"They were the outcasts the Greek world." "Until one man raised his people to the condition of the empire." "Alexander was a major commanders in history." "He was aware that he lived ... in an era of innovation in Greek art of war." "Alexander the Great, employed the newest technology ... to conquer civilizations ... transforming land Egypt to India ... on a new Greek world." "The Greeks conquered the whole world." "Then exported their way of life ... because they thought it was the best for any human being to live." "But there is no kingdom without a king." "And, after the sudden death and mysterious Alexandre ... his empire collapsed as fast when it appeared." "404 a.c. .." "17 00:01:05,398 -- 00:01:09,357 27 years of bloody war had come to an end." "Athens with its unconquerable squadron destroyed ... was forced to subject themselves to their arch-rivals, the Spartans." "The Athenian generals ... who commanded the main fleet of Athens ... committed one disastrous mistake ... which led to a great battle ... and a terrible defeat to the Athenians ... at a place called Egospótamos." "In the decades after the fall of Athens ... the city-state Sparta and Thebes ... fought for dominance of Greece." "But in 359 BC, a young man of 23 years ... the remote Greek region of Macedonia became king." "And in two decades, would change the face of Greece." "His name was Philip II." "Macedonia was a Greek state strange." "It was always supporting and never the principal." "He had so much potential ... both in hand labor as on natural resources ... but never managed to stand out." "The Greek city-state considered ... tribals Macedonians uncivilized." "However, after 20 years, Philip had unified the ... and further transformed into feared war machine ... that Greece had ever seen." "Philip built in Macedonia two fronts:" "Diplomacy and strength." "He began creating alliances with the neighboring city states ... at the same time reinventing the Macedonian army ... making military service an occupation full-time and highly trained." "But the trump card that new professional army ... was a troop of engineers Felipe has organized ... to design and build instruments of war." "an innovation that forever changed ... the way of war and win." "The Macedonians were not considered authentic Greek ... the Greek city-states." "They were a tribe called "Macedoni" ... and fought barbarians for so long ... they themselves were considered barbarians." "However, Philip II was not barbaric." "If it was, it was the most barbaric brighter than the world has ever seen." "Hello, I'm Peter Weller." "The pillar of the strategy Military Philippi ... was a combination of cavalry and infantry." "And the pillar of his infantry was a formation called "phalanx"." "A rectangular group of soldiers that progressed quietly ... in walking speed, what few armies did." "The phalanx was used by Greeks for centuries." "Philip said to him a weapon never seen before ... on a battlefield." "The innovation of Philip was to change the shape of the finger ... and present a long gun, called "sarissa."" "And make a long gun, called "sarissa."" "Then the flange became a large tank." "The sarissa was a spear with almost 5.5 m ... able to devastate the enemy before he could ... counter with swords or shorter spears." "Basically, put up the spearhead ... against man and pushed him." "The effect is the same as an adult if defending the attack of a child ... placing his hand on her forehead his arms and doing so ... unable to reach him." "That's what allowed the spear the infantry of Philip." "Well-trained soldiers, well equipped and disciplined ... gave the Macedonian phalanx ... tactical advantage against traditional battle." "But military technology ... that would make the host is Philip invincible." "Mostly its military history ..." "Greeks were not good in the art of siege." "Only in the year 400 BC, or shortly after ... the Greeks made a spectacular change." "Archery had been a weapon of war for millennia." "But the arc power was limited the force arm of an individual." "One of the first innovations Ancient Greeks in military engineering ... a bow was able to use the strength of the entire human body ... and not just the arm." "The first guns this art of siege ... developed by the Greeks were essentially "beasts" ... and called them "shooters belly "or" gastrafetes'." "It was something bigger, with an element format "u" at the end ... which was supported in the abdomen, then pulled up the bow ... with both hands, pressing it with the torso while ... creating a force voltage greater good." "The gastrafretes was a revolution deadly bow and arrow ... but to overcome the armies of the world ..." "Philip needed more power." "To cause further damage ... needed to think of a new generation of weapons." "They had to invent what we call "torsion catapult."" "The catapult torsion basically ... creates springs to twist ropes ... or, in some cases, horsehair ... cou even human hair, in cases of emergencies." "They were thick ropes and twisted together." "Engineers Greeks designed a device that ... acts as a gastrafetes mounted on a platform." "They called him "oxibeles" or throws darts." "Instead of using the body to power ... the tautness created by oxibeles ... came from twisted ropes until a peak voltage." "There is a large buildup of strength ... because the strings want back to the place ... releasing the force, but get stuck." "And in the midst of the mechanism there is a bar." "they pushed this bar back ... further increasing strain ... and then when unfastened the bar ... the darts were released with a huge force ... and speed compared to the old system bending arches." "The distance no longer protected enemy soldiers ... a death sudden and bloody." "When triggered, the oxibeles ... could pierce shields and armor to a range of 400m ... giving rise to the term still use today:" "Catapult." "The legal word 'catapult' it mean "punch skin."" "You can notice the word English 'pelt' ... the skin of some animal, in Greek catapult." "Pierced the skin." "With their weapons of war ..." "Philip became inexorable against the Greek city-states." "In 338 BC, his victory about Athens and Thebes ... became Mr. absolute Greece." "But the actions were Philippi after the war ... indicated that as govern the Macedonians ... the conquered lands despite its reputation of barbarians." "Philip and his son Alexander, only 18 years ... defeated a coalition the Thebans and Athenians ... in the battle of Chaeronaea, in 338 B.C." "So did Philip an amazing thing." "He left all the Athenians back home." "Then called a council at Corinth, invited all the city-states ... masking his power as needed with a little diplomacy ... and said to all the city-state ..." ""You can stay calm." "Everything will continue as before. "" "He could have devastated the earth as Ghengis Khan, a few centuries later." "But no." "Why?" "We must remember that the Greeks considered the Macedonians ... like a bunch of thieves." "And the Macedonians did not give a damn about the Greeks." "But Philip proved ideal Hellenistic during his visit to Thebes." "As king, invited Greek philosophers and teachers to come to Macedonia." "His entire court spoke Greek Athenian." "Philip did not want destroy Greece." "He wanted to be Greece." "It was like the nerd the back of the class ... who wants to join the fraternity and be a nice guy." "Maybe a little tougher." "In his moment of triumph, Macedonia led by ... he began to prepare to carry forward ... the ambition of his life, that was to invade the Persian Empire." "He would not go that far." "Philip was murdered ... by someone from within his own circle." "Just before leaving toward the conquest of Persia ..." "Philip attended a public celebration." "as he marched ahead of his entourage ... to prove that not fear anyone ... a bodyguard stepped forward and buried him a dagger in the chest." "The man who will unify Greece was dead at age 46." "It was a killer or was there a conspiracy?" "We'll never know, because while the killer tried to escape ... ran guards of Philip." "The dream of Philip to dominate the Persian Empire did not die with him." "Before strengthened with the rise of his son ... 20 years called Alexander." "Alexandre would using the army ... engineers and technology Philippi to perform ... an even more ambitious than his father ... transform the world in a Greek world." "In just 20 years, Philip II transformed the Macedonians ... a powerful army ... and become ruler Supreme Greece." "But the murder Philippi in the 336." "C. .." "reap its ambition and self-proclaimed destiny ... invade the old enemy Greece, Persia." "Philip had conquered Greece ..." "Now it was up to his son conquer the world." "This was man who passed to posterity ... as Alexander ." "197 00:11:37,163 -- 00:11:39,498 Alexander was a major commanders in history." "He was absolutely brilliant on the battlefield." "It is true that inherited a great war machine ... but you have to take credit for operating this machine ... when he was very young." "Philip was lying the foundations for the achievement." "Now, his son would to complete his work." "In 334 BC, Alexander led his army ... of more than 35,000 soldiers to fight the Persian Empire." "Persia was a gigantic Superpower ... that dominated the lands of Middle East and Asia Minor." "Alexander and his army invaded what is now Turkey ... making deep inroads in Persian territory." "But the Persians still had an advantage ... that Alexander needed to neutralize ... if he wanted to win old enemy of Greece." "Alexander had a problem." "He owned a fleet." "So he needed find a way ... to neutralize the Persian fleet." "And his strategy was to face the Persian navy on earth ... laying siege and taking each ... the Persians naval bases." "Alexander continued its march south ... along the coast Mediterranean ... laying siege to cities and ports who resisted their advance." "But it was fortified and powerful city of Tyre ... that was the biggest challenge to Alexander and his engineers." "Shot in antiquity ... was an island, one small island on the coast." "The town was on an island." "And that made ?" "it virtually impenetrable ... in the eyes of the residents, since it had a large fleet." "But that all changed in the late fourth century." "Initially, Alexandre tried diplomacy." "Sent messengers to the island ... urging city leaders accept a peace treaty." "The answer was short and thick:" "The ambassadors were killed ... and their corpses thrown the walls above the sea." "The risk was too great." "If Alexander could not capture the city ... send message to the world that was not invincible." "With Tyre protected by the sea armies against him ... fell to its engineers bring the battlefield to the city ..." "Alexander could where combat the Tyrians face to face." "Shot no longer be an island." "And if the enemy refused out to fight?" "Alexander realized he could not afford ... that its military operations ... were frustrated before fortifications." "And that meant I needed ... techniques and weaponry to attack fortifications." "With huge walls, a harbor fortified ... and little land around the walls, the city of Tyre seemed impenetrable." "Therefore, Alexandre thought in an ambitious approach." "He knew he would not take the city if not damage your walls." "So did their engineers construct a sidewalk ... one land bridge to the island." "The sidewalk was about 800m long ... 60m diameter and 6m high." "When the sidewalk was at a distance of attack ..." "Alexander launched his wave of terror over the city." "He then employed the only weapon we knew ... that could end Battle:" "A siege tower." "The towers were a kind armored car ... multi-storey." "Outside were fireproof ... thanks to a leather cover on the raw wood structure." "On the inside, one central staircase ... conducting a series platforms ... where oxibeles and other catapults ... hurled projectiles against the walls." "At the bottom of the tower was used as protection ... to manage a battering ram." "She was dragged to the wall ... men inside were protected ... and could shoot arrows in whom was defending the wall ... trying to cross the wall to kill enemies." "The siege towers Alexander struck the walls of Tyre ... during the day." "When a gap was opened in the fortress ..." "Alexandre unleashed a terrible revenge ... against city had resisted him." "The attack itself could be ... a terrifying experience for everyone involved." "The only way to signal was with the trumpets ... then imagine bugles sounding ... one tremendous noise Men attacking ... flags flying with the wind ... within the walls City attacked." "I think it must have been an extraordinary scene." "Alexander began the journey southbound through Palestine." "Increasingly confident ... he now turned his ambition for the greatest empire ... the world has ever seen:" "Egypt." "With their pyramids torreantes tombs and colossal ..." "Egypt was an ancient culture that Alexander revered." "However, there was another reason more practice for him covet Egypt ... was the granary Mediterranean ... whose fields of wheat would be invaluable ... to feed the empire expanding Alexander." "Unlike Tyre win Egypt did not require killing." "Alexander entered Egypt as a liberator ... and figure extraordinary powers." "The Egyptians not only gave welcome to Alexander ... as well as made him a god." "In 331 B.C. they crowned pharaoh ... and proclaimed the son of Amon, their most important deity." "At age 24, Alexander transcended immortality." "A person living extraordinary things ... for whom all doors seem to magically open ... for whom every effort is rewarded with victory." "He might think: "well, maybe I am a god in a way. "" "And I think that Alexander really thought about it." "It was not just pretending." "I was trying to find out more about yourself." "In the late IVa.C., Greek cities flourished ... in the wake of the army Alexandre spoiler." "These cities have served as control centers and administration ... but especially as radiators ... control centers and administration." "The result would be a model Construction of town ... which extend to the most remote regions ..." "Alexandrian Empire." "In 325 BC, Alexander had expanded its borders ... nearly 4800 km from Greece to India." "The army may have been his a machine destroyer ... but the legacy of his empire was a new Greek world." "The strategy for Alexandre govern the conquered nations ... included accommodation and assimilation." "He meant that soldiers desposassem local women ... and then remain as officials of the empire." "Persian cities once, Egyptian or Indian ... were transformed in Greek town." "It was an invasion of ideals formed a hybrid culture ... known as Hellenism." "Certainly, there are a large parallel what happens today ... in the current era of globalization." "in the current era of globalization." "Today we have a common language ..." "English is the language of commerce." "After Alexander , people have adopted ..." "Greek customs and the Greek language." "The Hellenism had its expression highest in urban life ... and the maximum expression of this expansion domineering Greek ... proved in city planning." "Want to build up in a new city or retire on an old ... engineers Alexandre were the urban layout ... in grid form used by Greeks from century Va.c." "The planning blocks, used in these cities ... was a symbol of order." "any government that could replace ... traditional alleyways of a city ... by linear blocks, with streets at right angles ... was a government to be feared, a government that drew attention." "The campaigns of Alexander in Asia Minor created a new world order ... we now call of Hellenism." "If you lived in a city conquered by Alexander ... she was a Greek city." "This is an example of a city so called Pergamum." "Two thousand years ago, Pergamon had all the elements ... a Greek city." "Agora, temples, gym, theater." "Pergamum could rival Athens as a Greek cultural center." "The sculptural style of Pergamum Michelangelo inspire ... and change the visual arts forever." "Pergamum was built on slopes, is designed so ... was dramatic, theatrical, what was to be." "Today, the ruins Pergamon Lie ... a high altitude in modern Turkey ... a monument spectacular the Greek urban engineering." "The city seems stuck a steep hill." "It seems that architects who built this city ... took into account the topography, in many ways." "Took into account the topography, in many ways." "Symbolically, for starters, This means that ... site were higher palaces and temples." "The city stands 300m above sea level ... which required a number of complex and extensive terraces." "In Hellenistic times ..." "Athens was not the most powerful city ?" "that had once been." "Other cities of importance flourished ... and, among these, stood Pergamum." "In a way, it is a reflection Acropolis of Athens ... where the temples were on the hills ... a natural rock about the city ... and were not spared expenditures in building ... of temples and public buildings splendid in Pergamum." "So planning Greek urban ... began before Alexander ... but was brought to perfection in the Hellenistic period." "Where was each city had a recognizable institution." "Each had a Greek theater, each had Greek temples ... each had a gym ... each had an agora with a market and forum." "The center of a Greek city ... was in its market called public agora." "Here, merchants sold their goods ... and citizens gathered to discuss political issues of the day." "Adjacent to agora was the estoa ... a simple structure equivalent a covered mall." "This consisted of a estoa colonnade on one side ... and a wall on the other side ... a shelter that even open protected against the elements." "The agora and estoa were the heart economic, political and public ..." "Hellenistic city, but its cultural soul ... lay in another marvel engineering ... the most important in Hellenistic cities:" "The theater." "The theater is basically an invention Athenian." "The drama is democratic, above all." "Developed with Athenian democracy." "The theater was one aspect important and essential ... the Greek view of the world." "How they saw themselves and how they saw the world." "And I think in the opinion of many ... is one of the greatest legacies that the ancient Greek civilization ... left for us today." "Theatres in Ancient Greece ... were not only forums for social commentary." "They inspired the Romans in building coliseums ... and set the standard for building stages ... in the next two thousand years." ""Separate your men by tribes and clans ... clan to come to the aid clan, and tribe to tribe. "" "So said Nestor Agamemnon in the Iliad." "And these words can have been said here." "Because one of the great gifts Greek culture to the world ... was the theater and music. this is a Greek theater at Pergamum." "It is steeper there." "A Broadway theater, that has acted ... houses 800 or 900 people, perhaps two thousand if some music." "This theater is home to thousands and thousands of spectators." "So, as an actor could stand on stage ... and project your voice in the last row of the theater ... hear what he said?" "Well, the answer is a feat of engineering." "To start, the theater was carved on the slope of a mountain ... not needed no other structure ... because the slope of the mountain gave support to the stone benches." "Secondly, the theater was in a semicircle ... allowing a great acoustic perception." "You could stay onstage and sigh ... and someone in the back row I could hear him ... as if talking in your ear ... as the sound hit the back wall." "The third thing is that actors wore masks ... and these masks were not only dramatic function ... also functioned as a kind of megaphone to his lips." "Combination with these three elements ... this theater was a fantastic place ... this theater was a fantastic place ......" "No doubt, I think the theater most well-preserved Greek ... is the theater of Epidaurus, in the Peloponnese peninsula." "The Greek theaters were divided three basic parts ... the Teatron or field of view, where the audience sat." "The orchestra, or dance area occurred where most of the action." "And esqueni, a wooden construction placed behind the orchestra." "The esqueni with your ceiling boring was used for dressing ... background and sometimes as a backdrop." "The theater of Epidaurus has 55 rows of seats ... and is divided into three sections." "Stairs split sessions of seats on separate slices." "Altogether, it is estimated that this gigantic theater ... has the capacity to 12 to 14 thousand." "But is the acoustic engineering ..." "What makes the theater Epidaurus spectacular." "Anyone sitting in the last row ... is far from the stage ... and the person who is on stage or in the orchestra ... seems very small." "Still, it is possible to have a conversation with that person ... with a small high voice." "In just ten years ..." "Alexander set the stage for Greek culture over the world." "But empires and their leaders eventually fall ... and Alexander was no exception." "His untimely death would cause the rise of kings and kingdoms ... whose engineering feats wonders of the world would be." "In 323 BC, Alexander had drawn up an empire ... stretching Greece to the west ... through Egypt and east to India." "His achievements depended ... the use of advanced technology by his army ... but also the legendary talent Alexandre ... ensuring fair of thousands of people." "But after 13 years and thousands miles of permanent battle ... that loyalty was taken to the limit." "The loyalty of his troops finally over." "They revolted against him and refused to move ... and he had to retreat." "Returning from India ..." "Alexandra was preparing to consolidate his empire ... when he was stricken by a mysterious disease." "Nobody knows for sure what killed him ... it was an infection ... if the result was a life as a soldier pulled ... having been wounded in battle." "those trips extraordinary ... in which he according to the legends ... be subjected to the same work hard that his soldiers." "One of these legends account he drank himself to death." "There's always been intrigue in the court of Macedonia." "The father of Alexander had been murdered." "Was he poisoned somehow?" "These are questions that we can not answer." "On 10 June 323." "C. .." "one month of completing 33 years ... the most powerful man Earth died." "The meteoric rise of his empire ... would be comparable to its bloody fragmentation." "There followed a power struggle between regional commanders ... to fill void left the death of Alexander." "these generals and his heirs ... built mighty Hellenistic kingdoms ... and, over generations, battled for supremacy." "The land of Egypt fit to General Ptolemy ... who had been appointed to oversee the rich territory on the Nile." "Ptolemy would to build a kingdom ... that combine Greek and Egyptian cultures ... in a dynasty destined to last 300 years." "Ptolemy I was a man who has made a career ... as military commander ... and adviser Alexandre." "thus, what he wanted was ... portion richer and safe ... the empire could have." "Egypt was the crown jewel Mediterranean." "Their surplus grain ... become ruler Ptolemy Barn of the ancient world." "The plan was Ptolemy ensure its legitimacy ... both as king of Egypt and as true successor of Alexander." "According to tradition Macedonian ... who bury the body of the king, guarantee the right to the throne." "Ptolemy then kidnapped the funeral procession of Alexander ... and brought his mummified body to Egypt ... where rest in Alexandria ... the same city as their own Alexander founded 15 years before." "Under Ptolemy, Egypt would to be a powerful kingdom ... would be high and Alexandria the intellectual capital and ... scientific of the Greek world." "He wanted the city accept Greek culture ... and utilizes the knowledge technological Greek and Egyptian ... to construct a New Athens, if you prefer." "Alexandria stood on the shore ... and a port for easy access would vital to maintain trade ... with other cities around the Mediterranean." "For this purpose, Ptolemy ordered the construction ... one of the most ambitious projects already executed ... the first known lighthouse." "During the night, he shone at a great distance." "And the boats could see it many miles away." "And during the day, there was smoke coming out ... which made him conspicuous." "Should be something formidable to behold." "At the time, only the Great Pyramid of Giza ... was higher than the lighthouse." "Reportedly average 91m ... comparable height the Statue of Liberty." "Other estimates attribute nothing less than 136m." "As the lighthouse was built remains a mystery." "But at 40km from Alexandria ... stands a funerary monument that scholars believe to be ... a replica in smaller state lighthouse." "Based on this model, it seems that the lighthouse was built ... on three floors separate and distinct." "The lower floor was square ... the top one was octagonal ... and the last level was round and, above, was the lighthouse." "On top of the lighthouse, an intense continuous beam of light ... emanated ocean apart." "Scholars believe that wood was the fuel of the lighthouse ... and the lower section housed a ramp spiral ... large enough for animals ... pulling carts laden firewood could climb." "The ramp may have led a series of chambers ... where the wood was stored." "The second floor up ... a small manual lift was probably used ... to raise fuel to the top." "There are stories about mirrors and devices ... which could increase light this fire ... to be seen many miles away." "But there is no evidence that ... and some scholars believe it was a beacon Normal ... just a fire and nothing more." "The lighthouse lasted almost 1600 years ..." "Battered by storms, waves and even earthquakes." "Until in 1300 d." "C. .." "intense shivering dropped to always this wonder of the world." "For about 700 years ... lay under the lighthouse sepulto Mediterranean waters." "Until, in 1994, a team of divers and archaeologists ... discovered immense stones in the cove of Alexandria ... revealing the foundations ... of one of the most luminous constructions of history." "of one of the most luminous constructions of history." "one French archaeologist well known ... initiated an important series of underwater research." "He found parts Structural lighthouse." "So it may be that one day it is restored." "Under the waves, archaeologists recorded stones ... over 70 tons of weight ... including one that believe the lintel have been ... the colossal go the door of the lighthouse." "But the lighthouse not the only ... architectural marvel Alexandria." "As the lighthouse stood above the horizon ..." "Ptolemy began another project ... who brought the best minds in the world to its cosmopolitan city." "It was the great library Alexandria ... who claimed to have over 200 thousand books ... devoted to the culture and knowledge." "It was here that an engineer used to power steam ... 1700 years before the world even imagine a locomotive." "After the death of Alexander and fragmentation of his empire ... one of his generals who spent his life ... conquering civilizations, now wanted to create a." "The infusion of Greek culture wealth in Egyptian ... would lay the foundations for a new type of city ... destined to become the biggest and most cosmopolitan ... of the ancient world:" "Alexandria." "It was the capital of the world." "And as such, the kings Ptolemies ... the new kingdom of Egypt ... created something entirely new." "Created something entirely new." "The fires torreantes Lighthouse of Alexandria ... guided ships to the port." "But it was another vision of Ptolemy which became a beacon ... to the great minds the planet ... the library and the museum Alexandria." "But not to say that showed something." "At the time, the museum was something as a research center." "It was a catalyst ideas ..." "The first catalyst may the world of ideas." "And Ptolemy paid ... the greatest scholars and writers of the Greek world." "And the library was the largest deposit books ... the Greek world." "He had an incredible number scrolls." "Some speak of 200,000, others speak in 500 ... or 700 thousand." "Was in the museum and library ... which first in human history ... knowledge has become an article ... to be accumulated and shared." "In fact, some scientific discoveries ... made in Alexandria 200." "C. .." "only be accepted 1800 years later." "Pupils learned that the earth was round ... and a major astronomers Eratosthenes ... calculated the circumference Earth and missed by less than 1%." "There is an interesting story over the kings of the Ptolemies." "Whenever a vessel arrived in Alexandria ... the first thing the captain had to do ... was declared had some papyrus ... some work of philosophers or scientists aboard ... that would be taken to the library to be copied." "And usually returned them copy to the captain ... and not the original." "Although Ptolemy was a Greek Macedonian ..." "The secret of success of his dynasty in Egypt ... was assimilation Egyptian culture." "The family itself Ptolemy's ... did not hesitate to adopt Egyptian customs." "The son of Ptolemy, Ptolemy II ... came to marry his sister Arzinue." "There was a tradition in Pharaonic Egyptian families ... of marriages between brothers ... because they thought someone like them ... could not marry with an ordinary mortal ... and that only a sister, dividing its divine origins ... the company would suitable wife." "The Ptolemies may have used Egyptian traditions ... to rise the category of gods ... but in the end, like all pharaohs before them ... these kings still were not mortal." "Ptolemy would not see ... all your dreams Alexandria realized." "He died in 283 BC of natural causes ... before the library and the lighthouse were completed." "Alexandria continued flourish as a cultural hub ... under their rulers Ptolemaic ... and produced one of the thinkers more advanced age." "It was shortly after his reign of 300 years ... in the first century AD." "C. .." "that Alexandria gave the world one of its ... most celebrated Greek engineers." "Heron was called, and his famous projects placed in ... among the greatest engineers mechanics of antiquity." "All his books are extremely detailed ... describing all engineering methods." "But the very Heron differed because ... had an inclination for art." "And we must remember that, in Ancient Greece ..." "The word "art" ... also meant 'technology'." "The projects had Heron many practical applications ... including ideas for fire extinguishers ... odometers and up automatic doors." "But the experiments were Heron of ... with steam technology that piqued his imagination." "The first steam engine was built in England ... around 1700 A.D. About 1,600 years ago ..." "Heron built the forerunner of steam engine called Eurípila." "It was a metal sphere ... installed so that could rotate freely ... and had two tubes attached." "When she was full of water ... and was heated underneath the steam was generated ... and put the ball moving ... and thus, transforming air into something useful ... something you could control." "We believe that under historical circumstances ... the Industrial Revolution could ... have happened in Alexandria ... after a few centuries, because the essence was there." "The interesting thing about the mechanism Heron vapor ... it is found steam power." "Right." "So the question arises:" "Why did not use the power of steam?" "Why did steam engines ... as the British made some centuries later?" "And the answer is, that in Egypt ... forced labor, or work slave was very cheap ... not needed machines to do the job." "So it's an idea interesting." "You have the technology, but do not know what to do with it ... because there is no need economic to do so." "The inventions of Heron still Today intrigue engineers ... but they may have existed many other innovations ... in Alexandria you never know." "There is no consensus among scholars about when it happened ... but much of the knowledge science of the ancient world ... went up in smoke due Fire the old library." "Even so, the engineering Greece and Alexandria ... was a fire that innovative illuminated the ancient world ... like a star that guides a ship across the ocean." "The fabulous era of Alexander ... may have witnessed the rise and fall of empires ... but her legacy is still perceived in our world today." "Overcome the forces of nature ... and turn them into something useful." "This is the common denominator of all engineering Greek." "Undoubtedly, Alexandria ... was the pinnacle of engineering Greek and mathematics ... with his fantastic library which unfortunately caught fire ... and the grave of a man who not only conquered the world ... but spread Hellenism ... conveying ideas and ideals, Greek culture and values?" "." "But even with the end Empire of Alexander ..." "Greece was not extinguished." "There was absorbed ... for what many believe to be the greater experience of Hellenism ..." "Rome." "I'm Peter Weller, for the History Channel."