "(Rotblat) And of course the point is - not only is there instantaneous destruction, due to the blast wave, due to the heat effects;" "we've also got the radioactive, which will stay on." "Even the survivors will go on suffering from the effects of the radioactivity." "(Turk) It's too horrible to imagine." "(Rotblat) One cannot imagine." "(Turk) And do nuclear weapons keep us safe?" "I don't believe so, if you take the risk." "As long as nuclear weapons exist in the arsenals, sooner or later, they will be used." "If nuclear weapons can't keep us safe, what can?" "An agreement to get rid of nuclear weapons." "The agreement exists." "There's nothing new we have to do." "All we have to do is for the nuclear weapons states to adhere to their commitments." "And I think if the United States should come out and say, look, we've signed the NPT, and therefore we are going to gradually get rid of our nuclear weapons, to make sure they don't fall into the wrong hands." "Should the United States make such a declaration, then I am quite sure that the four other nuclear weapons states would follow suit." "And this would be the end, at least temporarily, the end of the danger of nuclear weapons." "But then the answer seems so simple." "It is simple." "Because it is so simple, people don't accept it." "Because it's too simple, they think." "India:" "The world's largest democracy, with over 1 billion people." "I arrived in Calcutta at dawn and found the people already hard at work, traveling in every way imaginable." "And in hidden places, going through their morning rituals." "Seeing the street children of Calcutta, I began to understand what it truly means when we talk about a world with a billion people living on a dollar a day." "And why these people work so incredibly hard just to earn their daily bread." "In the middle of it all I found endless blocks of public bookstalls where knowledge reigns supreme." "And in the temples of Calcutta, simple acts of devotion connect people to themselves, and to one another." "Night arrives, with celebrations and teeming streets." "While the day had ended across much of the city, in the sad streets of the red light district, women with no other options were just beginning their work." "We got in at 5:30 in the morning." "We've been out shooting all day long, and now we're having..." "a fishroll." "This place is just unbelievable." "As I traveled through India on the way to my interview, though I knew no one, I never felt like a stranger." "I didn't know what I was looking for, but somehow I found it anyway." "And I made new friends everywhere I went - even at a traditional Hindu wedding." "After seeing so many smiling faces, I began to wonder if Americans are forgetting how to smile." "[young boy singing]" "The longer I stayed in India, the more beautiful it seemed, and the more I began to care about these people." "I'd come to India to meet with one of the world's most respected thinkers, Amartya Sen, at his boyhood home." "We are here in Santiniketan." "Yes, Shantiniketan." "Shanti means peace." "It's an Abode of Peace." "And you grew up here?" "I was born here, yes." "And the open-air university here is Vishva Bharati." "Vishva is world, Bharati is knowledge." "Vishva Bharati is the knowledge of the world." "Beautiful." "I've been looking around the university, and it's a pretty unique institution." "They have an innovative approach to education." "Yes." "I primarily went here in school, and the school is exceptionally experimental and unusual in the sense that we had very little reliance on exams, and much greater emphasis about being somewhat innovative." "But also being concerned about knowing something about the world, not just India." "There was much more focus on Europe, China, Japan," "Southeast Asia, Africa." "Knowledge of the world." "When I was a boy, I remember how excited I was when the world's population hit three billion." "Now we're at six billion, and we've heard numbers about going way high." "Nine, we might conceivably get to." "Will there be enough food in the world to feed nine billion people?" "People are already hungry, and unless you have a theory as to why you are hungry, you can easily think it may be connected with the availability of food." "And then you say, my God, the population is going to double or something like that." "Then you feel totally scared." "But that's mainly because you haven't thought through what causes hunger in the world in which we live." "If it's not a lack of food, what does cause hunger?" "I think the common sense here is fairly straightforward, mainly if you can't buy food, you're likely to go hungry, no matter how much food there is in a country." "It really is concerned with poverty." "And you have to remove that vulnerability, which comes from poverty." "The world has never been more prosperous." "We're in a time of great economic prosperity, yet the differences between rich and poor nations has never been larger." "The world is immensely prosperous on the average, and could become much more prosperous than it is today, given the technology, given the knowledge that exists." "But the fact is, a lot of people are extremely poor." "And along with that, we're concerned with our freedom from insecurity like terrorism, 9/11 - not just survival and the freedom not to starve." "And freedom from insecurity rising from healthcare absence, for example." "It's not often recognized that on 9/11/2001, more people died of AIDS than died of violence." "And that was on 9/11 itself." "On 9/11?" "And on every other day, many more times people die from preventable or manageable illnesses like AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis - and that's the world in which we live." "That doesn't reduce the importance of fighting terrorism." "It's extremely important." "But along with that we have to engage the much bigger killers in the world." "You've been a great advocate of women's rights, in general." "Talk about the relationship of birthrates to literacy in these other areas." "In China?" "China gets too much credit for the nasty thing it did - namely the one-child policy - and too little credit for the good things - namely the education of women." "The two factors are one, women's literacy, and two, women's gainful employment - both of which give women a bigger voice in decision making within the family." "I can't think of any country or society in the world that's expanded women's rights that hasn't been advanced by it." "But at the same time you come up against cultural and religious biases." "I don't take the view that women's education is a doomed situation for a particular religious group." "Not at all." "I think these cultural biases are overestimated, really." "Because every society, we know, is a diverse society." "I find that the more that people are different in their ways, the more you also realize how much people really are alike." "We are much more alike than we often acknowledge, and while we are different, we are different in a wide variety of ways." "There is not just one way of differences, namely religion, but all kinds of differences, being left-wing and right-wing in politics, being concerned in public discussion or not, being interested in loud music or not-loud music." "You'd classify the world very differently depending on which criteria we are using." "We are not only diverse, we are diversely diverse." "It's quite an important issue to recognize." "At the conclusion to your book, "Development is Freedom,"" "you describe development as, "...a momentous engagement with freedom's possibilities."" "Freedom's possibilities - I love that." "I'm glad you like it." "I'd forgotten I said that." "I like it too, which is not surprising." "It's an optimistic view of our future." "Well, I'm basically an optimist, because I believe in the power of reason." "Because our emotions are also moderated by, stimulated by, supported by, and enforced by our reasoning." "So I think the world in which we give private reasoning its role, and public discussion and public reasoning its place, is a world in which there is a lot of room for optimism." "And, ultimately, I remain a deeply optimistic person." "When I got home from India, I knew I'd never forget the children I'd met while I was there." "There was one girl I could not get out of my head." "I didn't even know her name, but I couldn't quit asking myself, where is she now?" "Where will she be in five years?" "I'd been asking questions about the state of the world in 50 years, but 50 years will be too late for these kids." "Five years will be too late for some of the children I'd met in Africa, where, in many countries, one child in five will not make it to their fifth birthday." "What good will all my questions do for them?" "Did I think I was gonna change the world?" "When I was a lot younger, I decided I was going to learn to juggle five balls." "So I spent an hour practicing every day." "I did it over and over and over again for years." "I must have tossed those five balls a million times, and after five years..." "I still couldn't do it." "Was a year of asking questions going to come to the same end?" "I felt like I'd peeked behind a door that led to a better future - but where was the key that would open tahat door?" "There had to have been something I missed." "(Rotblat) Albert Einstein was the greatest living scientist." "He said we could either get rid of war, or get rid of nuclear weapons." "I was the youngest of the people who signed, and now I am the only one still alive." "This is the reason why I feel it is my duty - indeed I would say my mission - for the remaining days of my life." "(Weinberg) Science can tell you how to achieve certain things, if you want to achieve them, but it can't tell you what you ought to achieve." "There is an absolutely unbridgeable gulf between questions of what is and questions of what ought to happen." "(Zewail) We have to show the world that we care, both politically and economically." "(Williams) I would make a plea for a tad bit of enlightened self-interest." "(Sen) The question again is, how can we reason our way out of it?" "And out of that comes policies, decisions." "(Varmus) To think about education, building science programs, about improving health." "(Smalley) It's unimaginable, the level of institutional resistance to the changes that will have to be made." "We can't escape the moral choice." "It's not good enough for me or 100 people like me to say we ought to do this." "Every act you take on this planet..." "This is fundamentally a political statement." "...contributes in one way or the other to an outcome." "The privileged countries should be utilizing some of these resources..." "Even political freedom requires the right of public discussion." "...to enhance the role of rational thinking in the world." "Democracy is not just about voting, though voting is involved in it." "Democracy is public reasoning." "There's no reason why knowledge that's reliable..." "The love of knowledge." "...shouldn't be available for all to look at." "That's as simple as it gets." "There's nothing magical about change." "Development is a long process." "It takes time." "You get up off your - and you take action." "To find a path..." "We live on one planet." "...so that this huge imbalance..." "Patience." "Things don't happen overnight." "...of prosperity..." "A very small percent of the global population can go away." "...controls 80% of the resources of the planet." "If we don't do that, we will have the sustaining basis for social unrest, terrorism and war." "Shall we put an end to the human race?" "The leaders of the world..." "Or shall mankind renounce war?" "...also make the most money out of sale of arms, legal as well as illegal." "Just having the biggest weapons doesn't necessarily make you secure." "The infection rate in this country has not gone down." "The economic affluence is very unequally divided." "The danger of an accidental nuclear war..." "The political muscles are very unequally divided across the world." "Sooner or later a terrorist group... 19 men in four planes  will acquire maybe a primitive nuclear weapon..." "The worst danger facing the world..." "Knowing what the problem is..." "It's part of the growing up of our species." "...is halfway to a solution." "Because it is so simple, people don't accept it." "Knowledge." "Knowledge will set you free." "We hope." "We live on one planet" "This huge imbalance" "All our children" "The leaders of the world" "The moral choice-- 30,000." "Maybe it's unimaginable." "It takes time." "This planet, this country, knowledge, knowledge, the love of knowledge, you take action, one planet, a policy of proliferation, primitive nuclear weapons, major social unrest, accidental nuclear war, terrorism, vulnerability, choice, weapons, consequences," "questions, education, nuclear warheads, desperate, health problems, suffering, which one of them, proliferation, infection, 30,000, we can't escape..." "How can we reason our way out of it?" "[echoes]" "Sooner or later, you have to say, STOP!" "It doesn't have to be this way." "?" "THERE IS A UNIVERSE THAT CAN'T BE SEEN ?" "?" "A FEELING, IF YOU KNOW WHAT I MEAN ?" "(Turk) It's so much simpler than I'd realized." "?" "A DELECTABLE DIMENSION UNDETECTABLE BY SIGHT ?" "?" "IT'LL FILL UP YOUR HEART IN THE DEAD OF THE NIGHT ?" "?" "SOME SAY THAT IT'S AN ASTRAL PLANE ?" "?" "CAN'T BE DESCRIBED, CAN'T BE EXPLAINED ?" "?" "THE WORLD EXPLODED INTO LOVE ALL AROUND ME ?" "?" "THE WORLD EXPLODED INTO LOVE ALL AROUND ME ?" "?" "AND EVERY TIME I TAKE A LOOK AROUND ME ?" "?" "I HAVE TO SMILE ?" "?" "OH, IS OUR LIFE JUST AN ILLUSION ?" "?" "NO NEED TO FIGURE IT OUT ?" "?" "THE SEPARATION EXISTS NOT IN YOUR LOVE-FILLED HEART ?" "?" "BUT ONLY IN YOUR MIND THE REAL STORY'S ALL AROUND YOU ?" "?" "EVEN NOW IT SURROUNDS YOU ?" "?" "EVEN NOW I FEEL THE POWER ?" "?" "THE WORLD EXPLODED INTO LOVE ALL AROUND ME ?" "?" "THE WORLD EXPLODED INTO LOVE ALL AROUND ME ?" "?" "AND EVERY TIME I TAKE A LOOK AROUND ME ?" "?" "I HAVE TO SMILE ?" "You talk about the idea of a human family, but you and I are quite different, if you look at the two of us, in every way." "But if we are part of the human family, then that becomes part of God's dream, and the realization of that." "(Desmond Tutu) Absolutely." "Sometimes people think to say we are family is, we are being very sentimental." "But one has to say, no, this is one of the most radical things, actually." "With a family, you say it is from each according to their ability, to each according to their need." "And therefore, when we do what we think is charitable, it isn't anything more than our obligation as family members." "And look at what it says." "It means I can't take off in a bomber and then rain bombs on those others because that is family." "I am killing members of my family." "And even more seriously, it means we are going to have to look very carefully at what we invest in so-called defense." "That we can't spend so much money on budgets of death and destruction when we know that a fraction of these would enable all of our family - our sisters and brothers everywhere - to have clean water, food, etc." "So, you see, it's radical, but it's even more than that." "It means God has no enemies, certainly not my enemies." "My enemies are not" "God's enemies." "If God loves us without distinction, then God loves the Palestinian," "Israeli, Roman Catholic in Northern Ireland," "Protestant, Bush, Bin Laden, Saddam Hussein, gay, lesbian, straight." "That should shake us up and say, what a fantastic dream - that one day we will actually realize...we are family." "Even the most powerful nation can't exist on its own." "You can't win the war on terrorism, we have discovered, unless you have the cooperation of other nations." "And with religions, in the same way?" "Absolutely." "Most Christians, actually, think that God is a Christian." "And you have to tell them," "God is not a Christian." "I got into trouble at home because I said so." "I said, "Could you tell me, what was God before Christianity was on the scene?"" "And then you say to them, do you really think that God is upset that Mahatma Gandhi was not a Christian, that Albert Einstein was a Jew?" "We tend to make God have our weaknesses, our prejudices." "We want God to accept that my enemies must obviously be God's enemies." "And we discover it isn't." "He's not choosing sides?" "No." "No." "God actually does choose sides." "God is very biased." "But it is bias in favor of the vulnerable, the weak, the hungry, the voiceless." "In South Africa, it seemed hopeless - the situation." "For years, for decades it seemed like it would never be resolved." "If it could happen in South Africa, then it jolly well can happen any and everywhere." "What made that possible?" "Well, we all worked together." "I always say to people - remember, the sea is actually made up of drops of water." "Whatyoudo, whereyouare is of significance." "Did you know, they say in Africa, there is only one way of eating an elephant." "What is it?" "One piece at a time." "That's great." "(Turk) Because it's so simple, people don't accept it." "?" "LOVE CANNOT BE BROKEN ?" "?" "IT TOOK A LITTLE BOY TO TELL ME THAT NOT SO LONG AGO ?" "?" "AND THROUGH THE EYES OF CHILDREN ?" "?" "THERE'S SOMETHING THAT THEY CAN TEACH US ?" "?" "SOMETHING WE'RE ALL SEARCHING FOR ?" "?" "YET ALREADY KNOW ?" "?" "LOVE CANNOT BE BROKEN ?" "One other thing I learned - the problem is not that things go wrong." "It's a complicated universe, things are bound to go wrong." "There are bound to be missteps and missteps." "The important thing is to learn to recover from our missteps." "The important thing is to put things back on track." "It may be simple, but it's not going to be easy." "?" "AND LOVE CANNOT BE BROKEN ?" "?" "LOVE CANNOT BE BROKEN ?" "These are my children." "?" "LO-OO-OVE ?" "These are all our children." "?" "WHY ARE THERE SO MANY SONGS ABOUT RAINBOWS ?" "?" "AND WHAT'S ON THE OTHER SIDE?" "?" "?" "RAINBOWS ARE VISIONS BUT ONLY ILLUSIONS ?" "?" "RAINBOWS HAVE NOTHING TO HIDE SO WE'VE BEEN TOLD ?" "?" "AND SOME CHOOSE TO BELIEVE IT ?" "?" "I KNOW THEY'RE WRONG, WAIT AND SEE ?" "?" "SOMEDAY WE'LL FIND IT ?" "?" "THE RAINBOW CONNECTION ?" "?" "THE LOVERS, THE DREAMERS AND ME ?" "?" "WHO SAID THAT EVERY WISH WOULD BE HEARD AND ANSWERED ?" "?" "WHEN WISHED ON THE MORNING STAR?" "?" "?" "SOMEBODY THOUGHT OF THAT ?" "?" "AND SOMEONE BELIEVED IT ?" "?" "LOOK WHAT IT'S DONE SO FAR ?" "?" "AND WHAT'S SO AMAZING ?" "?" "THAT KEEPS US STARGAZING?" "?" "?" "AND WHAT DO YOU THINK WE MIGHT SEE?" "?" "?" "SOMEDAY WE'LL FIND IT ?" "?" "THE RAINBOW CONNECTION ?" "?" "THE LOVERS, THE DREAMERS AND ME ?" "?" "ALL OF US UNDER ITS SPELL ?" "?" "YOU KNOW THAT IT'S PROBABLY MAGIC ?" "?" "HAVE YOU BEEN HALF ASLEEP ?" "?" "AND HAVE YOU HEARD VOICES?" "?" "?" "I'VE HEARD THEM CALLING MY NAME ?" "?" "IS THIS THE SWEET SOUND ?" "?" "THAT CALLS THE YOUNG SAILORS?" "?" "?" "THE VOICE MIGHT BE ONE IN THE SAME ?" "?" "I'VE HEARD IT TOO MANY TIMES TO IGNORE IT ?" "?" "IT'S SOMETHING THAT I'M SUPPOSED TO BE ?" "?" "SOMEDAY WE'LL FIND IT ?" "?" "THE RAINBOW CONNECTION ?" "?" "THE LOVERS, THE DREAMERS AND ME ?"