"Out of need or curiosity man has learned much about the Earth on which he is both guest and prisoner" "Often baffled in his brief journey through time he has found reassurance in the order revealed in nature the recurring sequence of the seasons the symmetry in storm" "Yet nothing has lessened his terror when nature seems to turn against him when the Earth shudders and explodes in fire making rubble of all he has built" ""Twenty thousand people dead;" "anywhere from fifty thousand to one hundred and fifty thousand injured... . "" ""lf that's it, there's a CCP there" "The communication may go bad but that's the angle they ought to go."" ""There's two more in there."" "Against the sudden blows of an adversary that often strikes without warning some have tried to create defenses" "Powerless to prevent eruption or earthquake they seek to diminish its toll" "Others light candles of faith seek safety in prayer" "Today new candles light the dark instruments whose beams are refected from distant objects or catch signals from outer space to measure the smallest movements of the Earth's surface" "Now man has devised new concepts of the forces altering our planet" "forces that move the continents twist the globe's thin crust build vast mountain ranges even beneath the sea" "Like all living things Earth is in ceaseless change" "Born of fire, it too is being transformed day by day" "Once this was blank ocean the cold storm-swept Atlantic off the southern coast of Iceland" "Then, in fiery eruption during the winter of 1 963 the island of surtsey began to emerge from the sea" "Today its single square mile of ash and lava forms one of the newer additions to the land surface of the globe" "Yet this virgin terrain is no longer wasteland" "Already life has found it" "Already seeds borne by wind and wave have taken root in the ash and birds have begun to nest along the cliffs" "A closed preserve to casual visitors the island has become a living laboratory" "Here scientists from distan countries can study the ways by which life tests and gradually seizes a new domain" "Among them is Dr. Robert Ballard, geologist from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution on Cape Cod" ""The story I often tell to try to get across the point that the Earth really is alive" "if you were to interview a butterfly standing on a branch of a sequoia tree" "Now, a butterfly lives for only a few days and a sequoia tree can live for over a thousand years" "And if you were to ask that butterfly" "'D' you perceive the object on which you are standing as being alive?" "' 'nd the butterfly would say, 'O' course not I'v' been here all my life five days and the tree hasn't done a thing" "Same problem with the human being lf you were to ask a human being perhaps one that's lived a hundred years if they perceive the Earth which is over four and a half billion years in age as being alive" "they'd probably say" "Of course not. I've been here all my life and it hasn't done a thing.'" "But the Earth really is a very dynamic object ln fact, I think of it as a living organism."" "Like Surtsey, Earth too is an island not in the North Atlantic but in the vaster sea of space ln time beyond the measure of man's brief experience it too is in slow and ceaseless change" "Some two hundred million years ago its landmasses formed a single continent scientists call Pangea" "Then slowly, Pangea's fracturing plates began to move apart like pieces of a vast jigsaw puzzle gradually assuming the shapes and arrangement we recognize on maps today" "Riding upon a semiplastic layer of Earth's fiery interior the ocean floors and continents that form its crust or lithosphere are in continuing motion" "Through the continents seem stationary to living populations they move an inch or more each year" "The friction occurring along the plate margins is often marked by earthquakes and volcanic eruption" "Sometimes, as in California's San Andreas Fault the opposing plates grind against each other in a sideways or lateral motion called translation lt is when a section of the fault locks, builds up tension then abruptly releases that major earthquakes occur" "ln other areas such as Japan in a movement known as subduction the edge of one crustal plate slowly slides beneath another causing volcanic activity and tremors" "Along the 46,000 mile Mid Ocean Ridge in an action called spreading molten rock or magma, emerges through fissures in the ocean floor soon congealing in new submerged crust" "Sometimes, as in Iceland and its offshore islands of Surtsey and Heimaey the action has created new land above the sea" "Barely two hundred miles south of the Arctic Circle on the fiery seam still building Iceland itself" "Heimaey is accustomed to change" "Port or the fleet that fishes the abundant waters nearby its only town of Vestmannaeyjar has seen many a storm take its toll of men and ships" "Hardy descendants of the Vikings who colonized the island more than a thousand years ago its people long have learned to live with uncertainty to meet risk and hazard with a cheerful face" "Each summer by long-standing tradition the entire population moves out of town on a three-day community holiday" "It is a gathering that harks back to Viking times when villagers assembled to review the spoken laws by which they lived" "On the grassy floor of an anicent volcanic crater they build a tent city where the people of the town rediscover each other in a quite different setting" "Side by side, they celebrate many things home rule won from Denmark more than a century ago the inheritance of their Viking past their survival of dangers that sometimes rise from the Earth itself" "At midnight young men set fire to a great wooden structure built on the hillside" "As the flames flare against the dark they summon varied emotions among the watchers" "To their Nordic forefathers fire brought warmth in the numbing cold lt was a symbol of life, of rebirth" "But the people of Heimaey have long known that it also can bring destruction and death" "ln the winter darkness of January 1 97 3 it brought disaster" "Just beyond the town's edge a fissure cracked the earth abruptly spewing molten lava and ash hundreds of feet into the air" "Roused from their beds by the sudden threat most of the population was evacuated to the nearby mainland but volunteers would fight a five-month battle with the new volcano now called Eldfell, "Fire Mountain."" "Within a week Eldfell had raised a black smoldering cone six hundred feet high and covered the town in ash" "More than a hundred buildings had been burned or crushed under the advancing wall of lava" "ln early February the lava threatened to block the entrance to the harbor" "Desperately, emergency teams fought to dam the flow by hardening the lava with great streams of cold seawater" "At last, by heroic effort the harbor was saved" "But as the eruption continued through ensuing months the lava would add almost one square mile to the island while much of the town lay buried under cinders and ash" "It would take years to dig out" "But at last the precincts of the dead are tidy again" "Elsewhere in Iceland life goes on" "Under the shadows of the volcanoes that remain a perpetual enigma farmers gather crops, prepare for the winter to come" "They are doing more" "Boldly, lcelanders are making use of the very forces that threaten them ln the north of the mainland near the krafla volcano they are attempting to harness the heat of a great geothermal field to power homes and industrial installations" "Recent eruptions have reminded lcelanders of the unpredictability of the powers they are trying to employ" "With Dr. Haraldur Sigurdsson volcanologist from the University of Rhode lsland" "Dr. Ballard visits a site where recent lava flow has threatened a newly-built electric power plant" ""There's the power plant below us here and if you look over this way... "" ""Yeah." "You can see the recent flows."" ""The entire caldera, recent lavas... "" ""Now the flows that were what earlier this year, are down there?"" ""Yes." "And you can see the steam defining the fissure that's been erupting during the last five years and the black lava flows that have been coming out."" ""So if, let's say, there were another eruption right along the caldera where we see the fissure opening up the lava could just come down this valley and go right around the corner to the power plant."" "Icelanders invested in the costly geothermal power plant because the field had lain dormant for over two hundred years" "Begun in 1 97 5 as an alternative to a hydroelectric dam the plant was almost immediately threatened by a series of violent eruptions that brought the lava flow within a mile and a half" "Trying to discern a possible pattern in the krafla volcanic activity scientists keep watch on the plant and the surrounding area for ominous signs" "Here one of the monitoring team checks for any ground tilt which could unbalance and destroy the turbines" "ln a field near the plant he checks daily for signs of subterranean activity measures any possible change in the gap between two pipes planted on opposite sides of a fissure" "Like a serpent's back rising above the sea the steaming crest of the Mid-Ocean Ridge stretches across Iceland" "Here Ballard and Sigurdsson visit the site of the recent lava flow that is still cooling" ""We're in the fissure that erupted six months ago."" ""So everything we are walking on is less than six months in age?"" ""That's right." "And it's still cooling off here" "That's why it's still like a sauna bath."" ""lt's about as fresh as you can get short of having it red."" ""Yes." "Let's take a look around here."" ""Now, if you can sit without cutting your pants" "It's even warm" "Now, I understand that when the eruption began to take place a tourist from Denmark was standing right where the fissure opened up and was... "" ""Quite close to the area where the crust split and rifted apart and the lava started to squirt up."" ""So he just took off."" ""Actually, I understand the lava was moving quite rapidly here."" ""How fast?"" ""Up to ten meters per second."" ""So you'd have to be a..." "Let'ssee the world's record for the 1 00-yard dash is... "" ""9.8."" ""So it's running about as fast as the world's record" "Hope the Dane was a fast runner."" ""He was." "He got away." "So far there have been no casualties."" ""Before this took place this area had been quiet for a long long time" "This is why they thought it was safe to build the power plant."" ""This area has been without volcanic activity for about 250 years" "And therefore, there was the general feeling that there wasn't an imminent danger and it was a worthwhile risk to take to start constructs of a geothermal power station in this central volcano."" ""And they've invested what?"" ""Oh, probably about 60 million dollars"" ""So 60 million dollars is really in peril then if another major eruption occurs here and this time it does go over that pass and down into the basin?"" ""Well, that's always a possibility" "But in Iceland there is..." "Iceland is a country where you have to live with the elements."" "ln patient calm, lcelanders accept the gamble nature has imposed upon them the frigid climate the sweeping storms, the hidden threat beneath their feet" "Even as they keep a wary eye on the dangerous giant who has built the very island on which they live they use his heat to warm their cities and homes even their indoor gardens a kind of compensation for the risks they philosophically endure" "ln winter darkness they take light from the subterranean depths" "Warmed by the hidden furnace of the Earth itself vegetables ripen in the arctic cold" "ln the volcano's fiery breath flowers bloom" "Yet the risk remains" "Hardly a year after eruptions threatened the power installation" "Sigurdsson returned to Krafla as the restless giant stirred and became active" "Once more the lava flow approached within one-and-a-half miles of the electric turbines" "Though the fiery fountains gradually subsided the eruption raised the ground level to provide a slope for future lava flows to travel toward the power plant" "For the present the Krafla installation is secure" "But lcelanders know that eventually they many have to pay the price of living on the edge of creation" "Sometimes the action of the Mid-Ocean Ridge brings surprisingly opposite effects ln Iceland its slow spreading process over millions of years has created the great island on which the people live" "Far southeastward along the nearly 3,000-mile furrow of Africa's Great Rift Valley the spreading action is slowly but inexorably opening the heart of a continent" "ln measurable time to come eastern Africa will be detached from its mother continent and this dusty desert landscape will be an ocean floor" "Already, in the Afar Triangle at the Horn of Africa the process has begun the sea is invading the land" "At Djibouti's Ghoubet-Al-Kharab an inland extension of the Gulf of Aden the sea is temporarily delayed by a narrow barrier of small volcanic hills sealing off Lake Assal" "But as magma seeps through fissures in the Earth's crust and the seven-mile rift widens and sinks the sea inevitably will pour into the lowlands beyond" "Already seawater from Ghoubet-Al-Kharab has begun to work its way downward through cracks and subterranean channels undergoing substantial chemical change as it penetrates the heated rock layers below" "With Dr. Jean-Louis Cheminee of the French National Center for Scientific Research" "Ballard descend into a recently active fisure through which a small flow of seawater reaches the distant lake" ""So this is the sea coming in, right?"" ""Yes, by a system of fissures."" ""This is where the water that we see on the other side of the rift going into Lake Assal originates from?"" ""Yes."" ""So it comes in from the sea... "" ""... fromtheseaand crossestherift by the fissures inside the mountain... "" ""... andouttheotherside ."" ""Yes."" ""Now, was this fissure in existence in 1 97 8?"" ""Yes, yes."" ""lt just widened?"" ""Just widened."" ""Because a lot of these rocks are just perched as if they're ready to come down."" ""And the car here - just here... "" ""Yeah, well, we should move the car."" ""So we go like this."" ""So we'll go across the... "" ""Not across exactly like this." "No."" ""We go across this area, right?" "Now how long will it take us to get to Assal?" "If we went from here all the way across went across that flat desert-like area how long would it take to get there?"" ""Maybe six hours."" ""Six hours." "Yeah, six hours" "Terrible road." "Six, six and a half."" "ln torrid heat that reaches more than 1 30 degrees Fahrenheit the water here and in the Rift Valley is often reduced to a caustic brine" ""l'm standing 500 feet below sea level near the shore of Lake Assal."" ""The ocean is only six miles away lf it weren't for these young lava flows filling the valley floor I'd be under water right now ln fact, the ocean is trying to do that" "As rifting develops in the valley these deep fissures start to form" "This lets water travel beneath the valley through the fissures and it can enter Lake Assal along this outlet ln fact, there are several of them in the valley."" ""At the present moment it's so hot that most of the seawater that comes in evaporates leaving the salt behind" "But as rifting continues more and more water will pour through these fissure systems until the sea claims this entire area as the ocean penetrates deeper and deeper into the continent of Africa."" "Here, as in Iceland, the spreading action creates new crust" "Elsewhere, in compensation the distant edges of an expanding plate must be destroyed" "Outpost of Asia" "Japan's island chain bears the shock of the Philippine and Pacific Plates as they thrust beneath the Eurasian Plate in a massive subduction zone" "ln the deep ocean trenches off Japan the aging plates plunge back into Earth's molten interior causing powerful disturbances" "The mists here are dragon's breath the hissing steam of Japan's 20,000 hot springs and forty sctive volcanoes" "With a long history of destructive earthquakes" "Japan has begun a massive effort to prepare for the future ln Shizuoka Prefecture near Tokyo school children take lessons in reading, writing and catastrophe learning the skills that may save their lives" "ln this temple to the victims of a great disaster memory and reality are like the mismatched faces of an earthquake fault" "Here survivors come to witness again the day a world ended search again for faces that exist only in old men's dreams" "Just before noon on Saturday September 1 , 1 923 an earthquake registering 7.9 on the Richter scale struck Tokyo shaking the earth for a full five minutes lgnited by hot coals thrown from stoves against paper walls and straw matting the city burst into flame" "As the people fled into the streets they converged on the river" "From opposite banks refugees started across the wooden bridges only to meet head on in midspan" "Surrounded by walls of fire with no excape the fleeing mass was locked in panic and chaos" "Next day two-thirds of Tokyo lay in smoldering black ash and more than 1 40,000 persons were dead" "Today the Japanese are building more than temples to the dead" "Fearful of a predicted recurrence of the great Kanto quake thirteen million persons in the Tokyo and nearby Tokai areas participate in a vast drill in which every citizen is learning to play a role" "Public communications center during a crisis" "NHK television relays information from the Japan Meteorological Agency, or JMA" "Here a vast warning system keeps constant watch through scores of seismic stations and a 1 25-mile line of seismic monitors along the floor of Suruga Bay probable epicenter of the expected quake" "At the first sign of unusual activity" "JMA instantly alerts the head of a six man committee of seismologists" "Known as the Hanteikai this team quickly evaluates the information and the prime minister is notified" "While police, firemen and other public employees take their posts to prevent general confusion or panic there is a delay of 30 minutes before a warning is broadcast" "Each of the Tokai region's cities and towns has a municipal disaster plan and through drills most people have learned the precise steps required after a warning" "Turning off gas and electricity citizens secure doors and cabinets then take up their earthquake kits and march off to join the general exodus through predetermined escape routes" "ln the street a rope helps maintain unity and orde wards off panic by providing a sense of common security within a group" "Guided and patrolled by emergency forces a swelling flood of people from home and factory moves toward assigned refuge areas" "To escape the giant sea wave or tsunami which often follows a quake the harbor fleet sets out to sea" "The drill has been a costly effort but the price seems small compared to the threatened loss of life in one of the most heavily populated areas on Earth" "Eastward across the sea this tree-shaded oasis near California's Mojave Desert offers deceptive sanctuary" "Like Japan's thermal caldrons it too is part of the Ring of Fire that circles the Pacific" "Here along the 7 00-mile San Andreas Fault the pacific plate grinds slowly northward against the North American plate sometimes locking building stress, then suddenly releasing in earthquake" "Whether exposed as a naked scar crossing the Carrizo Plain near Los Angeles or pleasantly disguised under grassy slopes and a chain of sag ponds near San Francisco the fault stretches like a taut line of danger between the state's two most heavily populated centers" "ln times past each of the cities has felt its power" "Once the fabled gateway to the gold rush its hills crowned with ornate palaces of mining and railroad tycoons" "San Francisco today soars in a dazzling array of skyscrapers along its Embarcadero daring evidence of a city that refused to die" "Dr. Ballard recalls a fateful morning at the beginning of the century" ""On the 1 8th of April 1 906 the San Andreas Fault suddenly snapped" "The city of SAN Francisco felt the brunt of the blow" "Some 7 00 people were killed and most of the city was destroyed by fire" ""Today, people think of it as an event found in history books" "Yet to geologists, the fault is very much alive" "We are monitoring the fault system attempting to understand its behavior predict its next move" "One thing we do know" "We will experience another earthquake like that of 1 906 lt's just a matter of time" "At dawn February 9, 1 97 1 an earthquake registering 6.4 on the Richter scale struck the San Fernando Valley in Los Angeles" "Twisting railroad tracks shattering highway overpasses it strewed disaster across the city landscape as if by an angry giant's hand" "Like a silent accomplice flames leaped through the wreckage" "Great hospitals and other structures collapsed" "Everywhere the quake trapped its casual human victims" "When it had passed, the city counted the cost 64 dead 500 million dollars in property damage" "Because the water behind a weakened dam was quickly lowered thousands of lives were saved which otherwise might have been lost" "ln it's aftermath alarmed public agencies radically expanded their earthquake preparations" "Today not only standard surveying methods but a wide array of new instruments are employed to monitor California's fractured landscape" "Using laser beams and radio waves from remote stars scientists can measure the state for crustal changes or plate movements as small as an inch" "Along the San Andreas a network of seismic devices reports local changes in the release of radioactive gas from rock strata sudden drops in the water level of wells variations in gravity or the Earth's magnetic field" "Other meters detect the slightest movement deep beneath the surface measure strain in a locked section of the fault" "the state of California also is checking its basement"" "above which 24 million people live" "From hundreds of instruments scattered across the length of the state continuous reports flow into separate computer centers for the southern and the northern sectors" "At the nited States Geological Survey in Menlo park widely diverse in formation is correlated and condensed to provide a summary of seismic activity during each passing month" "Like scholars trying to break an enemy code or decipher a lost language scientists are trying to discern a consistent meaning in all the signals sent from the Earth" "Though the San Andreas remains an enigma a silent threat of havoc to come sophisticated technology is bringing closer the time when man may be able to predict earthquakes with reasonable accuracy and certainty" "Scientists know that in prediction lies a major defense against catastrophe" "Using an instrument no more complicated than a garden hoe one young geologist from the California Institute of Technology has shown that the key to the future may lie in the past" "At excavations along the fault at Pallett Creek near the Mojave" "Dr. Kerry Sieh has revealed a repeat pattern of California quakes hundreds of years before any recorded history of the region" ""We are on the main trace of the San Andreas Fault" "And the layer that I just scraped off has been radiocarbon dated at 1 350 A. D." "The layer right above it which has the beautiful orange color here and here has a radiocarbon date near its top of about 1 560 A. D or about the time Michaelangelo was painting the Sistine Chapel" "This layer dates from about the birth of Benjamin Franklin 1 7 00 and this layer about right here was the surface of the Earth at the time of the 1 857 earthquake" ""Now, this is the main trace of the San Andreas Fault running up through these layers up though to about here."" ""Here's the 1 353 A. D. layer broken by the fault trace coming up through the 1 560 A. D. layer here" "So here we have the Pacific Plate and here we have the North American Plate broken only by this very narrow trace, or plane of the San Andreas Fault."" ""And it continues on up up through the 1 7 00s level and stopping at this level the 1 857 level ln 1 857 there occurred the great Fort Tejon earthquake which was the last great earthquake to break the San Andreas Fault" "in the southern part of the state."" ""Elsewhere at this site we have exposures a total of 1 1 prehistoric earthquakes and the great Fort Tejon earthquake of 1 857" "The radiocarbon dates show that the earthquakes occur with frequency they occur about every 1 45 years lt's been 1 25 years since the great Fort Tejon earthquake" "The chances are really quite good that within our lifetime we're going to see another great Fort Tejon earthquake."" ""Give me the number of dead you anticipate that you are estimating and I will try to work it out on the end."" ""Estimates of injured range from 50 to 80 thousand with an unknown number trapped in collapsed structures" "At this time the numbers of dead may be in excess of ten thousand."" "To train disaster agencies and to alert the public the state's Office of" "Emergency Services stages yearly drills" ""l would like to clarify what's turned out to be a rumor of a radioactive release problem at Cal Tech."" "Alex Cunninham director of the California Office of Emergency Services" ""The scenario for this exercise is that an earthquake occurred yesterday in Los Angeles actually about 30 miles northwest of San Bernardino along the San Andreas Fault its magnitude, for exercise purposed 8.3."" ""And believe me we are very selective at this level on using Guard resources" "And I recommend strongly now I can't handle a delicate issue like this on the phone I recommend very strongly that if you want the Guard for this that you are going to have to come through bureaucratic channels."" ""We need to have an update as of this time on the number of injuries and deaths, please."" ""All the hospital beds in northern county appear be down" "Southern county looks like they're in pretty good shape" "But the Needs Assessment Team will be back half an hour and will give us all the figures."" ""Hold on a second." "We got to get this together."" ""The State of California is very well prepared to handle a moderate earthquake" "And the citizens who have been through these kind of quakes are reasonably well prepared" "But when we talk about a catastrophic earthquake something in the area of an 8 or an 8.3 no level of government and particularly the individual citizens are prepared for such an event lt's no longer a question of if the big earthquake is coming" "It's simply a matter of when" "Scientists are telling us because of recent seismic activity and other phenomena other scientific data that the great earthquake will strike in southern California some time in the next 30 years" "Unfortunately, many people say well if it's 30 years away we don't have to worry about it lt's not 30 years away lt could happen tomorrow it could happen today;" "it could happen next month" "But sometime in the next 30 years we're going to have it and people damn well better prepare themselves for it."" "Distantly aware of threatened holocausts most Los Angeles residents remain caught in the traumas and traffic jams of daily life" "Too few know the mathematics of terror" "At the time of the 1 857 quake 1 1 ,000 people lived in Los Angeles" "Today there are more than seven million" "Many remember the impact of the San Fernando tremor" "But the 8.3 earthquake which scientists now predict will be a shock 800 times as strong" "a natural disaster without precedent in American history" "Thirty-five hundred years ago on the Aegean island of Santorini these ruins too held a civilization" "Here, long before the Parthenon the maritime community of Akrotiri created a culture that rivaled the splendors of nearby Minoan Crete ln frescoes artists painted the sunlit landscapes of man in his springtime the years in Eden when the Earth was filled with wonders" "Upon the walls were mirrored the ordinary tasks and pleasures of a small world in which the simplest acts of everyday life held meaning and even the gods often behaved like noisy neighbors" "Over the wide sea, returning seamen brought strange gifts and creatures from the shadowy lands beyond told of odysseys across a world still new" "Now they are gone abruptly vanished in a great catastrophe" "All that remain are a half-excavated civilization under glass a few amphoras in orderly array life and death filed on an index card" "One of the scientists trying to decipher the puzzle of the past" "Dr. Christos Doumas of the University of Athens leads Dr. Ballard through the remains of a city that died thirty-five centuries ago" ""This is an ancient street leading to the Triangle Square flanked on the left by the Building Delta and on the right by the West House."" ""Now here's where you found the frescoes."" ""Yes, we found frescoes and other things which show that we are discovering here a very highly civilized society of the Bronze Age."" ""The houses are individual surrounded by streets" "There are several stories as you see and we have indoor plumbing connected directly with the drainage system of the street."" ""So you had a society of individual families living together... "" ""Yes." "And every house was an entity by itself."" ""And here we can see how sophisticated these houses were" "The basement, as in many of the houses was used for storing goods a variety of crops like barley flour of barley lentils, various nuts like almonds."" ""So they had a pretty good diet I mean it was varied."" ""Yes." "And they were consuming also seafood because we found shells of sea urchins and remains of dried fish" ""The city was captured by the earthquakes and this staircase shows that it was broken before the eruption of the volcano" ""So this probably caused them to evacuate."" ""Yes. lt was a warning for the people."" ""And then after the earthquake the major eruption occurred."" ""Yes. lt destroyed almost everything as you sea and then the site was covered with volcanic ash."" "Before the great warning tremors" "Akrotiri lay on the flank of a steeply sloping island unaware that miles below the Earth's crust was in movement" "Soon after the quake the island exploded in one of historical prodigious volcanic eruptions" "Suddenly a mountain had disappeared its walls collapsed into a volcanic caldera now filled by the inrushing sea" "A vast searing cloud of pumice and ash buried Akrotiri and surged over the Mediterranean with an impact on history that still is being assessed" ""We're inside the caldera" "Behind me are the layered walls of the volcano which record its long history" "The black layers are basaltic lava flows;" "the red ones a tephra ejected from the volcanic vent."" ""These prehistoric layers once formed a great volcano over 5,000 feet high" "About 3,500 years ago the entire volcano erupted destroying over two-thirds of the island" "At the top today you can see a white layer of pumic and ash which records that great event" "That layer is over 1 00 feet thick."" "Human beings still cling to the narrow rim of cliffs that now surrounds emptiness" "Today several thousand islanders live on the heights and fish or search for sponges in the depths of the caldera" "Steep paths link them with the ports through which supplies much of their fresh water and occasional visitors arrive by sea" "Today the centers of Western civilization have moved far beyond Santorini lnsulated from the rumors and alarms of a wider world it has settled into the ways of village life" "Upon the cliffs workmen build and repair structures using the very ash and pumice of the explosion that once destroyed their island ln the fields around them farmers tend vineyards and reap grain planted in the volcano soil" "The pumice is even sold for profit was once exported for the building of the Suez Canal more than a century ago" "lntermittently strong tremors still shake the island but the widows of Santorini remain solitary symbols of the tenacity by which life endures" "Beneath them one plate slides under another in endless movement even the gods may change but prayer remains a step in the search for reassurance and certainty" "On Good Friday worshippers are surrounded by frescoes that describe not the joys of life but its tragic burdens" "Yet for the devout islanders faith holds a triumphant hope" "Out of death's darkness life returns a flame passed from candle to candle" "ln the ritual of twenty centuries the villagers again find a ancient recognition ln the Easter story of resurrection they tell their own" "After the resurrection joy the breaking of eggs to release the symbolic life within" "Across the island after forty days of fasting the villagers feast and dance" "The world has changed many time since this woman lived in Santorini" "Her gods have vanished" "The wtreets on which she walked now end in walls of ash" "Yet in these dancing rhythms of life she might hear echoes of another time the refrains of home" "lmperceptible to living generations the change goes on toward a future that science's computers already have begun to outline" "By its present drift" "Africa, in its clockwise movement will close the Mediterranean and collide with southern Europe raising great new mountain ranges like a rumpled rug" "ln Africa itself the sea at last will flood the desert thorn trees isolate eastern Africa invade a domain once held by elephants and lions" "ln the Americas, as elsewhere life will be radically altered" "Mecca for millions of fugitives from the wintry East" "Los Angeles may have to doctor its swimming pools with antifreeze" "Set at the edge of the Pacific Plate it is moving relentlessly toward Alaska at the rapid of two or three inches a year" "Ten million years from now" "San Francisco will find that for a time its scorned southern rival has become a suburb" "New York may become part of a vast volcanic range as the expanding Atlantic floor passes under the eastern coast" "Compared to Earth's history man's tenure has be dazzling and brief ln ten thousand years he has created language built cathedrals, invented the means to destroy life one Earth" "His computers can project the destination of continents 200 million years from now" "But where man will be none can predict" "Millions of years ago, before man, before the ice ages, hen the world was warm and humid, forests like these covered ch of the earth," "And it was here, rough eons of geological time, that a profusion of life evolved," "The remnants of those primordial jungles are the rain forests of today," "They are home to half of all the animal species on earth," "Yet, in the shady depths of the forest, there is seldom more than a fleeting glimpse of this abundance," "When they are seen, the animals are often revealed as strange and splendid examples of natural perfection and adaptation," "Myriad in their diversity and sometimes bizarre in form, these creatures give the somber forest a special mystery and splendor," "Endless rains and high temperatures create the steamy atmosphere in hich rain forests thrive," "These conditions occur now only in a narrow belt around the equator here forests blanket some three million square miles of the earth's tropics," "Within this belt lies the small Central American country of Costa Rica, hich possesses one of the richest natural endowments on earth," "When Christopher Columbus landed here in 1502, he found a mountainous land of rivers and forests like those he'd seen ten years earlier in Hispaniola," "Then, in hat is perhaps the first description ever of a rain forest," "Columbus wrote:" ""lts lands,are most beautiful, and filled with trees of a thousand kinds and tall, and they seem to touch the sky;" "and I am told that they never lose their foliage, as I can understand, for l saw them as green and as lovely as they are in Spain in May,"" "But it was partly from the early explorers that some popular misconceptions arose," "For many, the first glimpse of a rain forest was from the rivers that flowed through them," "The forests seemed impenetrable- a tangled mass of undergrowth through hich a man could only hack a path with difficulty," "But in reality, the dim interior is more open and usually easy to move about in," "Little light penetrates the dense canopy and so undergrowth is sparse," "Only a thin layer of leaves covers the ground," "A coral snake searches for a place to drink and finds enough rainwater in a curled leaf," "The bright bands of color warn predators that it's poisonous," "Below this thin layer of leaves lies the forest soil-and a paradox," "For the luxuriant vegetation of a rain forest is often based on impoverished soil," "The explanation lies in the way the forest recycles its nutrients," "Dead trees and fallen leaves rot quickly, and their nutrients are rapidly reabsorbed by fungi and tiny roots near the surface," "The entire system is so efficient that little is lost, and fully 95 percent of the rain forest's nutrients are held in the living vegetation, hardly any in the soil," "To shed its old skin, the coral snake rubs its body against rough surfaces in the leaf litter," "A male poison-arrow frog is courting a female," "With his monotonous song, he will try to entice her to follow him under a leaf here they'll mate," "The male leads the way," "She follows,Within the shelter of a curled leaf, she'll lay her eggs, and the male will fertilize them," "She has produced five eggs in a cluster of jelly and will stay nearby until they're ready to hatch," "Workers from a colony of leaf-cutting ants are harvesting leaves to take back to their nests," "With their scissorlike jaws, they easily cut the leaves to manageable size," "But some skill is needed for the next stage hen the leaf is hoisted into position for the journey ahead," "For some, the problem may be too much help for others,just a sudden puff of wind," "But they're the exceptions," "For most ants, it's only the first step in the long trek back to the nest, hich may be 100 yards or more away," "They follow a chemical trail laid down by the workers that first scouted this tree, so they seldom go astray," "The leaf fragments that they carry are not for eating, instead, they are employed by the ants in a remarkable system of farming," "The leaves are used to culture the fungus that is the only food source for the ants and their brood," "Here in the underground garden, the leaves are cut into much smaller pieces and carefully cleaned probably to remove any spores that might contaminate the pure culture," "The leaf edges are chewed to a wet pulp, and a clear droplet of body fluid is added to create the perfect foundation for the precious fungus that sustains the colony," "This is not the work of leaf-cutter ants," "The insects that create these patterns are seldom seen during the day, ln daylight, insects are more vulnerable to predators, so many feed only at night, leaving their mark everyhere in the understory of the forest," "But some insects are active by day, and this morpho butterfly is a brilliant target for a jacamar," "Before it can be swallowed, the wings must be removed," "Great agility and keen eyesight make this anole lizard a formidable predator on small insects," "Nearby, a female is shedding," "Her old skin is too nutritious to be wasted;" "she eats every bit of it," "The female is in his territory and by staying, she shows that she is willing to be courted," "He displays to her by flashing his brilliant dewlap," "A performance like this is both a signal to the female and proclaims his territory," "The female will remain here now, and they'll mate frequently over the next few days," "lts body blending perfectly with the leaves, a praying mantis settles in a patch of sunlight created by a fallen tree," "When a great tree falls, a gap is created in the forest canopy, lt is in these sunny spaces that the forest regenerates itself," "The seedlings of most forest trees cannot survive in shade;" "to flourish, they need light," "So the competition for space around a fallen tree is intense," "And for every sapling, there is a clinging vine competing for a place in the sun," "But in this gap, there's a tree that always has clear growing space around it," "This species of swollen-thorn acacia has evolved a remarkable system of defense," "For as soon as a sapling or vine touches it, ants that live on the acacia attack the intruder," "They cross onto the touching vine and cut through its leaf stems," "ln a short time, their work is done, and the vine will lose its leaves, wither, and die," "Most forest trees have evolved poisonous chemicals in their leaves to stop insects from eating them," "But the acacia is edible, and would soon be destroyed were it not for the vigilance of the ants," "Any insect that lands on this acacia soon learns its error-for the ants bite and sting viciously," "ln return for their protection, the tree completely supports the ants, lt secretes for them a sugar-rich solution, hich they drink from little nectaries between the leaves," "On the tips of some leaves in each acacia, unique structures are grown especially for the ants," "They are rich in protein and vitamins, and are taken by the ants to feed their larvae," "It's here within the large hollow thorns of the acacia that the ants rear their brood," "Some of these larvae will mature into fertile adults with wings, and fly away to start another colony in a seedling tree," "These young basilisk lizards forage along the river's edge," "They live in the territory of this adult male ho tolerates them and probably fathered them," "But he allows no other adult male to intrude here," "This female is exclusively his," "Flowers are attractive to the leaf-cutters as well, and many end up in the fungus gardens," "Spider monkeys move as easily through the canopy as the puma through the forest's understory," "Towering 100 feet above the forest floor, the canopy harbors more tree-dwelling creatures than any other habitat on earth," "The treetops mingle and interlock to create a self-contained world;" "many of its inhabitants never leave its sunny spaces to venture below," "A three-toed sloth feeds in the hot sun, hile a mother carries her baby into the cool shade within the canopy," "A "lie-in-wait" lizard remains perfectly motionless, lt's a strategy that serves it well:" "by keeping still, the lizard is overlooked by both predator and prey," "And an unsuspecting victim can be pounced on from above," "Rain forests seldom get less than 100 inches of rain in a year," "Some even exceed 400 inches," "And so, most of the leaves in the humid understory of the forest are specially adapted to drain water from their surface as quickly as possible, lf water stays on them, the leaves may rot or become host to tiny plants that may do damage," "These drip tips ensure that the leaves will dry quickly," "The forest floor can usually absorb rain as it falls," "But hen the rains are particularly heavy, the forest becomes saturated and the water runs off to flood the surrounding rivers flushing fallen trees and debris out to sea," "A tide line of rotting vegetation is left on the beach, and a shy agouti forages among it for fruits," "These paper wasps are drying their nest," "Constructed of wood pulp, it would soon soak up the rain if the wasps didn't drink the water and spit it over the edge," "The adults take so much care and trouble, because in each of the cells is a developing wasp, and their entire brood could be destroyed by a heavy downpour," "As each larva grows, the wasps enlarge its cell by adding another layer of pulp and saliva to the outside rim," "And hen the nest begins to warm in the sun, they cool their brood by rapidly vibrating their wings to create a current of air," "The eggs of a poison-arrow frog have hatched, and the female carries two tiny tadpoles on her back," "While they are developing into frogs, they have to be in water," "She takes them up a tree to a site she has chosen in a bromeliad plant," "She will deposit them in rainwater held in the bromeliad," "She makes her way down a leaf to a small pool at its base," "And here, she submerges her tadpoles until they release their grip and leave her back," "The tadpoles will complete their development in this tiny pool, ln six to eight, weeks they'll emerge as frogs and return to the forest floor," "Army ants are on the move," "They build no permanent nests and constantly comb the forest for their prey," "This species preys only on the larvae of social insects and here they attack a nest of paper wasps," "there is nothing the wasps can do," "They abandon their brood to the voracious horde, hich will soon strip the nest of all life," "They take their plunder to a bivouac on the underside of a fallen log," "Here, by linking special hooks at the ends of their legs, they form long, hanging chains," "Through sheer numbers, these strands mesh together to from the living fabric of the nest," "Within the nest, strands of workers interlock to create chambers for the queen and brood," "At night, the forest teems with a different life," "It's now that most of the leaf-eating insects emerge," "To survive the ravages of insects, most plants have evolved toxic compounds that protect their leaves," "But insects in turn have developed immunity to the chemicals," "So together they have evolved, insect and plant, until now most insects have become such specialized feeders that they can only eat the leaves of one particular plant, or only one family of plants," "This harlequin beetle spends most of its life as a larva concealed within dead wood," "But now as an adult, it emerges to find a mate," "The beetle is host to a resident colony of mites that finds refuge in the creases and folds of its back," "Also riding on the beetle are pseudoscorpions that prey on the mites," "help in the prowerful job the creases is no chance in the Chigao seem see" "A stick spider suspends itself head down above a leaf on hich its prey might walk, its web is held by the tips of its four front legs," "Green leaf-frogs gather near a forest pool to mate," "The males wait near the water to intercept the females as they arrive," "Clasping the much larger female, the male will stay with her now until she has laid her eggs," "She selects a leaf directly above the water, and as she lays her eggs, the male fertilizes them," "The cat-eyed snake isn't interested in the frogs," "He is after their eggs," "And as egg-laying has been going on for several days, he will easily find others," "Many snakes are attracted to the pool hen the leaf-frogs are laying," "They eat almost all the eggs," "Glass frogs also lay their eggs above water, in this case a stream, and the male remains close to the eggs until they're ready to hatch," "His presence probably deters flies and other insects that would harm them," "On a rainy night about two weeks after the eggs are laid, the vigil of the male ends hen the emerging tadpoles drop into the stream below," "But the frogs do not always manage to lay their eggs directly above the water," "However, the tadpoles are specially equipped with reflexes that help them cope with this situation," "The first rays of sun warm the forest and a mist rises up the great mountain mass that divides Costa Rica, separating the forests of the Atlantic coast from those of the Pacific," "High in these mountains, the forest receives moisture from direct contact with the clouds, and the vegetation changes imperceptibly," "Many of the creatures found here can live only at these cooler heights," "And it's here at the very top of the mountain that a rare mating ritual occurs, lt takes place only during the few days of the year hen contact of cloud and forest is at its greatest hen enough water has collected to form the few small pools" "in hich golden toads lay their eggs," "These toads occupy an area of mountaintop no greater than one square mile," "They have been found nohere else on earth," "The golden males gather at these pools and fight for possession of one of the drab females," "Once firmly established on her back, a male is usually secure in his conquest and can easily repel any further challenge," "Long strings of eggs are laid in the tiny pool, and if the misty weather persists long enough to maintain the pool, another generation of golden toads will be produced," "Bellbirds announce their territories from the tops of the tallest trees," "A pair of Resplendent Quetzals are digging out a nest in a dead tree," "The males are considered the most beautiful birds in the Western Hemisphere," "The ancient Mayas and Aztecs so revered the quetzal that only royalty and nobility were allowed to wear the magnificent feathers in their ceremonial costumes," "To kill the bird was a crime;" "they were simply caught and released after their long plumes had been plucked," "But the forests are going," "At the present rate of destruction, most countries will lose their rain forests within our lifetime," "And with the forests will go hundreds of thousands of unique and irreplaceable life forms that can survive nohere else," "Many will become extinct even before they have been described by science," "Their importance to nature's balance and their possible contribution to human welfare will never be known," "But at last, some countries are beginning to realize that rain forests justify their existence simply by being there," "And tiny Costa Rica, by its example, has become a world leader in conservation," "One quarter of its land is given some measure of protection, and a full eight percent is permanently protected in national parks, lf other nations will follow Costa Rica's example, there is hope," "But it is a race against time, because in the hour it has taken to view this film, some 3,000 acres of the world's rain forest have been destroyed," "For centuries there were fearsome tales of a half human monster roaming the African forests" "Even in modern times, knowledge of the elusive creature the wild chimpanzee- was largely based on speculation" "Then, in 1 960 a daring young Englishwoman set out to sort fiction from truth" "She had been warned" ""You'll never get near the chimpanzees,"" "but she was determined to try" "Her name, Jane Goodall" "She was 26 years old and destined to make scientific history" "Against odds many thought insurmountable she gradually earned the chimpanzees' trust" "The picture that has emergedis an awesome portrait of the animals most like man" "The similarities to humans are startling:" "the obvious physical resemblance;" "the discovery that they hunt and eat meat;" "the even more profound revelation that they are intelligent enough to make and use tools" "and in their nonverbal communication perhaps the most uncanny resemblance of all" "Meticulously documented on motion-picture film" "Jane Goodall's classic study stretches from 1 960 to the present day" "A compelling chronicle that spans three generations of chimps it is the longest study of any wild animal group in the world" "Unexpectedly one of its recent chapters took a forbidding turn" "The usually gentle amiable chimps revealed a dark and sinister side" "puzzling, savage behavior as yet unexplained" "And so the saga goes on - the emarkable adventure of the wild chimpanzees and the dedicated woman who works among them still" "Growing up in Bournemouth, England, Jane Goodall was drawn to the world of animals almost from the start" "When her mother gave the infant a chimp doll outraged friends predicted nightmares" "They could not have been more wrong" ""Even when I was very tiny l was absolutely fascinated by animals l think I first began to dream of going to Africa after reading" "Dr. Doolittle and Tarzan when I was about eight I was absolutely fascinated with the idea of being out in the jungle out with the animals feeling a part of it all."" "Famed anthropologist Louis Leakey had long searched for someone to study wild chimpanzees for clues to the behavior of early man" ""l want someone unbiased by academic learning," he said" ""Someone with uncommon patience and dedication."" "His faith in Jane Goodall would lead to one of the most important scientific studies of our time" "Her journey would take Goodall to the East African country of Tanzania then known as Tanganyika" "The remote Gombe Stream Game Reserve stretches for about ten miles of rugged mountainous country along the shore of Lake Tanganyika" "And so on the 1 4th of July 1 960 Jane Goodall was 4,000 miles from home a tiny boat her only link to the civilized world" ""When I arrived at the Gombe Stream Reserve l felt that at long last my childhood ambition was being realized" "But when I looked at the wild and rugged mountains where the chimpanzees lived I knew that my task was not going to be easy."" "Day-to-day life in this remote wilderness would be difficult at best" "The local authorities horrified at the thought of a young white woman alone in the wild at first refused Jane permission to come agreeing only when she said she would bring a companion" "Aside from her mother Vanne Goodall, and an African cook" "Jane would spend the next several months virtually alone lt was already late afternoon when the tents were pitched and provisions stored" "But after 20 years of dreaming of this day" "Jane was eager to begin" "Unarmed and untrained she ventured into a strange, new world" "For most, this would be a lonely forbidding realm" "But for Jane Goodall it was where she most wanted to be" ""During my first days at Gombe I could hardly believe it was true" "At last I was out in the wild I didn't see many animals but I had the feeling they were there all around, watching me" "There were rustles in the undergrowth strange calls smells I could not identify."" "For months the objects of her search invariably fled at the mere sight of her" "Often she couldn't find them at all" "It was a steep rigorous climb to the open ridges above but perhaps, she hoped a way to pinpoint the nomadic apes below" ""l discovered not far from camp that there was a peak overlooking two valleys" "And from this vantage point I was able to gradually piece together the daily behavior of the chimps" "The major advantage of the Peak was that the chimps could see me sitting up there and gradually get used to my presence."" "Sitting quietly in the same spot day after day always dressed in the same neutral colors never attempting to follow the shy apes the figure on the Peak gradually became less of a threat" "It would be some time, however before Jane was accepted at closer range" "Though the chimps now recognized the intruder her intent was far from clear" "Jane had to accept the realization that for the being being at least much of her knowledge would be based on indirect evidence like an abandoned sleeping nest high in the trees" "Jane found the nest was not simply a pile of wadded leaves but a carefully interwoven platform created by dextrous hands and a reasoning brain" "But the intelligent creature who made it had long since moved on" "lmpatient with her slow progress with the chimps" "Jane stretched each day to the final rays of the setting sun" "This would be her first meal in 1 2 hours lt had been another long and frustrating day" ""As I am not a defeatist it only made my determination to succeed stronger I never had any thought of quitting I should forever have lost all self- respect if I had given up."" "And so days that began before dawn reached well past midnight" "And, for as long as it would take tomorrow would be the same" "Even when there were no chimps to be found there was always much to be done" "Samples of plants the chimps eat would be preserved for later identification" "There was a new language to learn tribal customs to absorb" "A makeshift clinic helped cement good relations with the local villagers" "With camp life settling into a comfortable routine" "Gombe increasingly became Jane Goodall's private world" "Though her staff was growing outsiders til now had not been welcome lest they frighten the chimps" "But at Louis Leakey's urging she agreed that a permanent film record of the chimps be made" "To shield herself and the cameraman she built a blind - a screen of leaves" "Hugo van Lawick is a specialist in wildlife" "Primarily funded by the National Geographic Society over the coming years he and Goodall would capture details of chimp behavior never before dreamed possible" "They found that chimpanzees are nomadic traveling in ever changing groups in the daily search for food wanderings that can take them two to six miles in a single day" "They are animals of dramatic extremes noisy and excitable one minute calm and gentle the next" "To satisfy their hunger on a diet that is largely vegetarian chimps eat up to seven hours a day" "Much of their diet is fruit but they also feed on leaves blossoms, seeds, and stems" "After congregating at a food source several individuals may rest and groom together then separate once again" "The only stable group within the community is a mother and her young" "Males take no part in child rearing" "Contrary to common belief chimps do not have fleas" "Mutual grooming does remove flakes of dried skin and grass seeds but physical contact for its own sake seems to be the primary goal" "Not much interested in quiet pursuits youngsters have better things to do" ""The chimps very gradually came to realize that I was not dangerous after all I shall never forget the day after about 1 8 months when for the first time a small group allowed me to approach and be near them" "Finally I had been accepted I think it was one of the proudest and most exciting moments of my whole life" "Chimpanzees are as distinct from one another as are human beings and Jane gave them names as she came to recognize them" "Old Flo, with her bulbous nose and ragged ears is matriarch of the family Jane would come to know best" "At seven weeks, infant Flint is still completely dependent on Flo" "Flo's adolescent son Figan plays with his younger sister Fifi" "Even fully mature Faben often stays with the family" "Ever since Flint's birth his sister Fifi has been fascinated by the baby" "Repeatedly she tries to touch and groom him" "The older chimps less interested in babies tend to ignore Flint" "But Fifi is persistent actually trying to take the infant from Flo" "Though protective of her newborn Flo is never rough with Fifi" "When she's had enough she simply walks off leaving Fifi looking rather frustrated" "Another group's arrival is signaled by a chorus of hooting calls" "Adult males dominate chimp society and are much precoccupied with their position in the hierarchy ln an effort to better his rank the male puts on an awesome charging display" "With hair bristling and vegetation flying the male makes himself appear larger and more dangerous than he actually is" "lntended to intimidate rivals it is usually nothing more than superb bluff" "After displays of aggression the dominant chimp often reassures those who have been frightened or hurt and thus tension is defused harmony restored" "One male rose to the top of the hierarchy by intelligence rather than strength" "Mike discovered that rolling empty kerosene cans from Jane's camp made a horrifying noise" "Originally one of the lowest ranking males" "Mike was now number one" "Close to where they are feeding when dusk falls the chimpanzees will build sleeping nests for the night 30 to 40 feet up in the trees" "After choosing a suitable foundation such as a horizontal fork the chimp takes only three to five minutes to bend down branches then twigs, to create a comfortable, padded bed" "With creature comforts long since forsaken" "Jane found increasing pleasures in her wilderness world" "But, as she soon discovered human creature comforts were not without appeal to some" "A chimp had wandered into camp and found the supply tent where bananas were stored" "Because he had been to camp before when Jane was in the forest she had a prearranged signal to call her back" ""lt was thrilling after all this time to find a chimp actually in my camp lt was David Greybeard a male l had already come to know out in the forest."" "David's boldness marked a turning point for Jane" "After the endless months she had searched for them the chimps following David's lead mow came to her" "Gradually their inherent fear gave way and an offer of friendship was accepted with trust" "If she could lure the chimps into camp regularly" "Jane realized her observations would be far more consistent than chance encounters in the forest" "Bananas were the answer" "The scheme was not without its flaws as the local baboons quickly proved" "David Greybeard repeatedly ran to his friend the more powerful Goliath for protection" "Goliath came to David's defense but the baboon knew which chimp was afraid and it was David he went for every time" "Because of the trust established in camp tracking the chimps in the forest was now much easier for Jane" "She was able to follow and document in detail the development of" "Flo's infant son, Flint" "At six months" "Flint is lerning to ride on his mother's back" "But sometimes he doesn't get it quite right" "At around the same age he takes his first tottering steps" "When he stumbles and whimpers Flo quickly rescues him" "Flo is a particularly affectionate tolerant and playful mother and because much maternal behavior is learned she is the role model for her daughter Fifi" "As Flint grows older" "Flo permits Fifi to take him for brief periods of time" "Such experiences provide important training for the future when young females mature and have offspring of their own" "About the time Flo begins to carry Flint on her back" "Fifi tries to imitate Flo" "Though unsuccessful the attempt marks an important milestone in her learning experience" "Mandy is a young female who has just had her first baby" "Fifi has never seen the baby before and is intrigued" "For the moment at least this is something more interesting than Flint" "As Mandy settles down" "Fifi comes for a closer look at this newest member of the community" "All youngsters at Gombe are interested in new babies but Jane had never seen one who showed more fascination than Fifi" "A study in concentration" "Mandy is not worried by Fifi's presence but when adolescent male Figan approaches she nervously moves off" "Both Fifi and Figan are fascinated by the smell of the new baby" "Fifi has followed Mandy up a tree and now attempts to touch the baby" "Mandy gently fends her off" "Meanwhile, even Flint is curious about another infant younger than he" "But Flo is ready to move on in search of food and she lets Flint know it is time to go" "Fifi, still engrossed with Mandy's baby does not notice that they leave" "When she finally looks for her mother" "Flo is out of sight" "At six, Fifi is still quite dependent on her mother and cries in distress" "She has no idea in what direction Flo has gone" "Normally Flo would come at Fifi's cries but apparently can't hear her above the growing storm" "Although chimps seem miserable in the rain surprisingly they make little effort to find shelter" "Even in a torrential downpour they just sit and wait it out" "Long committed to observing the chimps seven days a week" "Jane ignored the rain" "Searching for the lost Fifi she saw something remarkable instead the male Goliath performing a spectacular display" "Enthralled by the magnificent "rain dance,"" "Jane would later write:" ""With a display of strength and vigor such as this primitive man himself might have challenged the elements."" "Twenty minutes later the rain dance was over as suddenly as it had begun" "Among Goliath's audience Jane spotted Flo and Flint" "From her tall lookout Fifi saw them too" "Strong family ties temporarily broken by the storm were once again intact" "The rainy season brings the flight of fertile winged termites as they leave their nests to establish new colonies" "For chimp and baboon alike they are a tasty delicacy" "But baboons can only capture the termites outside the nest as the swarms emerge and fly" "When they have gone and worker termites have resealed the nest the baboons will move on" "But the chimps not only know termites are there hidden below the surface, they have learned how to get at them" "ln defense of their nest the termites grip onto the gras and with utmost care the chimp gently draws them out" "As a stem becomes bent the chimp breaks off the end to make it work more efficiently" "Sometimes a leafy twig is selected but first it must be stripped of its leaves ln these actions modifying natural objects for a specific purpose - the chimp is not only using but actually making tools" "It seems certain that this is a learned behavior passed from generation to generation by watching and imitation" "Flint does not yet know how to fish for termites but already he imitates part of Flo's technique" "Jane's proof that chimps make and use tools would rock the scientific world" ""Tool using always used to be considered a hallmark of the human species" "When Louis Leakey first heard about tool using at Gombe he got extremely excited and said "Now we have to redefine man redefine tool or include chimpanzees with humans."" "A chimpanzee brain will never design a computer nor even imagine a durable tool chipped from stone" "But his brain is more similar to our own than is that of any other living creature" "And surely it was thus that our distant human ancestors began learning to master the natural world in the constant struggle to survive" "To a thirsty chimp rainwater trapped in the hollow of a tree is inviting but not easily reached" "Once again the chimps have learned to solve a problem by fashioning a tool" "Wadded leaves act as a sponge" "Chewing makes them more absorbent" "Using the sponge the chimp can get as much as eight times more water than with fingers alone inherently curious, youngsters like Fifi learn from older chimps and thus the technique is passed on" "Baboons at Gombe outnumber the chimps by about four to one" "For the most part the two species coexist peacefully" "But the baboon is a competitor for food and friction can arise" "Because he has the intelligence to use a weapon yet another type of tool even a youngster can intimidate a fully grown male" "The bluff works but as Jane would find out sometimes the aggression is very real" "A young baboon has been captured and killed by a group of chimps and they will feast on its remains" "Jane's discovery astounded the scientific world the chimp is not the gentle vegetarian we had thought but, like humans, a formidable predator" "Sometimes cooperating to hunt and stalk their prey they also kill young antelope bushpigs, and monkeys" "For the most part chimps eat meat only they themselves have killed lndeed, a dead animal is often a puzzling sight" "With Gombe's growing fame visiting students and scientists became a regular part of the scene" "One day, as part of a project to record chimpanzee calls" "Jane put out bananas in great quantities" "The result - an eruption of frenzied excitement desperate begging, and violent aggression" "Because of the excessive hostilities aroused" "Jane disapproved of such human intervention" "But the episode was not without value revealing the intricate patterns of chimpanzee dominance and submission and the chimps' intense need for reassurance by touch" "The sounds of the encounter were carefully analyzed by students specializing in chimp vocalization" "With the passing years" "Gombe drew students from around the world with interests ranging from biology to communication to psychology" "They came because of Jane and the unique opportunities of the living laboratory she created here" "To avoid future aggression over bananas" "Jane devised a system of rationing by remote control" "Now the chimps were fed only if they arrived alone or in small groups and then just once in ten days" "Apparently not happy with this new state of affairs the ever-creative chimps made their wishes known" "The chimps' presence in camp provided an opportunity for experiments not possible in the forest" "How would they react to something new?" "All chimpanzees are intensely curious but often afraid of the unfamiliar" "For the first time, Flint attempts the typical male intimidation display pulling vegetation and stamping" "Later Jane put out a mirror lt was clearly a fascinating mystery" "ln retrospect, Jane will say that had she known her study would continue indefinitely she would not have encouraged contact between herself and the chimps" "For one thing, they are stronger than humans and if they lose their fear, dangerous indeed, in the future" "Jane would minimize all interaction with the chimps" "But for the moment after the long struggle for acceptance" "David's silent consent to be groomed was a prize beyond measure" "ln 1 966 tragedy strikes" "An epidemic spreads from a nearby village and Gombe awakes to the devastation of polio" ""Nothing that has happened at Gombe befoe or since has been as horrible nothing" "They were among the darkest days of my life; a living nightmare" "The worst tragedy was old Mr. McGregor" "He lost the use of both his legs and he could only move by pulling himself along the ground by his arms" "The other chimps were frightened by this strangeness and shunned old Gregor" "Only his close relative Humphrey, stayed nearby" "The mother, Olly has lost her month-old infant to the disease" "Though she knows he is not alive she carries his dead body for three days" "Polio vaccine is flown in and fed to the chimps in bananas but for many it is too late" "Flo's son, Faben, paralyzed in one arm protects it by walking long distances upright" "To get food Mr. McGregor had learned to pull himself into trees with the strength of his arms alone" "But he dislocated a shoulder while trying to climb and now can no longer move at all" "Jane knew she had but one choice" "Her longtime friend must be shot" "But 1 967 would bring joy" "Married three years Hugo and Jane now had a son" "Little Hugo, nicknamed Grub would grown up in a world most children never even see" "Spending less time at work to be with Grub" "Jane modeled her behavior after the patient afectionate chimp mothers she had long observed" ""Gombe was the ideal place to raise a child," she said" ""You could focus on the important things in life: family unity with all living creatures being part of the natural world."" "As she watched her own son grow" "Jane continued to track the development of Flo's son" "Flint, who was now four and a half" "Pregnant with her fifth child" "Flo was increasing her attempts to wean Flint" "Typical of youngsters his age he resisted - still trying to suckle and demanding to ride on Flo despite his large size" "When denied his way" "Flint threw violent temper tantrums even hitting and biting his mother" ""Perhaps because she was too old to cope" "Flo often gave in and let Flint have his way" "Later, this would have grave consequences."" "Later that year, the baby was born and Jane named her Flame" "Still attached to the placenta" "Flame was just a few hours old" "Because females give birth only once every five to six years a newborn always stirs much curiosity among the youngsters" "Jane wondered what the birth would mean to Flint" "Flint's behavior would be expected to change with the new arrival but instead he was getting worse" ""Even after the birth of his sibling when most youngsters become more independent" "Flint continued to pester his mother for attention" "And, more often than not Flo gave in to his demands."" "Even with Flame at Flo's breast" "Flint sometimes tried to suckle" "Six months later while Flo was ill" "Flame disappeared never to be seen again" "With no baby to care for now" "Flo stopped even trying to encourage Flint's independence" "Jane wondered if he would remain an infant forever" "Life expectancy of a wild chimpanzee is guessed at forty to fifty years" "Flo, now well past 40, was feeble and worn spending most of her time resting quietly near Flint" ""Although I knew that Flo had become very old indeed it was still a sad day when I found her dead body lying in the stream" "For me it was like losing an old friend" "For Flint it was like losing his whole world" "Flint stayed by himself close to the place where Flo had died" "He ate very little" "He became increasingly lethargic and depressed" "And, finally, in this state of grieving he grew sick" "Three and a half weeks after losing his mother" "Flint died too."" "Today the name Jane Goodall is almost synonymous with animal research" "Accomplished author speaker, and now a PhD she is sought all over the world" "A rarity among scientists she has become a celebrity in her own right" ""... hewasn'thavingitat all" "He wanted to follow his adolescent brother."" "Wherever she goes on her annual lecture tours eager crowds gather to hear the latest chapter in the lives of the chimps" ""Any new, particular new developments new behavior of the chimps?"" ""Two quite interesting new developments" "One is concerned with territoriality... "" "Though she welcomes the opportunity to share her world" "Jane keeps her visits short" "Gombe is where she most wants to be" "With her on this trip are her mother returning for a nostalgic visit and Grub, now 1 5" "Though not even Jane could have predicted her study would last this long it is 22 years since she first set foot on Gombe's shores" "ln that time the country has gone from British rule to independence;" "Gombe once a game reserve is now a national park" "But friendships that span more than two decades remain unchanged" "Today permanent structures have replaced Jane's lakeshore tent and a staff of ten Tanzanian field assistants has been trained to help observe the chimps" "The men work in teams of two and follow the animals seven days a week ln recent years they, along with Jane withessed a startling turn of events" "Like Gombe itself, the chimps, it seemed had changed too" ""lf l'd left, as Louis Leakey predicted after ten years, we would have had a very different picture of the chimpanzees to that which we have today" "People's idea of the gentle noble savage would have been exemplified by the way of life of the chimps I started off studying one community and in 1 97 2 that community divided into two and one part of it moved down into the south of" "the range that the whole community had shared" "Two years later a series of events began which were amongst the most horrifying we have seen at Gombe" "The males of the larger Kasakela community the one's that we are studying today systematically began to hunt down individuals of the smaller southern community to attack them when they found them on their own or in small groups and within a full year period every one" "of the seven males and at least one of the three females who had moved to the south had disappeared."" ""The sequence of events that occurred during this warfare were really shocking because these attacks were not over in one minute" "They lasted 20 minutes" "They were gang attacks where between three and six adult males together attacked one victim" "The victim was rendered senseless virtually crouching on the ground not even trying to fight back" "And yet they would pound him they would drag him they would bite him they would smash him" "One of them had a broken leg" "One of them had a great piece of skin ripped from his thigh" "And these were very very brutal attacks and I think it's a bit horrifying to consider that just because we now know how aggressive the chimpanzee can be this makes them even more like humans than I thought they were before."" "Only because Jane stayed on at Gombe was the warfare discovered" "Only because she remains there still may it one day be explained" "While the male gang violence was a profoundly dramatic event much of Jane's work continues to revolve around the subtle intricacies of day-to-day family life" "Her observations of Flo and Flint taught her just how powerful a mother's influence can be ln the ten years since Flo died" "Jane has followed her family into its third generation" "Flo's daughter, Fifi is now a mother herself" "Like Flo, Fifi is an extremely playful and tolerant mother" "Her son, Frodo, bears a striking resemblance to his dead uncle Flint" "Young Fanni evokes images of Fifi herself as a child" "And in adolescent Freud a visible reminder of Figan as he matured" ""Gremlin now watches Frodo" "Getty much more active than he used to be."" "As she watches Getty the youngest member of the Gomber community secure in his mother's arms" "Jane reflects on ten other infants who over the course of four years met a gruesome fate" ""There was one extremely horrifying day I was in Dar es Salaam and we were contacting Gombe by radio as we used to do every morning" "And this strange message came over that the adult female Passion and her adolescent daughter" "Pom, had seized a newborn infant from Gilka" "Gilka, one of the polio victims a chimp I'd known since she was one year old" "And that this mother Passion had killed the baby and she and her daughter and her son had shared the body between them" "And I found this almost impossible to believe" "But when I got to Gombe a week later it was indeed true" "And over the next four years Passion and her daughter Pom were known to kill and eat three newborn babies" "They were watched as they tried but failed to catch two more" "And we suspect that in that four years in fact, they were responsible for the deaths of ten newborn babies."" "Jane had always described Passion as "a somewhat unnatural mother"" "cold and indifferent, indeed often callous to her youngsters" "Yet Jane could not possibly have predicted that Passion would become a killer attacking with aggression so violent that she paid no attention to human observers even when they tried to intervene" ""Why did they do it?" "I really have no idea I suspect that it was an aberrant behavior shown first by the mother imitated by the daughter" "It was, perhaps, the hardest thing to understand and to accept that's ever happened at Gombe" "And the descriptions of the attacks on these mothers are some of the most moving and horrifying descriptions that have taken place in all the 22 years" "For instance, when passion, together with Pom two strong females, attacked Melissa with her three-week-old baby" "Melissa's daughter Gremlin much younger than Pom, ran over to the two field assistants who were watching this horrifying struggle stood upright, looked into their eyes looked back at the scene, and really seemed to be begging for help" "But Passion and Pom were strong stronger than Melissa, and they managed to seize the baby leaving Melissa terribly badly wounded" "The moment they had the baby and had killed it when Melissa went up to watch as they ate it" "Pasion reached out embraced and kissed her as though I have no quarrel with you."" "I wanted your baby" "Now I'm content" "And as I say we just do not understand this behavior" "Hopefully now the behavior is finished" "Passion is dead" "Pom has shown no signs of doing this and, indeed on her own isn't capable of attacking another female and stealing her baby."" "For now the warfare is over the cannibalism has ceased" "Gombe is quiet again but for the eternal sounds of the African night" "Then on a summer evening in 1 982 a joyous chorus of human voices pervades the dark an anniversary party celebrating 22 years of research at Gombe" "To share this night, some have come by boat others have walked for miles" "With traditional feasting and speeches they join together to toast the future and celebrate the past" ""Well, after 22 years I have many many fond memories of Gombe" "Perhaps the one that I like to think back on most was after having struggled crawled through the undergrowth climbed up to the Peak and down again and searched, and being rewarded yes by seeing chimps, but chimps that ran away every time I went up to them " "to have a chimpanzee just sit there and watch me and know that I was there and not mind" "That was a very, very wonderful moment lt was a tremendous feeling of accomplishment and exhilaration and pride in the fact that I'd been accepted" "And then a rather different kind of memory was the first time that a wild chimpanzee mother came up to me and allowed her infant to reach out with that wondering expression in his eyes to touch me" "And that, of course, was Flo with her infant Flint" "And that's another moment I'll never forget."" "And though it often seems a lifetime ago she remembers them all three generations of chimps who allowed her the privilege of entering their private world" "Wild animals roaming free who permitted a human to live among them as a friend" "Today, the direction of the study lies uncharted ahead to be written by the chimps themselves lt is a future Jane Goodall embraces with anticipation and a personal dream" ""l hope to stay at Gombe for as long as I can struggle around the mountains and even after that I would hope that I can train somebody to follow in my footsteps so that when I'm an old and doddering lady" "I can still hear about Melissa's grandchildren and Fifi's successors and be happy in my old age."" "When Louis Leakey told Jane her study might last ten years it sounded like a lifetime and privately she thought "three years at mos."" "Already into her third decade at Gombe the pioneer who dared to be accepted by wild animals and won has no intention of leaving now" "Return to Everest" "ln the Himalayan foothills," "Kathmandu long has beena crossroads its streets and holy places filled with travellers enroute to a thousand destinations many may never reach," "Watchedby the gods, some go to marketto sellor buy, some seek to earn a higher form in their next reincarnation, some climb the steep steps to Nirvana, hoping to escape the tumult ofdaily life," "Sometimes the destinations are only disguised beginnings," "For sirEdmund Hillary, first conqueror of Mount Everest, his greatest journey would only begin at the summit," "It would traverse not only thegreat landformsof Earth, but a less visible geography the private landscapes of one man's passage through the years," "At lastamong the long isolated" "Sherpasof the Khumbu region south of Everest, it would bring a new challenge, a new adventure, hardly 20 milesfrom here his journey began," "Today Hillary is a folkhero in the Khumbu," "With ceremonial scarves or katas, the Sherpa children honor not the great sahib ho climbs mountains but the friendly giant ho has brought them their first glimpses ofa world they never knew, lt has been a trade of sorts," "ln changing their lives, Hillary has changed his own," "ln the Khumbu highlandsof Nepal each dawn is a discovery," "Again the peaks emerge" "Ama Dablam, Kantega, Thamserku, Everest silent sentinels of Earth's highest mountains,the Himalayas," "ln the Sherpa villages of Kunde and Khumjung, less habit yaks and goats are sent to stony pas- and thejunipersmoke from a hundred scatteredfires carriesmorningprayersto the gods," "At 13,000 feet the gods are never far away," "Formed forty million years ago by the collision of the lndianlandmass and theEurasian continent, Nepal is acountryset on edge," "Here, near Everest," "TibetanSherpaslong ago foundsanctuary," "Here for centuries theylived in rigorous isolation, an island in time," "One manhas become a major instrument of change, bringing both blessings and danger," "With his son, Peter," "Sir Edmund Hillary has returned this way many times, but this year holds a special meaning it is the 30th anniversary of the first conquest of Everest," ""l get quite a thrill every time I come back to these two main Sherpa villages," "There'sso muchhere that's pleasantlyfamiliar," "There'salso the thought of soon being reunited with somany old friends,"" "Again they walk the village lanes, welcomed by thegreeting of clasped hands and murmured "Namaste!"" "Alreadyfields are being prepared and planted with grainsor potatoes for theshort upland growing season," "Across a wall bounds an old and irrepressible friend," "Phudorje, Hillary's companion on many a climb," "Everyhere young life exploresa worldmade new, lt is spring," "At lastfather and son enter the house that long ago became a second home," ""Oh, Ang Dooli!" "Namaste!"" ""Namaste!"" ""Very good to see you,"" ""Yes, same, Namaste!"" ""ln this house I can always besure ofa warm welcome and a cup of Tibetan tea," "Over the years my family and lhave spent muchtime here with Mingma Tsering and his wife Ang Dooli," "And they're still my closest Sherpa friends,"" "ln daily tasks, Ang Dooli endures," "Having lost eight of eleven children she eagerly welcomed the Hillary family as herown," "Upon the wall hang snapshots, fragments of life captured longago," "Hillary's daughters Belinda and Sarah, his wife, Louise,and thechildren, young Peter with protective god, playful Belinda the youngest child," ""Ah, thank you, Ang Dooli!"" "Now a painter, surviving son Temba remains a victim of iodinedeficiency, once common in the Khumbu," ""Hey, Temba!"" ""Ah, hat's that?" "What's that?"" ""Thyangboche,"" ""Thyangboche,"" ""There,"" "Pivot on hich so many destinies have turned, it was Everest that once joined the widely separated lives of Hillary and Tenzing Norgay, his Sherpa partner on their historic climb," "Now, amid the peaks on the trail to Everest, they meetagain," "Still strong at 69," "Tenzingand hisdaughter Deki have come from Darjeeling to join the anniversary festivities," ""Oh, Tenzing!" "Good to see you,"" "",Deki,"" ""Hi, Deki, How are you?"" ""Very nice to meet you,"" ""Hi, Peter,"" ""Hi, Long time,Tenzing, lt's good to see you again,"" ""Yes, did you have a good walk up?"" ""Very well, Very fine, thank you,"" "ln Britain today there will be a more formal celebration, but Hillary andTenzing have chosen tocome here, not only to be honored, but to honor the families of so many Sherpas ho have riskedand often lost their lives on many an expedition," ""Ah, that's good,"" ""Yes,"" ""Namaste, Tenzing,"" ""Namaste,"" "For a moment two aging heroes pause tohonor each other, look back to the victory they shared," "Remote,seemingly beyond the reach of human effort, the towering mass of Everest at mid-century had defeated all attempts to reach the summit," "Then, as Nepal opened to foreigners, assaults at last were possible from the south, ln the British Expedition of 1953, guide Tenzing Norgay, alreadyveteranof five failedattempts, would be teamedwith Hillary, ho earlier hadsighted a possible route via the South Col," "With the returnof thefirst assault team the challenge was passed to Hillary and Tenzing," "The earlier team had reached a pointhardly 300 feet below the summit," "Now, exhausted and frozen, they were somber evidence of the teststhat lay ahead," "But storm intervened," "Only after a night wracked by winds could Hillary and Tenzing at lastclimb the icy blade tothe summit," "There they leftin the snow a bar of chocolate and some biscuits," "At a lower camp, the main party waitedin growing suspense hile leader John Hunt scanned the ridges and icefallsabove," "Then atlast the returning climbers appeared, led by a teammate lifting his thumb ina sign of triumph," "Brieflythe triumph wasshared only with comrades," "Then word flashed to the world," ""This is the BBC Home Service," "Here is the news," "Mount Everest has been conquered by members of the British Expedition" "The news reached London in a message to the Times, lt saidthat Mr, E,P, Hillary, a New Zealander, and Tenzing Bhotia, aSherpa, had reached thesummit last Friday, May 29th," "The message added, 'All is well,"' ln London the coronation of the Queen now was marked by a fitting tribute," "For a new Queen Elizabeth, an obscure New Zealand beekeeper had set a flag in high,thin air, passed a boundary never crossed by man," "Quickly knighted by the Queen," "Sir Edmund soonpledgedloyalty to another lady" " Louise, the young musician hobecame his wife," "Yet domestic bliss soon would be exchanged for thewintry wastes of Antarctica," "There, Hillary would lead a caravan of modified farm tractors tothe South Pole, settingup supply depots for the first Antarctic crossing," "Hero tothe world, symbol of high adventure, his life would become a continuing odyssey, seekingnew challenges around the globe," "Sometimes, with the indomitable Louise on lessspectacular expeditions in New Zealand or the Alaskan wilderness, he discovered the new adventure of watching his children grow," "But always Hillary came back to Nepal," "Long a forbidden kingdom locked from the world," "Nepal had barely 200 miles of road hen atlast opened to foreigners in 1949, its few vehicles, machines, and even grand pianos were brought over the southern ridges on the backs of men," "lts terraced uplands, built bythe labor of centuries, were joined by a labyrinth of trails on hich astonishing burdens were carried by the hardy hillfolk or theircaravans of yaks," "Later each return of the family would become a journey of discovery, particularly for Louise hose lighthearted accounts of their travels soon became best-selling books," "Learning the country by climbing it, the children were takenby their father to seethe great peak that changed his destiny and theirs" "For thefirst time 12-year-old Peter would glimpse themountain that one day would drahim like an inescapable challenge," "With deepening regard for the warmhearted Sherpas, the Hillarys eagerly lent a hand herever needed, opened the doorto a culture distant from their own origins," "On a mountainside at Thami notfar from the Tibetan border, they helped build a supporting wall for a Buddhist monastery," "lts newleader was a 12-year-old boy, believed to be the reincarnation of a previoushead lama or rimpoche," ""When I first went to the Himalayas, my major interest really was in climbing mountains, I got to know the localpeople, the Sherpas, and enjoyed them very much," "And by spending time in the villages, it became impossible for me not to realize that there were so many things lacking," "So manythings that we took for granted in oursociety, they simply didn't have," "And because I was very fond ofmy Sherpa friends, I had this sortof nagging worry all the time shouldn't we betrying to do something about the future of theSherpas?" "And to help them to withstand the changes that were likely to take place?"" "Around Hillary,often watching, were the beautiful Sherpa children open, quick to laugh, endlessly inventive in play," "Yet untaught, their innocence one day could become a prison, ln all of the Khumbu there was not a school tohelp them grow," "He would alwaysremember the words of a village leader:" ""Our children have eyes, but they are blind,"" ""And itwas then at that particular occasion that I decided that instead ofsort of thinking about it for years and talking about it, maybe lshould try and do something about it,"" "Abruptly, Sir Edmund Hillary became a part-time carpenter," "Drawinghelp from contributors in New Zealand and the United States, he formed the HimalayanTrust to support the program," "Today, still building after more than two decades, he has completed and staffed no fewer than 22 schools across the Khumbu," ""We have a good, experienced team to do the job," "My brother, Rex, is a builder by tradeback inNew Zealand," "And he's come over herequite afew times to help on these projects," "But without Mingma's organization and authority amongst the Sherpas, I could have done nothing,"" "The patterns ofconstruction have changed little since the building of the first schooling 1961," "Some children help some children watch some children imitate," "For some, classes havealreadybegun," "",has entered,"" ""He has entered,"" ""His house,"" ""His house,"" ""The men are climbing the mountain,"" ""The men are climbing the mountain,"" ""The mountain,"" ""The mountain,"" ""The mountain,"" ""The mountain,"" ""The men have climbed the mountain,"" ""The men have climbed the mountain,"" ""This is the thing I've alwaysliked about theSherpas," "They always areprepared and know hatthey can do," "And they know that they don't have money, but they have the strength of their hands, ln daysgone by, even my own children," "Peter, Sarah, and Belinda, used towork inwith the localchildren, carrying rocks and carrying chunks of timber, and I really think they enjoyed it," "It is quite exciting to watch aschool rise up from its foundations and to see the rock l used to climb being fashionedinto schoolhouse walls,"" "A rudimentary structure, unheated, dependent on natural light, the newschool at Chaunrikarka is a center of village pride," "Quicklythe people gather, bringing bottles ofchang, the local spirits, forthe celebration," ""l always feel a slightdegree of apprehensionabout get-togethers like these," "Any Sherpa gathering tends to become a somehat festive occasion with the local beer andspirits flowingrather freely and mostly in mydirection," "And it's reallyquite achallenge to survive these functions in an upright position,"" ""On behalf of the Himalayan Trust and allthose ho have helped build this school, I have much pleasure now in declaring the school open,"" "For thefirst time the children enter the still empty classroom," "Here, in this vacancy, each will embark on a new journey of discovery, find new mountains to climb," "Today across the Khumbu the school bells ring, many the empty oxygen flasks used by Hillary and otherclimbers," "Over the highland ridges more than a thousand Sherpa children hurry to class eachday, some toschoolsmore than a three-hourjourneyfrom home," ""Are you sleeping, areyou sleeping?" "Brother John, Brother John," "Morningbell isringing, morning bell is ringing," "Ding done ding, dong ding dong,"" "At Khumjung, Hillary remains close to its day-to-day activities, still enjoys visiting the first schoolhe everbuilt, watching children draw pictures of a wider world they have never seen outside a book," "Largestof Khumbu schools with an enrollment of nearly300," "Khumjung has a proud record of outstanding students, some already entering leadership rolesin Nepal," "The soccer team, of course, remains invincibleto lowland teams ho quickly struggle for breath at 13,000 feet," "But schools areonly part of a widereffort by Hillary and his associates," "Under his direction, three landing strips have been carvedon the mountainsides, ending forever the centuries-long isolation ofthe Sherpas," "ln the mysterious symbols printed on the cargo, pasing childrensometimes try to imagine the wonders of the world from hichit came," "Built by Hillary, scattered clinics and two hospitals at lastprovidemedicalcare and have brought a new awareness amongthe Sherpas that smoky dwellings and lack of sanitation cause many of their chronic maladies" "At Kunde even the local lama has found a newtrust in modern medicine," "ln a region here formerly half the youth diedbefore twenty, there has been a dramatic improvement in the treatment of children'safflictions and a corresponding drop in the mortality rate," "For some, the cure seemed nearly miraculous," "Here, aboy, hose hearing has been severely impaired since birth, can hear the full wonder of sound for the first time," "But as Hillary learned during the building of Phaphlu hospital in 1975, preparations for errands of mercy are sometimes of little use," "Eagerlyawaiting the arrival of his wife, Louise, and young Belinda from Kathmandu, he learned thatboth had been killed in the crash of their plane shortly after takeoff," "For Hillary that day was darkness, the beginning of a long journey across a private wasteland without compass or place torest," ""l didn't really know hat else to do apart from going on building the hospital, and then later we wentback toKhumbu and spent time with Mingma and" "Ang Dooli and various other friends, and that was it, And they, you know, they allhelped a bit,"" "Shaken,Hillarywent back to work, building new classrooms, adding to others," ""Thin walls, A bit bulgy,"" ""Yeah,"" ""Well, I think we had better do a proper job of it,"" ""Uh, hum,"" ""You'llhave toput a lot of frameworkin, won't you?"" ""Yeah, Let's measure,"" "Now at Namche Bazar with his brother, Rex, he studies the damage of time and weather to a school built years ago, draws plans forneeded repairs on its structure," ""Namaste,"" ""l think we're going to,"" "Still Hillary'strustedsirdar or foreman," "Mingma Tsering jokes over the division of labor in providing the lumber ho will cut and ho will carry," "",okay, carry,"" ""Will they help you carry?"" ""Yes, lt's o,k,?"" ""Yeah, that's good,"" ""Big help,"" ""Those are cutting, and they carry,"" ""Yep,"" "Drawn closer by tragedy," "Hillaryand Peter each feel a renewed awareness of therisk that lies in every human attachment," "Now veteran climbers both, often in personal peril, each has seen close friends and companions lost on mountain walls," "Even Peter was nearly sacrificed on the soaring altar ofAma Dablam," "Struck by an avalanche high onits icy wall, severely injured and climbing equipment swept away," "Peter nearly died in the two days before he finally could be lowered to safety," "For Hillary himself thesummits have anew andpoignant meaning," "He can never again return to those icyheights," "Several times in recent years he has sufferedcritical attacksof cerebral edema or altitude sickness," "Twice in delirium he has had to be ledor carriedfrom the thin upper air to lower altitudes to save his life," "Today, the manho first climbed Everest must remain below 14,000 feet," "But today with Peter and Mingma he will press the barrier, view ata distance the summit on hichhe stood 30 years ago," "For at last Peter is ready to answer the summons he first felt as a 12-year-old boy staringin awe at the mountain his father had climbed," "AlreadyPeter has made preparations for an attempt on Everest by its formidable West Ridge," "A geologic accident that became the highest point on Earth," "Everesthas long been a challenge to Western man," "But to the Sherpas the peaks were something else," "Migrating from Tibet several centuriesago, the Sherpas found an endlessly changing world of mist and stone here peaks andtrees and streams appeared and vanished with magical swiftness," "Quickly their imaginations populated the landscape with gods, demons, and spirits of every kind," "Even the trees were sometime believed to be the dwelling place of sacred beings," "ln a continuingdialogue with the invisible or disguised powers around them, they have givenprayer a thousand forms, a thousand means of transmission writtenon hand-turned cylinders and waterwheels," "printedon prayer flagsand banners waving in the wind," "inscribed on shrines or chortens engraved on stone tablets or manis even onrocks in rivers and trailside boulders," "Committed to the elements, it is hoped that the prayers will reach their protective gods," "The sun diffuses the fading prayer, rain spreads it through the rivers, wind carries it to the heavens," "Surrounded by prayer inlife," "Sherpasare followed byprayer even indeath, into the ear ofthe dead, the dying, or those soon to die, a monk chants passages from the Tibetan Book of the Dead to guide the consciousness of the deceasedin the interval between death and rebirth," "Yet prayers must be learned and preserved by the living," "At Thami Monastery, itsgrea library of Buddhist scripture must be read and taught each year," "Once itwas customary for one son in each family to become a monk," "But with the growth of tourism a youngmonk may well envy theWesternclothing and wrist watchof brother hohas become a trekking guide," "First encountered as a12-year-old boy, the head lama again welcomes an old friend," "With Peter and Mingma," "Hillaryhas come to help preparations for ManiRimdu, a yearly Buddhist festival to protect the Khumbu," ""Ah, namaste,"" ""Namaste, How are you?"" ""l'm very well, thank you!"" ""Namaste,"" "ln the courtyard of the monastery, helped by barelegged monks," "Rex andthe rest of the Hillary construction team are swiftly completing improvements onthe paved court and adjoining structures," "With time growing short," "Hillaryand Peter also join the crew," "Soon the balcony and yard willbe crowded withSherpas and a few tourists ho have made the pilgrimage over the steep mountain trails, some from villages many days' walk away," "With a soundingof horns the great cycle of dances begins," "As in the religious mystery plays of the Middle Ages, the Sherpas actout their myths, make theater out of faith," "Often using thesymbolsof ancient beliefs in magic, the dances again promise the victory of good over evil, ln the Khumbu every mountain has a spirit," "Mani Rimdu exorcises the demons that threaten it," "Backstage in the gompa or temple, anotherritual is taking place," "Donningthe sacred masks and costumes, decorated with an array of mythic symbols, men arebecoming gods," "For a little hile they will become the holy figures invented by human need," "Now, like a challenge, a crashof cymbals demands the attention of the threatening adversaries," "For it is in the dance of the so-called Eight Furies that the climactic struggle with the evil spirits occurs, ln it the benign gods rise in terriblewrath to defeat and drive away the demons," "Once again the protective gods disappear into the gompa," "Once again the villagesare safe from demons for another year," "As always, the people form a line to pass the rimpoche, bring gifts wrapped inceremonial katas," "One by one theyare blessed, take a sip of tu or holy water with a sprinkleon the head, then taste a bit of torma, made of flour and butter - the ritual greatly similar to" "Christian communio with its wine and wafer," "Yet, watching the rimpoche bless the people," "Hillary remembers another visit hen the head lama was a child and theHillaryfamily helped build a wall," "On the western ridge above Kunde," "Mingma's wife, Ang Dooli, alsoremembers, ln a more private ritual she brings juniper tothe shrine she andother villagers built long ago for Louise and Belinda Hillary," "Yet even the Eight Furies cannot protectthe Sherpa villagers from the risks ofchange," "Once reached only by anarduous two-week walk over mountain trails the distance from Kathmandu now canbe covered by plane inless than an hour provided of course that the Lukla airstrip, hich bears some resemblance to a ski jump, can be found in the frequent overcast," "Speaking a dozen languages, tourists from Europe, Asia, and America disembark from theaircraft, pass through the villages alarming small dogs, awakening the merchants, and delighting the local children ho have discovered theblessings of balloons and bubble gum," "Today the Khumbu is invaded yearly by thousands of trekkers and porters plodding the steep trails and spreading their bivouacs across the upper slopeslike an occupying army," "More ambitious are theexpeditions intent on conquest" "Since Hillary and Tenzing first reached the summit, nearly 150 men and women have stood onEverest, ln Kathmandu there is a growing list of other teams bookingdates on hich they too can attempt to climb Everest or a score of other peaks," "Everyhere the sound of the saw is heard," "Hillary tells of its impact," ""l believe the problem of conservationin the Khumbu area is a very serious one indeed," "There are literally dozens of small hotels being constructed with the view to supplying accommodation to walkers and trekkers and climbers," "This has put avery considerable pressure on the local timber resources," "ln the old daysthe Sherpas used to have very strict rules about here they cut firewood, and how much they cut," "And thehole society was well balanced ecologically," "All that has changed," "Nowadays most of the upper valleys have been completely denuded and many of theforestshave been thoroughly thinned out,"" "As the Sherpas are learning, their mountain homelandis astonishingly fragile," "Not only in theKhumbu but throughout Nepal, trees are beingcut ata devastating rate one third the nation's forest in the last decade," "Alreadyravished slopesare bringing disastrous penalties," "No longer held by trees, landslides are destroying terraces built by centuries of patient labor, have even sweptaway or buriedentire villages," "With the help of Hillary's Himalayan Trust, at least one resident is being banished from the Khumbu parklands," "Relentless foragers of seedlings and low vegetation, goats long havethreatened theslow-growing shrubs and trees of the high country," "Now Hillary, too, joinsin a great goat roundup with Mingma Norbu, warden of the Sagarmatha National parkon the flanks of Everest," "From the scattered slopes almost five hundred goats atlast are gathered near Namche Bazar and driven to the less vulnerable lowlands in the south," "At park headquarters," "Warden Mingma Norbu leads an intensifying effort to save the Khumbu fromcalamity," "A student in the first school built at Khumjung overtwenty years ago, he is aproud example of the educationmade possible by Hillary" "Now, speaking both Nepali and occasional English, he teaches a new generation ofSherpa children to recognize the evidence of damaged trees and erosion on the scarred landscape around them," "He stresses the critical importance oftree nurseries and the need for a wider program of reforestation protecting not only their fragile world, but Sherpa culture itself," "Celebrated in a museum photograph, the climbing ofEverest by Hillary andTenzing hastened the changes taking place in Nepal," "Now on the thirtieth anniversary of that historic event, the Khumbu is no longer an island lostin time," "Yet the past sends emissaries," "Announced by the beat of drums, ancientprotectors of their Tibetan ancestors appear amid thevillagers assembled atKhumjung School," "Believed to be the guardians of the four gatesof Earth," ""snow lions" have come down from the icy summits to dance and cavort for the honored guests," "While the conquerors ofEverest sample the home-brewed chang of the village women, the school staff prepares a lesson on how mountains really shouldbe climbed," "As the guests should know, a little chang steadiesthe nerves, helps blur the dangers and difficulties that lie ahead," "A helping hand is always appreciated," "Pace yourself," "The steeper theslope, the more rest you need," "Try not to trip on a tangled rope," "The fall may be farther than you think," "When altitude sickness strikes, a hiffof oxygen can work wonders," "When lost, look for the summit," "That's here you're going," "ln the final assault onthe last gale-swept ridge, don't lose heart," ""l'm going to die, I'mgoing to die,"" ""Okay"" ""Thank you very much,"" "Celebrating onejourney, Hillary begins another," "From Khumjung School he leads a climb of children," "Bearing seedlings of fir and rhododendron from Sagarmatha's nurseries, the students ofKhumjung school are bringing back growth to the blightedslopes below Everest," "Helped by Hillary as they commit rootsto soil, they are part of a newchildren's crusade, not to seek redemption in heaven, but to renewlife onEarth," "Around Hillary stand the silent witnesses of the journey he beganlong ago" "Ama Dablam, Kantega, Thamserku, Everest the summit here he andTenzing once left a bitof chocolate and a few biscuits," "Today he has brought a richer gift the small beginnings of a new woodland, the little trees protect by the prayers of children," "But theanswer to prayers often lies in those ho pray, ln the opening minds of Khumbu's children lies a measure of their world to come, ln themSir Edmund Hillary long ago found somethingmore satisfying, more enduring," "than leaving a footprint on a mountaintop," "Though remarkably sensitive and accurate the human eye is an extremely limited device a surprisingly narrow window on our world" "ln the fragile film of a soap bubble lies a normally unseen realm a miniature liquid kaleidoscope too small for our eyes to see" "Vivid detail is also hidden within an instant of time" "Many events are simply too fast to be seen with the unaided eye" "When time is compressed once motionless sights magically come to life" "A voracious army of fire ants devours a helpless cricket lt is an awesome day long process too slow for us to notice" "Beyond the spectrum of visible light lie strange and extraordinary sights images created with forms of energy which elude the naked eye" "Today, as never before cameras and other instruments that see are radically expanding the of our vision and knowledge and altering forever our image of the world" "Join us now on a visual journey beyond the limits of the naked eye on a voyage into "The Invisible World"" "We are visual creatures reliant on our eyes as our primary link with the world" "Able at a glance to estimate size measure depth, register movement make sudden shifts in focus and instantly distinguish s million different colors, our eyes are the most highly developed of all living species" "Yet, despite our eyes' amazing powers and remarkable versatility there are infinite sights around us to which we are totally blind" "If our vision is expanded beyond its normal bounds a whole new world of experience suddenly unfolds" "Through the specialized eyes of cameras come new dimensions of seeing" "Fleeting movement hidden by time..." "details shrouded by distance and size are revealed as vivid images which our eyes alone could never discern" "The camera must often come to the aid of our blinkered sense of sight" "What thousands of eyes have witnessed firsthand we must rely on a camera to actually see" "Possessed with powers to reveal the world in myriad ways that our unaided eyes cannot cameras and other imaging tools are extending enormously the limited reach of our vision probing once distant and unimagined realms that lie hidden all around us" "We delight in exploring the world we can see" "But even up close our eyes can barely resolve objects that are one three hundredths of an inch in diameter a fraction the size of a tiny grain of sand" "What seems very small in human scale is but the threshold of a microcosm beyond the limits of our eyes" "ln a tiny drop of water a bounty of life too small to see" "Like spaceships from an alien world delicate creatures called plankton silently maneuver through their seemingly boundless universe" "Completely unknown until the invention of the microscope some 400 years ago the discovery of plankton and other microlife provoked unparalleled wonder" "When seen for the first time it was difficult to believe that living things could be so small-that a single drop of water could contain a miniature world" "lndispensable tools of science modern microscopes fitted with cameras can now easily recapture the sights that were seen when man first glimpsed the microworld" "Bacteria." "Discovered in 1 67 4 their tiny size and great abundance seemed nearly inconceivable" "A slice of leaf revealed a complex structure of tiny living cells which no one had dreamed existed" "Blood was seen to be composed of millions of free-floating corpuscles" "The sight of a cell dividing seemed a miracle of nature-another astounding discovery which would help to lay the foundations of modern biology and medicine" "With a microscope that filters the direction of incoming light the composition of the physical world can be vividly explored" "When a liquid transforms into a solid-as when water turns to ice-the tiny crystals that will form its structure organize into shape" "Recorded on film at actual speed we can witness the other invisible process known as crystallization" "Seeing with a beam of electrons rather than with light a powerful new instrument called the scanning electron microscope has penetrated an uncharged level of detail and size" "For David Scharf, a researcher and photographer it is a means to explore a whole new world of inner space" "Though we seem to be leaving some distant planet's surface our voyage, in fact, is much more contained" "The cratered terrain we have left behind is the surface of a moon rock the size of a grain of sand" "The fragile structure of an alyssum flower is barely visible to the eye ln the vacuum chamber of the microscope" "a focused beam of electrons will be aimed across the flower's surface to form a magnified image" "Zap" "Through the microscope's probing eye the tiny flower reveals a delicate structure of unexpected complexity" "When magnified more than 20,000 times we can see single grains of pollen" "If we spy a little closer on the intimate places we know we might come to feel like strangers in our own familiar world" "Zigzags of rough-hewn channels gouged into a surface are a magnified view of the narrow grooves in an ordinary phonograph record" "This barren, rutted terrain is not as remote as it seems lt is the porous surface of the tip of a ball-point pen" "A tangled network of sinuous fibers when enlarged 4,000 times hardly resembles what we usually see as a smooth sheet of writing paper" "ln the sofas and beds of even our best kept homes microscopic dust mites quietly live their lives" "Like miniature dinosaurs from a long lost world their bodies rarely grow large enough for the naked eye to see" "Dependent on us for survival dust mites feed primarily on the flakes of dead which our bodies constantly shed" "What at first sight appears to be a crude medieval machine is actually a precision instrument nearly all of us depend on" "lts roughly chiseled surface offers little clue that this clumsy contraption is actually the complex movement of an ordinary wristwatch" "Our skin itself hides a miniature world from the normal view of our eyes" "When seen at high magnification an alien landscape appears" "Stubbles of hair grow like tree stumps in a terrain whose complex ecology supports a wide variety of life" "On almost any strand of hair tiny fungi can be found ln numerous forms, their population on our hair and skin numbers in the tens of thousands" "Our intimate fellow travelers fungi have lived with us through evolution to establish a permanent niche in the habitat of our skin" "ln the roots of everyone's eyelashes live tiny mites called Demodex folliculorum" "Apparently they cause us no harm" "But why they are there and exactly what they do have yet to be discovered" "The varied micro-landscapes on the surface of our bodies also fall prey to less desirable guests" "Meet Pediculus humanus capitis the head louse a tiny and bothersome pest which lives its life firmly attached to a single strand of hair" "Sarcoptes scabiei, the scabies mite is a microscopic creature that makes a comfortable home by burrowing directly into the skin" "On the warm, moist regions of our skin there is life in enormous abundance" "Bacteria the simplest form of free living life-are constantly with us" "A single bacterium can multiply to more than a million in about eight hours and mo matter how much we wash millions remain on our skin" "Each of us is the keeper of a huge invisible zoo ln fact, at any given time there are as many creatures on our bodies as there are people on Earth" "If our numerous companions do not inspire our love at least we have the consolation of knowing that we are never completely alone" "At the Enrico Fermi Institute of the University of Chicago a new frontier of the microworld has recently been bridged" "Using a powerful electron microscope which took 1 4 years to develop" "Dr. Albert Crewe has captured on film what no one had ever seen" "You are looking at atoms-uranium atoms" "The smaller single specks are individual atoms each with a diameter of only a few billionths of an inch" "The larger masses are clusters of several atoms" "Colorized artificially to enhance our view atoms exhibit unpredicted movement revealing that solid objects when seen on an atomic scale are actually a sea of moving particles" "The level of magnification of the movies on the home TV screen is about ten million, maybe 20 million, depending on the size of your TV set" "That's about the equivalent to blowing a basketball up to the size of the Earth" "The ability to see single atoms to isolate them at that could have considerable importance" "Where it will lead is very difficult to except what we have is a new technology a new way of looking at materials in the world" "And every time you have a new way of looking at things you find out something new" "We are exiled from other worlds by time as well as by size" "ln a world of motion there is infinite detail too fast for the unaided eye" "ln the 1 87 0s an ingenious photographer Eadweard Muybridge invented a way to record movements normally too quick to be seen" "A wager about the stride of a running horse brought Muybridge to the stock farm of a wealthy Californian" "With a battery of 24 cameras that were activated by threads stretched across a track" "Muybridge captured aspects of motion that had never been witnessed before" "Muybridge's patron had bet that all four legs of a running horse were sometimes simultaneously off the ground" "Stop-action photography proved him to be right" "By projecting his photographs in rapid succession the first motion pictures were born" "The movement of people as well as animals became for Muybridge a passionate subject of study" "Much more than just a technical curiosity" "Muybridge's pioneering work was the first photographic analysis of the dynamics of physical motion" "Today, modern high-speed cameras can record rapid motion with a clarity that Eadweard Muybridge could only have dreamed of" "Slow-motion film is now a commonplace tool in analyzing athletic performance" "For Dr. Gideon Ariel a physical education expert and a former discus thrower on the Israeli Olympic team slow-motion film is just the first in the scientific coaching of athletes" "Dr. Ariel has turned to the computer for aid in the analysis of movement" "Slow-motion film of an athlete is projected frame by frame onto a recording screen" "Each touch of a sonic pen transmits into the computer memory the dynamically changing positions of the athlete's joints and limbs" "Human movement is governed by the same laws of motion that apply to the entire physical world" "And from the visual information contained in the film the computer can rapidly calculate the interrelationship of force acceleration, and velocity in the athlete's movements" "Computer-created images combined with a mass of numerical data can pinpoint where athletic technique is hindering performance" "So, what coaches in the past thought they can see with eyes we are finding out you can not do" "You have to quantify." "With the advent of computers we can provide the coaches with much more objective reliable information on how the body moves" "Dr. Ariel's computer analysis of Olympic discus thrower Mac Wilkins revealed that useful energy which would effect his throw was being wasted on ground friction" "Additional force was being spent by not rigidly planting his forward leg at the moment of the throw" "Based on this analysis" "Wilkins altered his throwing technique" "Several months later in international competition he threw the discus over 1 3 feet farther than he ever had before and set a new world record" "ln a remarkable laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology time and motion are dramatically dissected" "With the aid of a pulsating strobe light" "Dr. Harold Edgerton can freeze a flurry of movement onto a single plate of film" "Dr. Edgerton developed the strobe light in 1 931" "Unable to see how electric motors behaved when they rotated at various speeds he designed a light which could flash so quickly and brightly that motion seemed to stop" "Now we're going to do an experiment here to take a picture of a bullet-a very high-velocity bullet as it cuts this playing card in two" "The playing card will be attached to this tape" "The bullet will come out of the gun at 2,800 feet per second lf we aim it correctly it'll cut through the card" "And we want to turn on a light a very special strobe light that lasts less than a millionth of a second in order to stop the bullet effectively on film and make a sharp, clear photograph" "The sound of the bullet will trigger the strobe light which creates an image on film" "A first shot will test Dr. Edgerton's aim" "Here we go" "Now, the event as the strobe light reveals it" "Less than a millionth of a second is permanently frozen in time" "Another striking example of the strobe's revealing power is what Edgerton calls "making applesauce"" "Perhaps the most dramatic of Dr. Edgerton's visual techniques combines the powerful strobe light with a high-speed motion-picture camera" "There you go." "All set?" "Three, two, one, two" "Stretching events thousands of times reveals invisible detail that can be seen and studied in no other way" "The explosion of a firecracker now slowed down 1 ,200 times" "Examine the "plop" of a milkdrop 200 times slower than usual" "and it becomes a magical vision of hydrodynamic behavior" "Unbounded by our human sense of time specialized cameras can also record events much too slow to see" "For nature cinematographer Ken Middleham the technique of time-lapse photography provides a fascinating window on an otherwise hidden realm" "By taking single photographs at longer than normal intervals time and events are compressed into a dramatic new scale" "The two weeks it takes for an orange to spoil are telescoped into several seconds" "A bunch of unripened bananas mature before our eyes" "The natural world is alive in ways we cannot see-constantly in the process of incredible transformation" "Over a period of days tiny worms devour the leaf of a tree" "An apple provides a week-long meal for dozens of hungry grubs" "ln only four days a dead field mouse is consumed by a mass of maggots" "From the unstoppable process of decay there inevitably springs new life in full and beautiful abundance" "Even the passage of years is not a barrier for the time-lapse camera" "ln less than half a minute a boy can grow from four to 20 and then return again to childhood" "Our eyes perceive the world only in the language of light" "Yet light, visible light is but a narrow slice of energy contained within an infinite spectrum of electromagnetic waves that constantly vibrate all around us" "When scientists analyze light breaking it apart into its component wavelengths the familiar rainbow of colors from red to violet appears" "Colors are the brain's code for the wavelengths of light we can see" "Beyond this band of energy our naked eyes go blind" "The world around us hides numerous sights from our limited light-sensitive eyes" "By equipping a camera with a sensitive filter we can see the world reflected in ultraviolet light-the invisible wavelengths of energy beyond the color" "ln the 1 930s, scientists discovered that honeybees have a visual sensitivity that extends beyond our own" "On its daily search for nectar the bee can sense its surroundings in ultraviolet light" "Some flowers we see as solidly colored have a very different appearance to the bee" "When viewed in ultraviolet light new shadings and patterns appear" "Helping to guide the bee to nectar and pollen ultraviolet markings hidden from our eyes have been discovered on numerous flowers" "Unseen ultraviolet rays stream abundantly from the sun but they are only one kind of invisible light that we must rely on cameras to reveal" "We see the light of a burning match but an image of its heat eludes us" "If our eyes could see the part of the spectrum where red light turns to infrared or heat our view of the world would suddenly take on a new and expanded scope" "A technique called schlieren photography allows us to see heat energy that constantly flows all around us" "A valuable new tool in medicine super-sensitive infrared cameras can detect slight variations in skin temperature which often signal early warnings of cancerous tumors and other diseases" "Each color represents a one-half degree difference in temperature" "Red areas are the warmest blue the coolest" "To a doctor's trained eye the body's varied heat patterns show a wealth of vital diagnostic information once hidden from his view" "By photographing a subject with visible light only the outer surface details are recorded by the camera" "Using another form of energy invisible to the eye we can penetrate solid matter and create an image on film" "Discovered in 1 895 x-rays were briefly considered by some to be a threat to feminine modesty" "However, fears were allayed at first sight of the image and the x-ray was quickly put to use as a valuable new tool of medicine" "Today, the power of the x-ray is expanding our knowledge of the past" "When fragile Egyptian mummies are subjected to modern x-ray analysis scientists gain new insight into their little-known culture and lives" "What time and wrappings have hidden x-rays can still reveal" "X-rays of Yuya, a royal adviser show obvious dental disease" "Thuya, his wife, suffered painfully from arthritis and a badly curved spine" "The infant Pediamon received a less than noble burial" "His arms were amputated and his legs were broken to fit an undersized coffin" "For an unidentified mummy a less desirable fate" "Legs are intact but the torso is mysteriously missing" "Pharaoh Amenhotep I" "X-raying directly through his beautifully preserved coffin reveals that his body had been damaged by ancient grave robbers and repaired by priests five centuries later" "Perhaps no pharaoh is better known that the young king Tutankhamun" "Penetrating rays show that his golden mask was constructed in several parts" "He beard was added last attached to the chin by a tapered peg" "The body of King Tut itself has undergone careful analysis in hopes of finding evidence as to the cause of the young pharaoh's death" "X-rays, however, show a young man in good health" "And unless there is evidence still to be discovered the reason for Tut's early death may remain forever a mystery" "Sound, like light, or heat, or x-rays radiates all around us in the form of vibrating waves" "This image of a human hand was made with high-frequency sound" "Using this technique doctors can now see soft internal tissue that was not safely accessible before" "Sensitive sound-imaging cameras are today revolutionizing prenatal care" "Okay, I'm just going to get one quick look" "A tiny developing fetus can be seen and monitored during growth in the womb" "Seen here in profile its head on the top right the fetus arches its back and stretches" "It hiccups... thenmovesitsarm  and slightly turns its head" "The baby's now sort of turned around and it's looking at us to see what we're doing" "I can take a picture of the baby for you I'll put this freeze frame which freezes the image for us" "Today, a mother's first baby picture is often made with sound before the child is born" "Pretty good See there the baby's head" "And everything else looks fine" "The baby's moving around a lot" "The baby's heart is beating fine and you have a normal amount of amniotic fluid for this time" "Who's it look like?" "You or Brad I think it looks like me" "A striking means of photography discovered at the turn of the century shows apparent fields of energy emanating from our bodies lt is known as Kirlian or electrophotography and almost everything filmed with this technique shows an active surrounding aura" "Controversial and only partially understood" "Kirlian photography is now undergoing serious investigation as a possible diagnostic tool" "To make a Kirlian photograph a finger is placed over a sheet of unexposed film which receives a burst of electricity from a metal plate beneath it" "When the film is developed the Kirlian aura appears" "Dr. Thelma Moss has conducted research on Kirlian photography at UCLA" "People are always asking" ""What is this Kirlian photography all about?"" "And the answer is "Nobody really knows."" "But we've got some ideas that are intriguing to us because they are not the conventional ideas about what exists around the human body" "We believe that not only is there air surrounding us but that we are emanating something from ourselves that is energetic-bioenergetic if you like-and that tells us a great deal about what is going on inside the body" "Kirlian fingertip images taken over several hours vary their intensity as a depressant drug takes effect" "A mild stimulating drug seems to cause an activating pattern" "These Kirlian photographs record the sequence of a woman's monthly menstrual cycle" "A yogi's hands before and then during a state of deep concentration" "Though powerfully evocative the meaning and value of the Kirlian image still remains largely unknown" "With further research it may prove to be a new frontier of our knowledge" "At the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory near Chicago we are being brought ever closer to an ultimate frontier" "With huge, exotic equipment scientists are working to better see and understand the smallest possible particles of which all matter is made" "Only 25 years ago, atoms composed of protons neutrons, and electrons were regarded as the smallest basic objects" "Today it seems that atoms are built of even tinier things called quarks" "Fermilab is, in a sense the world's largest and most powerful microscope- an awesome collection of machinery designed to shatter atoms to pieces and see the objects within" "Buried underground a four-mile ring of powerful magnets guides a narrow beam of particles which is rapidly accelerated" "When fired at their target they will act like a powerful hammer to break an atom apart" "The process begins with a giant generator and a massive jolt of power" "Hurled within seconds to nearly the speed of light the beam of particles is aimed to strike the tiny nuclei of atoms" "The collision will be photographed by several sensitive cameras" "When projected onto an analyzing table the resulting pictures show the scattered tracks left by hundreds of liberated subatomic particles" "Each type of particle has its own distinguishing signature of curving or spinning lines" "By carefully recording and studying these trails we are gradually learning more about the now smallest and most elusive units of matter the still unseen entities called quarks" "Quarks, however, may well be composed of even smaller things" "We still do not know where, or if ever the world of the small will stop" "High above the Sonoran Desert near Tucson, Arizona the Kitt Peak National Observatory is focusing our vision onto the realm of the very large" "The world's biggest collection of astronomical" "Kitt Peak is dominated by the 1 9-story dome of the powerful Mayall telescope" "Like most modern optical telescopes it is really a colossal camera with which to photograph the sky" "Galaxies." "Only 60 years ago their existence was just a theory" "But with the construction of larger and larger telescopes thousands were seen and photographed" "Today astronomers estimate that the universe contains at least 1 00 billion galaxies each with 1 00 billion stars" "Powerful instruments like the Mayall telescope are now seeing the heavens more clearly than has ever been possible" "lts light-collecting mirror can photographically detect objects more than six million times fainter than the unaided eye can see" "Astronomers today rarely look through a telescope directly" "An array of computers and image intensifiers record and make visible objects that the eye alone is not sensitive enough to see" "Artificial colorizing shows subtle details that would otherwise be missed" "Revealed on the telescope's computer enhancement screen the world's first image of the surface of a star other than our sun" "Known as Betelgeuse it lies 600 light years from Earth" "The computer-colorized contrasts on its surface are believed to be huge regions of varying hot and cold" "Resolving this image through the telescope was like photographing a grain of sand from several miles away" "Probing ever deeper into the enormity of the sky the powerful eye of the telescope is extending our horizons toward the limits of space and time" "From this exploration new and astonishing sights are offering clues to such baffling questions as" "What are stars?" "How do galaxies form" "Does the universe have an end" "At the Salt Lake City campus of the University of Utah a frontier of vision that was once as remote as the darkness of outer space has now been dramatically entered" "Craig has been totally blind for 1 5 years" "But in a bold experiment doctors have surgically implanted on the visual cortex of his brain an array of 64 tiny electrodes" "This ingenious feat of medical engineering allows Craig to be literally "plugged in" to the outside world" "Bypassing his useless eyes and optic nerves doctors can send images in the form of electrical signals directly to the visual center of his brain" "Okay, Craig, that's fine" "For Craig, it is a strange new contact with his long lost sense of sight" "When Craig was linked to a television camera he reported "seeing" both vertical and horizontal lines" "ln this experiment a computer system will generate patterns of dots representing the braille alphabet" "It is the same six-dot code used in touch braille" "The images that Craig sees will appear something like this" "Go." "First word I" "Okay, next word" "Okay. "H", "A", "D", had" "Next word" ""A", "C", "A", "T", cat, "A", "N", "D"" "Next word And" "Craig has little trouble "seeing" the letters that will form a sentence but scientists are working toward even more dramatic goals I had a cat and ball" "Researchers now foresee a day when a miniaturized system-including cameras for the eyes electronics in the glasses and electrodes on the brain-will provide artificial vision for the blind" "ln the time it takes to blink an eye cameras can transport us to wondrous new realms" "Revealing once hidden places that span from the reaches of outer space to the inner depths of nature the magic eyes of cameras are dramatically transforming our knowledge and perception" "ln coming years our vision of the world will be stretched to newer boundaries" "For today we have only begun to explore the invisible worlds all around us"