"♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. MICHAEL BERENBAUM:" "Any discussion of Anne Frank must occur on multiple levels." "There's Anne Frank the person." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "There is Anne Frank the icon." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "There's Anne Frank as one of six million Jewish victims of the Holocaust." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "There is Anne Frank the child onto which we project an awful lot of our feelings with regard to the Holocaust." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "The world will never know what was lost and who was lost when these children were murdered." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "The future was shut down for them." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "And if we imagine what we lost, we might weep along with those who directly experienced this event more deeply and more humbly." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "HANNAH PICK-GOSLAR:" "Look, Anne was a little bit I would say in American a spicy little girl." "She was very clever." "A little like a cat." "It was very nice to be friends with her." "She was really a clever little girl." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪ (BIRDS CHIRPING)" "We went together to school." "We did the vacations very often together." "At Sunday we went to the beach." "She would come with us with the train." "And everything we did together." "So it just developed quite normal." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "(German newsreel)." "MARTIN MORGAN:" "Otto Frank did everything right." "As soon as Adolf Hitler rose to power, he got the family out of Germany." "He built a new business in the Netherlands, they made Dutch friends." "The one thing that he didn't plan for though was the fact that Adolf Hitler would ultimately invade Holland as well." "HANNAH PICK-GOSLAR:" "I saw that the thunders and lights because of us bombing and I went to the bed with my parents." "And the next morning on the radio then we heard what was happening." "(MULTIPLE GUNSHOTS)" "(Newsreel)." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. DAVID SILBERKLANG:" "The Jews in Holland were, on the one hand, totally integrated." "But on the other hand they also were somewhat separate." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "The Dutch didn't like the Nazis except for a small group of Dutch Nazis." "But they didn't like the Nazis." "But by the same token, it wasn't a society that said, we must do everything on, on behalf of these Jews to try to hide them." "It's a, it's more of a mixed bag than the myth would, uh, lead us to believe." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "Anna and me, we had to leave our school and now that there were opened Jewish schools only for Jewish children and for Jewish teachers." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "NANETTE KONIG:" "We couldn't use public transportation." "We weren't allowed to go to sports clubs, cinemas, parks." "We're not allowed to visit Christian families and they were not allowed to help us." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "I met Anne in October 1941 in the Jewish Lyceum." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "Anne was very vivacious." "She loved to talk." "She liked to be seen and heard and in actual fact the whole class were friends." "I think we were well aware of the circumstances." "We were perhaps more mature than normally would be, so we were all friends." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "MARTIN MORGAN:" "It's a sad fact that throughout Nazi Europe, people collaborated with their conquerors." "Holland was no different." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. JOHANNES HOUWINK TEN CATE:" "The total number of German personnel in the Netherlands was lower than 1,000." "And they commanded far over 100,000 Dutch civil servants." "And they obeyed with very slight exceptions." "DR. DAVID BARNOUW:" "The Netherlands, you pay your taxes." "You do what, what the police is telling you." "You do what civil servants are telling you." "You don't realize what's coming." "(German newsreel)." "NANETTE KONIG:" "The strategy of deportation was the same in all the occupied countries." "First of all it was identification, then it was isolation, then you had deportation and extermination." "NANETTE KONIG:" "This is a card which shows that I registered in March 1941 declaring that I had 4 Jewish grandparents." "It was a death warrant really." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "(TRAIN SOUND)" "HANNAH PICK-GOSLAR:" "People started to think what will happen and started to go into hiding." "But not everybody can go into hiding." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. DAVID SILBERKLANG: 25,000 Jews went into hiding in Holland many of them with the help of the Dutch resistance." "But one-third of the Jews who went into hiding were also turned in, including, of course, Anne Frank and her family." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. MICHAEL BERENBAUM:" "Concentration camps had different functions." "Some concentration camps were penal colonies, prison camps in essence." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "Other concentration camps were slave labor camps." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "There then was one genre of concentration camps that had one and only one function and that was a death camp." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "MARTIN MORGAN:" "We all know that Anne Frank and her family and friends went to hiding." "Well Sobibor is what they were hiding from." "In their wildest paranoid imaginations, they could not have imagined the extermination machine that was that ghastly place." "DR. DAVID SILBERKLANG:" "The death camps that the Nazis built in which they planned to kill the Jews, when we talk about what was the chance of survival, the answer is: there was no survivability." "The fact that here and there there are a tiny number of Jews that survive from Belzec to Sobibor is luck." "MARTIN MORGAN:" "It's hard to believe that if you were sent to Auschwitz instead of Sobibor, you were actually lucky." "But at Auschwitz, thousands of people managed to survive because there were chances to stay alive." "At Sobibor, though, survival was not an option." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. MICHAEL BERENBAUM:" "Mark Twain said there are truth, lies, and statistics." "The statistic is that Sobibor was opened in, um, May of 1942." "It was closed in October of 1943." "During that period of time 250,000 Jews were murdered at Sobibor." "So, the death ratio at Sobibor was about 99 percent of those who arrived." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "So, had the Frank's been deported in 1942, '43, they would have ended up at Sobibor, and they would have been killed within an hour or two of arrival." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "MARTIN MORGAN:" "Imagine a death camp so horrific that even the Nazis sought to blast it out of existence during the war that they still thought they might win." "That's why this new archaeology is so important, because it denies the Nazis their victory over history." "DR. MICHAEL BERENBAUM:" "There's a new field of study in which is the archaeology of genocide." "What can you find under the ground and what does that tell us about what happened there?" "WOJCIECH MAZUREK:" "We have found a lot of artifacts here." "And this pit is a garbage place of course." "Archaeologists always think a garbage place is very important." "You can find a lot." "The first remains we have discovered of the gas chambers." "The first time is the proof." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "YORAM HAIMI:" "We were surprised that we find the gas chamber in this situation because what you are seeing is only the base of the walls." "The gas chamber is gone." "The German explode everything and remove all the remains of the gas chamber." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "We have a big building here, this is the gas chamber of the camp." "It's 8 rooms of gas chamber." "And we have the old gas chamber and the new gas chamber." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "We have evidence of exploding." "You can see it here." "This is one of the places." "And always in the uh, corner between 2 walls they put dynamite to explode the building." "And they succeed." "They destroyed all the building." "They remove everything." "But what was under the ground, the base of the wall still, you can see it still here." "And this is giving us the opportunity to reconstruct the gas chamber." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. MICHAEL BERENBAUM:" "Beneath the ground at Sobibor there is a story to be found." "There is physical evidence of the magnitude of the crime." "There are human remains that are to be found and then there are objects to be found." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "You find the types of things that don't deteriorate." "You find human teeth." "You find false teeth because teeth deteriorate far less rapidly than other parts of the human body." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "WOJCIECH MAZUREK:" "Every moment we are thinking about the victims." "And this way that they didn't want to come here to die." "They wanted to be alive, still alive." "DR. MICHAEL BERENBAUM:" "Human beings are curious about the past and the Holocaust was such a horrendous event that we have a moral obligation to confront it and to understand it and to face up to what really happened." "MARTIN MORGAN:" "Anne Frank's diaries have sold in excess of 30 million copies since they were first published in 1947." "And they tell the story of her life, and her dreams." "But the story of her death is important as well, because it reveals the full terrible dimensions of the Holocaust, and it's a story that must be told." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. GERTJAN BROEK:" "The people living in the annex were:" "Otto Frank." "His wife, Edith Frank Hollander." "Their daughters, Margot and Anne Frank." "There was the family of Herman van Pels." "With his wife Auguste van Pels Roten." "And their son Peter van Pels." "And the eighth one was the dentist, Fritz Pfeffer." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "The annex where they were hiding were altogether" "I think around 100 square meters," "♪ [MUSIC] ♪ including the attic." "They had 4 rooms." "One of the rooms was also a kitchen, facilities." "It was very confined for 8 people." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "MARTIN MORGAN:" "By the fall of 1944, the war was in effect over." "There was no way that the Nazis could hold off massive" "Soviet army in the East, and the Allies in the West." "The conflict was drawing to an end, and yet the Nazis refused to acknowledge it." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "(Nazi newsreel)." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. GERTJAN BROEK:" "The general attitude in the late summer of 1944 with the German authorities," "I think was we'll find whoever we can find." "We'll just mop up what's left and try and find out everyone they could find." "TERESIEN DA SILVA:" "People in hiding were, of course, not aware of any danger." "Well, they were aware of danger all the time." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "But at that specific moment they were not suspecting anything of this kind." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. JOHANNES HOUWINK TEN CATE:" "There were material rewards if you would arrest a Jew." "That premium so to say started out by being seven 7 guilders 50." "And it evolves later on in the war to 50 guilders." "Which was say the equivalent of a bottle of Dutch gin." "(MOTORCYCLE ENGINE SOUND)" "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "TERESIEN DA SILVA:" "Today it's August 4th and it's exactly 70 years ago that on a Friday, August 4th, 1944, at 10:30 in the morning some Dutch policemen and an S.S. officer came inside into this building." "(Pounding on door)." "We don't know if they knew that there were eight people in hiding here." "But when they interrogated the director of the company, they knew exactly what was going on here." "And they put on guns on him and he had to take them to the hiding place." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "And that's what happens." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. DAVID BARNOUW:" "Karl Silberbauer just an ordinary police officer." "Born in Vienna in 1911." "Became member of Gestapo uh in 1939 when Austria was uh German." "And part of his job was rounding up Jews." "In 1944 he was 33." "He was one who rounded up uh who got I think from his boss oh you have to go there." "And there are Jews hiding." "Ok and pick them up." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "MARTIN MORGAN:" "The arrest of Anne Frank and the other annex dwellers was all in a day's work, just another routine mundane Jewish roundup." "It's telling that only one Nazi officer was there, and that the rest were Dutch policemen." "I'm sure they all went home that night and they never gave any of it another thought." "DR. GERTJAN BROEK:" "When the arresting officer," "Silberbauer and his men entered the annex, they moved around sort of cover the premises as policemen do," "I suppose, when they raid a place, and they found Otto Frank and Peter and Peter's parents on the top floor." "And Edith Frank and the girls and Fritz Pfeffer on the lower floor." "TERESIEN DA SILVA:" "Because of the fact that Otto did serve in the first World War, they were a little bit, they changed their behavior and they let them have more time to gather their belongings." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "After they were taken away, the helpers came inside of the hiding place and they recognized the diary of Anne Frank." "So, she, they grabbed everything and took it with them to the office and Miep Gies, one of the helpers, kept it all the time in her desk." "And of course, it's, yeah, how you say it, it's a miracle." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. MICHAEL BERENBAUM:" "Imagine for a moment that Miep Gies had left the diary where it was." "What would have been lost to world literature?" "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "And it's an iconic diary by an iconic figure who represents what could have been and what was not, what was lost." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "♪ [MUSIC] ♪ (CHATTERING VOICES)" "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. JOHANNES HOUWINK TEN CATE:" "Originally Westerbork in the east of the Netherlands was set up as a camp for young unmarried German Jews who had entered the Netherlands illegally." "In July 1942 the control of the camp was taken over by the Germans security police." "And they reorganized it as a transit camp for the deportations to the east." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "NANETTE KONIG:" "We went by tram, which was an event because we hadn't used public transportation for a long time, and were taken to a railway station, but we didn't know where these trains were going." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "The train took us to Westerbork." "HANNAH PICK-GOSLAR:" "When we arrived in Westerbork my father was brought to one barrack." "And my sister and me were brought to an orphanage." "My little sister was only 2 weeks in this orphanage and the whole time we were 8 months in Westerbork she was in a hospital and very, very sick." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "MARTIN MORGAN:" "It's frightening to think that in a bizarre way some Nazi's were actually proud of what they were doing to the Jews, and they wanted to show off." "That's why a handful of scrapbooks have managed to survive and they provide a backstage glimpse into the Holocaust, where the victims are being used as props." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. MICHAEL BERENBAUM:" "There are two sorts of pictures of Westerbork." "First of all there are lots of pictures of the exterior grounds." "The exterior grounds look like a, a summer bungalow colony." "Reasonably well kept." "The houses and the housing facilities look the way in which housing facilities might look." "And little do you understand by seeing these the horrific nature of what's happening in Westerbork." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "You then see people trying to have ordinary lives under extraordinary conditions." "It didn't look that extraordinary." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "And they're part of a massive program of deception in which what appears is very different than what's really happening." "And what's really happening is this is a way station to death." "NANETTE KONIG:" "And the whole impression that I had that it was really, it was awful." "It was terrible." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "And of course the people were very depressed because they realized that they, it was a short stay in Westerbork." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "It was all very neurotic, very depressive." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. DAVID BARNOUW:" "We hardly know anything about their life in Westerbork." "But you can imagine that in her diary she often writes that she's looking outside." "And it was good weather." "It's August." "And I think that's being there in a camp that's completely different from this cramped rooms where you don't have real life." "So I can imagine that, that would be a, a relief." "DR. GERTJAN BROEK:" "In 1944, it was a daily practice that Allied airplanes were shot down and the wreckage was taken to Westerbork to be taken apart and anything usable would be recycled." "What we know from later statements is that Anne Frank and her group were working in the battery detail." "They take out lead and carbon and all sort of materials that could be reused." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. DAVID BARNOUW:" "If you look at Westerbork documentary made by proud S.S. commander because he was doing such a great job." "There are famous scene when a train is leaving." "You see Jews coming there." "Having uh suitcase with them." "They don't know they will be killed on the other end of the line." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "NANETTE KONIG:" "Once a week on Monday when the lists were read with the names of those people who had to go on transport." "They were desperate, they no longer believe they were going to go for forced labor." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. GERTJAN BROEK:" "The train from September 3, 1944 turned out to be the last train to, to Auschwitz." "Our eight people were on that train because they were punishment cases." "So, it was common practice for them to be on the next train to Auschwitz and that's what they were." "(RAILROAD SOUND)" "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. ALFRED GOTTWALDT:" "They would ring the railway administration and say, now can we have a train from Westerbork to Auschwitz or from Westerbork to Sobibor." "Those places like Auschwitz and Sobibor, they were not a secret for the railway men." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "Then the next step was how much would it cost?" "The Reichsbahn gave a special rate for transports with more than 400 people and instead of the ordinary third class, rate of four pfennig, they only charged two pfennig." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "The cattle car that you see here was some sort of a standardized, type of car." "They were made mostly to transport goods that were, suffering from rain." "So you had a roof on them like furniture or grain or so." "But they were also designed potentially to transport soldiers." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "Well, the car has an, an ordinary size of say three meters in width." "If you had, wooden seats or stools in the inside, then 40 people would sit there." "Some of the survivors describe there were 50 or 70 of them in a car." "(RAILROAD SOUND)" "MARTIN MORGAN:" "People always ask, why didn't they bomb Auschwitz and stop the trains from running?" "Well, rails can be rebuilt, and the Allies felt that the best way to stop the killing was to win the war as fast as possible." "It was a race against time and a vast killing machine." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "George Rodgers was a kind of zelig character who was, just so happened to be in the center of things during the Second World War." "He documented combat all the way up to the gates of Bergen-Belsen, and his images are what people remember when they recall the horror of the Holocaust." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. JOHANNES HOUWINK TEN CATE:" "At the moment in time that the Anne Frank family was arrested, it seemed logical to hope for a speedy end to the war on the Western Front." "They liberated Paris at the end of August 1944." "They marched through Belgium without any problems and then there was a decisive attack, an airborne British attack." "(Nazi newsreel)." "MARTIN MORGAN:" "Operation Market Garden was supposed to end the war before Christmas, by leapfrogging across German defenses." "And when it failed, it condemned the city of Amsterdam to another 5 months of Nazi occupation." "In fact, the Nazis were there in the city until the very end of the war." "Meanwhile, the Holocaust kept going." "(Nazi newsreel)." "DR. MICHAEL BERENBAUM:" "Think of it." "We all know the date:" "June 6, 1944, the Normandy invasions." "What is Germany doing on the war against the Jews at that moment?" "Between May 15th and the 8th of July, four hundred and thirty seven thousand, four hundred and two" "Jews are deported primarily to Auschwitz from Hungary." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "The moment at which they are facing collapsing fronts they are using that opportunity to stretch their resources to the most extreme to deport more Jews to their death." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "HANNAH PICK-GOSLAR:" "Instead of looking for the soldiers to bring them to the front or something." "Look it is all so without, without sense that I cannot tell you why they couldn't stop." "NANETTE KONIG:" "Yes, the Germans kept the Holocaust going because they had in mind the Final Solution, which they wanted to accomplish no matter what." "DR. MICHAEL BERENBAUM:" "Why would they use such resources when they were so scarce and so desperately needed for the war effort to fight the war against the Jews?" "And the answer is because they thought they could win that war even if they had to lose the world war in the process." "(AIRPLANE SOUND)" "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. DANIEL UZIEL:" "We see here an early blueprint of the Auschwitz Birkenau Camp, which was the central part of the Auschwitz camp complex." "What's interesting about this specific blueprint is its title." "It says a blueprint of the Auschwitz POW camp." "The main purpose of the S.S." "was to bring around 100,000 POWs from the Eastern Front into this huge camp and to use them as forced labor in the construction of a nearby IG Farben and Petro chemical factory." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "This camp eh, eh, was actually never used as a POW camp." "It was turned in to a concentration camp in late 1941, early 42." "And uh, within matter of a few months it was turned into an extermination camp." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "TERESA WONTOR-CICHY:" "Auschwitz became the biggest, the largest Nazi concentration camp." "And in fact Auschwitz was a complex of camps." "DR. MICHAEL BERENBAUM:" "Auschwitz 1 was a penal colony primarily for Polish prisoners." "Who were part of the culture elite." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "Auschwitz 3 was a slave labor camp." "Birkenau or Auschwitz 2 was the death camp at Auschwitz." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "MARTIN MORGAN:" "Remember, the men who ran these camps ran them like any other business, efficiently as they could, with a clear management structure of who reported to whom." "At Auschwitz there was a camp library, there was a camp newspaper, they had vacation options, all in all, it was pretty good duty compared to serving on the front lines." "DR. JOHN CRAMER:" "Josef Kramer was a commandant of a sub-camp." "So his superior was Rudolf Höss, who was in charge of sort of the overall extermination and forced labor, camp system at Auschwitz." "Kramer was the extermination expert." "Kramer was also responsible for sending camp doctors to the ramp to carry out the selection process." "Um, and as Mengele was one of the camp doctors at that time, he had to answer Kramer; he was under his responsibility and I think, they had a good cooperation as far as I know." "DR. DAVID SILBERKLANG:" "Josef Kramer was like other S.S. people." "And for them, getting rid of the Jews or getting rid of whoever's defined as an enemy, if there's some other kind of enemy that was defined, then we must get rid of these because otherwise" "Germany and humanity can't go on." "Then getting rid of those people is a moral act, it's not a separation." "It is the moral act." "DR. MICHAEL BERENBAUM:" "Hannah Arendt had a theory called the banality of evil." "She was wrong." "The reason she was wrong in the most basic sense is that evil was not banal." "The evil was demonic." "The evil was horrific." "The evil was of such extraordinary proportions that it was hardly in any which way manner or form ordinary." "What she should have written and what she probably meant was that the perpetrators were often banal." "They were ordinary men who faced extraordinary circumstances and who came with both the mindset and a tendency to operate in those circumstances." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "The prisoners who arrived in the camp had survived sometimes days and sometimes many days, on a train in which they had been living in their own feces and urine." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "There was a stink." "There was a smell." "There was a hunger." "There was a darkness and there was the fear of the unknown." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "And when the train doors opened, they thought they had survived the worst." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "♪ [MUSIC] ♪ (RAILROAD SOUND)" "♪ [MUSIC] ♪ (BARKING DOGS)" "DR. GERTJAN BROEK:" "They arrived in Auschwitz on the night 5-6," "September, in the early morning." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "On the platform the men were separated from the women, which was common practice as well." "So, that's where Otto Frank saw his family for the last time." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "They were from there marched to the so called sauna where sort of intake process was conducted." "DR. MICHAEL BERENBAUM:" "Now the language appears as a nice place to go." "We go to saunas for cleansing." "We got to saunas to sweat, to bathe." "The sauna there was a place in which essentially branding and shearing took place." "All this is designed to eliminate any individuality and to make you a blob of flesh." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "MARTIN MORGAN:" "This selection process is what makes Auschwitz different from Sobibor." "Because Auschwitz was a labor camp, they needed able bodied workers, so, there was a chance you could walk off the ramp alive." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. GERTJAN BROEK:" "The women stayed in Birkenau the place where they arrived." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "And the men were marched to the so called Stumlager Auschwitz 1, which was a few miles away from there." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "TERESA WONTOR-CICHY:" "Well the, the female camp uh was here in Birkenau." "And the conditions there were catastrophe." "Were just horrible." "So this is what most of the survivors remember." "Birkenau as muddy, swampy area." "Terribly smelling with loads of insects and the epidemics non-stop." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "Most probably Anna Frank was kept in this type of building as we are in." "We can see beds here with the 3 level bunks." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. GERTJAN BROEK:" "We know that the men were on duties." "They had to work on roads, on the riversides, gravel." "Just like Otto Frank, Hermann van Pels had to work in the gravel pits and on road construction and what we know of postwar, statements is that he hurt his hand at one point and couldn't work anymore." "So he was left behind in the barracks." "As common practice in Auschwitz was from time to time, all these barracks were swept and whoever was left there unable to work would be sent to the gas chambers and that is apparently what happened to Hermann van Pels as well." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "After working with Hermann van Pels and Otto Frank on the gravel pits and on the, on the roads around the camps," "Fritz Pfeffer left for Neuengamme." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "And in December '44 already he died there." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "The accounts of the death of Mrs. van Pels are contradicting each other a bit, but there's one statement that she was thrown before the wheels of a train for some reason during a stop and the other idea is that she died on the train and" "was thrown off the train during a stop because obviously, the survivors would dispose of the dead bodies on the carriages." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "TERESA WONTOR-CICHY:" "Typhus was horrible disease." "Caused basically by, by dirt." "Spread immediately in the camp." "And the administration, the camp administration at the beginning seems to ignore this fact." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "So to combine all the diseases and the work every single day from morning to night." "To survive was hardly possible." "The sisters were most probably kept all the time together." "Anna and Margot." "So they were not separated." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "So there was something what was just uniting them." "And they, they were trying to as much as they could to help each other." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. MATTHIAS HEYL:" "If Anne would have stayed in Auschwitz," "I think she would have had a chance to survive." "But the Nazis were not interested to let her survive." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. ALFRED GOTTWALDT:" "In the final months of 1944 when the um, gas chambers in, in Auschwitz were destroyed." "Then the S.S. had the, the task to, what shall we do with the people, with the Jewish inhabitants of the camp?" "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "They simply could not come to the conclusion, the war is lost;" "we finished." "They would go on until the last bullet was used." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "(Newsreel)." "DR. DAVID SILBERKLANG:" "The Red Army was advancing rapidly, even in winter." "And the decision that was taken, based upon earlier orders from Himmler, wherever possible, bring prisoners westward and we'll keep using them uh, for our own purposes." "So, she's sent, Anne Frank, like other people, from Birkenau, while Birkenau's still functioning, to another camp, perhaps to work." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. INSA ESCHEBACH:" "Two sisters being together have a big chance to survive usually because it is a family tradition of helping each other, of being together 'cause you're much stronger being together than being alone and separate." "DR. MICHAEL BERENBAUM:" "So, when Anne and, and Margot left Auschwitz, they thought they had survived the worst." "They went to Bergen-Belsen, they probably looked at Bergen-Belsen and said here there are no gas chambers." "We're safer." "Life's got to be easier." "DR. DAVID BARNOUW:" "Bergen-Belsen was seen as a better camp than the other camps." "Because it was also used by the Germans to keep people there they could maybe exchange for Germans who were somewhere in uh, Allied captivity." "DR. MATTHIAS HEYL:" "So there was a better chance to survive for a while up to the end of the camp system when more and more transports were sent from the east to the west and then a lot of transports ended up in Bergen-Belsen." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "NANETTE KONIG:" "We were sent to Bergen-Belsen on the 15th of February 1944." "We belonged to the Palestine list mainly because my father have worked for the Amsterdam bank." "Once we were on the Palestine list you did not go into an extermination camp." "It was considered to be a privilege." "Joseph Kramer was called the beast of Bergen-Belsen who said the more dead Jews you bring me, the best I like it." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. JOHN CRAMER:" "In Auschwitz, it was Kramer's job to kill as many people as quickly as possible." "In Bergen-Belsen, it was not." "He had problems to adapt to this different situation and then, this overcrowding starts." "And he doesn't really know what to do." "I mean, he was rather concerned with, oh, dear, what's the picture that everybody will get when he sees this untidy camp?" "HANNAH PICK-GOSLAR:" "And now every camp in Germany got every day new people from the camps in Poland." "And one day everything was full." "There was less and less food." "People didn't die quick enough." "And we hear they are coming a whole group of 7,000 women, women from Auschwitz." "First time that I heard the name of Auschwitz." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "MARTIN MORGAN:" "What are the odds that in her most desperate moments, Anne Frank runs into two old friends from Amsterdam?" "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "And what are the odds that both of those friends would survive the war, and therefore be able to tell us about" "Anne's last days?" "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "C] ♪" "(German newsreel)." "MARTIN MORGAN:" "The Nazis just weren't going to let it go." "There were going to keep going with the Final Solution until it was indeed final." "There's absolutely no reason for them to do this, but then again, absolutely nothing about this story makes any sense." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. GERTJAN BROEK:" "All Germany was in disarray." "And the war industry that they were supposed to work in was in desarray." "So, they were more or less with all the other inhabitants of the camp left to themselves, and as we know now, left, left to die because there was no sanitation, no water, the food was very scarce and pestilence was all around." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "NANETTE KONIG:" "It is certainly incredible that I could have this relationship because it was sheer coincidence that we were both in the same place and next to one another and it was incredible that we could meet." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "HANNAH PICK-GOSLAR:" "When I heard Anna is there" "I couldn't believe it." "Because the rumor was going on that they were in Switzerland with grandmother." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "NANETTE KONIG:" "The first time I saw her was, was across the barbed wire, but one couldn't go anywhere close to the barbed wire because you might be tortured, or shot, or whatever." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "HANNAH PICK-GOSLAR:" "And suddenly somebody told me Anna Frank and then I went to the fence." "Everybody told me not to go." "It's of not for allowed and it's dangerous." "But I couldn't not go, you understand?" "And so I stood there not so long, five minutes, seven minutes." "Very cold." "Raining and I was afraid the German will hear us." "But really after seven minutes or so a very, very weak voice is calling for me and it was Anna." "First thing when we met we were crying, because it was really miracle that we met each other in million of people." "NANETTE KONIG:" "Our first me, meeting was, is unforgettable." "We were both skeletons." "She was trembling with cold." "She was wrapped in a blanket because she could no longer stand her own clothes full of lice." "HANNAH PICK-GOSLAR:" "It was not the same Anna" "I knew from Holland, the nice little spicy girl." "She was frightened and she was uh, without hope." "It was awful." "So she asked if I could help with some food." "And so I told her, look we don't have much more than you have." "But we got for the first time in the whole ah period two very little packages." "Like a book from the Red Cross and I had left something." "So I said Anna come in two or three days we will see what I can do." "Everybody gave me some of the dried prunes." "We put a sock and we put ah, them some um, um, loaves." "And some food of the package." "A little bit of pieces of sugar and so very small package." "Like a little football." "After two or three days I came to the fence." "And when I hear Anna at the other side it was dark and we could speak." "I said Anna careful." "I throw it over the fence." "But what happened was I couldn't see her." "The fence was high." "The night was dark." "Another hungry woman caught the package." "And she was angry and she was shouting and crying." "And what happened?" "That another woman took the package." "So I promised her we will try again come once more in two or three days." "We could do it once more." "We had three meetings at all." "And this time she got it." "Ah, she caught the package." "But it was the last time that we could speak." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "NANETTE KONIG:" "We never lost hope that we would actually survive." "Although the circumstances, the conditions were very much against us, none of us ever lost hope." "Life is something which is very dear to anyone, and we didn't want to lose our life." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. DAVID SILBERKLANG:" "When the Red Army marched in to Auschwitz on January 27th of 1945, they found some 7- or 8,000 prisoners there, most of them Jews, quite a few in the infirmaries, others just wandering around." "Some of them were children." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "And Otto Frank is one of the people that was left behind, and he was liberated." "And here it's ironic." "He survived because he was left behind because he was not well enough to march." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "HANNAH PICK-GOSLAR:" "Anna didn't know that her father is alive." "So if she would have known maybe she had a little more strength." "But she didn't know." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. MICHAEL BERENBAUM:" "To survive you had to have a balance between hope and realism." "If you're fully realistic you could have fallen apart." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. INSA ESCHEBACH:" "These last years in concentration camps were devastating usually because the epidemics were raging through the camp and different kinds of terrible illnesses were dominating the camp." "And women were dying every day in dirt and filth." "They couldn't, get up anymore." "They were lying down and losing interest in life." "Not being able to eat or drink anymore." "And every morning they were carrying out hundreds of dead bodies here from the camp and uh, it's definitely this is the most tragic chapter of the history of concentration camps." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. JOHN CRAMER:" "Josef Kramer was really annoyed by the fact that he was unable to run this camp as efficient as he had run" "Auschwitz-Birkenau before." "He wasn't concerned about so many corpses on the campground." "It was the fact that these corpses were sort of were lying all over the place." "If they had arranged themselves decently, in columns of five, as prisoners had to do during the roll call," "I think he would've been completely satisfied with the situation." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. GERTJAN BROEK:" "Typhus was the main cause of death at that time." "Anne and Margot were in a barrack together with a lot of others of course." "And they had typhus as well." "And they more or less withered away and first Margot died and the same day or the next day or two days later Anna as well." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "MARTIN MORGAN:" "Anne Frank came so close to surviving the war, and being reunited with her father." "Although we don't know exactly when she died, we do know that it was just a few weeks before the British arrived." "It's yet another tragedy on top of everything else that she and her family and friends had to endure." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. MICHAEL BERENBAUM:" "Imagine you survived the whole damn thing and you lost your life four weeks before the end, three weeks before the end." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "NANETTE KONIG:" "Well, actually Bergen-Belsen was never liberated in the sense of liberation." "On the 13th of April, 1945, the guards left the camp and the British Medical Corps entered the camps." "Can you imagine the stench of endless heaps of bodies deteriorating?" "There's not, there's no way that anybody can actually imagine or describe it." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. JOHN CRAMER:" "When the British arrived there was thousands of, of, of bodies lying around; corpses." "What the British did was sort of tried to separate the living from the dead, bring those who were still, whom they could still save away to a military barracks in the vicinity of Belsen Camp." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "And I think the very next day there were the first British newspaper reports, photographs taken at Bergen-Belsen, headlines like ah, this is what we fight for, this is why we fight." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "NANETTE KONIG:" "I don't think any mind can imagine what it was like." "It was so awful that the British decided that within three weeks they'd burn the whole camp down." "ANNOUNCER:" "Fire helps to purify the horror of Belsen." "But what can ever cleanse the guilt of Germany?" "Shriveled bodies like old bones picked over by dogs." "Piles and heaps like the litter of a bone yard." "These are the foul, wretched remnants of human beings." "Human beings, like you and me." "DR. MICHAEL BERENBAUM:" "Susan Sontag, who was then a 12-year-old girl, she said," "I entered the theater a happy, young woman." "I came out in tears." "I was shattered." "Something in me has been crying ever since." "ANNOUNCER:" "At Belsen, we caught the camp commander," "Josef Kramer, the Beast of Belsen." "DR. MICHAEL BERENBAUM:" "Who knows what went up in the flames of the crematoria?" "Great poetry, brilliant music, world-class artistry?" "Maybe the cure for cancer." "The loss of a child is the loss of infinite possibility." "The loss, the murder of one and a half million children murdered the possibility of possibility." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "MARTIN MORGAN:" "Anne Frank most likely never even saw" "Joseph Kramer, either at Auschwitz, or Bergen-Belsen, and yet he was instrumental in her death." "It remains one of the many tragedies of this story that Anne Frank did not survive to bear witness to Kramer's atrocities." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. JOHN CRAMER:" "Well, Josef Kramer was obviously quite surprised when he was taken prisoner because he had expected to be transferred to the German lines." "Um, he never really, understood why he was put to trial." "ANNOUNCER:" "The Belsen war criminals arrive at Lüneburg for trial." "Their faces give little clue to what they are thinking." "DR. JOHN CRAMER:" "He had done nothing wrong." "I mean, he had simply obeyed orders." "Um, he had carried them out to the best of his abilities." "Until the end, he never really understood why he was treated as a criminal." "DR. MICHAEL BERENBAUM:" "So, it involved killing women and children." "What the hell difference did that make?" "They were Jews." "Their life was a cancer on German society." "And all he was doing was eliminating that cancer." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. DAVID BARNOUW:" "Karl Silberbauer, just like all the other Germans just went back to his old uh, job in this case." "The, uh the police in Vienna." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. DAVID SILBERKLANG:" "And the, uh, Nazi hunter," "Simon Wiesenthal, found him." "And Silberbauer says, what do you want from me after all these years?" "You know?" "And he lost his job briefly, as a result of Wiesenthal finding him." "And what he had to say about that, Silberbauer was, you know," "I just bought new furniture and now I can't afford to pay for it." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "MARTIN MORGAN:" "Silberbauer was quoted as saying, if I knew what was in those diaries," "I would have taken them." "He experienced no remorse for what he had done, and apparently later went on to work with West German intelligence, who then went on to work closely with the CIA." "All in a day's work." "DR. MICHAEL BERENBAUM:" "And the fact that the man who betrayed" "Anne Frank could die in his bed violates our sense of justice." "We become angry at God, we become angry at the court system, we become angry at the world, because such a man should be forced to pay the price for his deeds." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "NANETTE KONIG:" "When I was taken to the first hospitals, it was the first sheets and beds I had seen for a long time." "It was an amazing sensation to lie in a real bed and to have bed sheets and in a way to be cared for, which hadn't happened until then." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "This photograph was also in here." "And this photograph survived." "It was a class photo, a school photo." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "This is the star." "The original star." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "HANNAH PICK-GOSLAR:" "We were 10 days at away." "And really without food." "I only remember we passed Berlin." "We didn't know but it was a big city." "So people said, this is Berlin!" "And it was really, you could look through the city." "We were so happy they also suffered something." "And then the 10th day the S.S." "left the train and the Russians liberated us." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "We suffered a lot." "And that was enough." "But I didn't know that it could still be much, much worse." "And even today I still read things I," "I never would have believed if it wasn't written down." "It is unbelievable what these people did to us." "Unbelievable." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "NANETTE KONIG:" "The way I knew Anne, she would have been overjoyed that she became famous." "She wanted to be known." "She was full of life, full of zim, zip, and vigor." "And I think this would have given her tremendous satisfaction, and she would have very probably achieved it had she been alive because she was a very gifted writer and a wonderful person." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "YVES KUGELMANN:" "Yeah, so, when it comes to the question what do you have to do when you have such an archive?" "Ah, we have about 1,500 objects of the family, 2000 photograph is original." "About 100,000 and more documents." "At the end of the day it's not about home bringing, but about showing where they came from." "DR. RAPHAEL GROSS:" "I think it's a unique, a very um, moving moment for a museum when it gets a wealth of objects, archival material." "From a family that lived in Frankfurt for maybe about 400 years until the early 30s." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "We do not have so many important objects from a Jewish family of such significance." "It's of course a legacy that we have to be very careful with." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "Because what we do not want to present is a sweet, happy end." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "YVES KUGELMANN:" "This is a legacy which belongs in a way Europe and it's part of European history." "And I don't know if he would have been happy to go in the family Frank archive here in Frankfurt, but in a way I think he would have liked it." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "MARTIN MORGAN:" "Evil can be found anywhere." "In the face of a bureaucratic butcher like Joseph Kramer, or tragically, in the face of George Rodger's grandson." "But it's how we measure and respond to evil that is important." "And for that reason, the heroic story of Anne Frank and her family and friends must be told." "DR. JOHN CRAMER:" "When I come to Bergen-Belsen and I walk across the camp grounds, there's a feeling of sadness somehow, a feeling of loss." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "Will people come to Bergen-Belsen, look for the Anne Frank memorial?" "Will they want to remember what happened there during the Second World War?" "That's an interesting question for me, as a German." "As a German historian, as a father of three." "Um, and I have no answer." "NANETTE KONIG:" "My children, my grandchildren and, and probably my great grandchildren, will all know and will all wonder how come it could ever happen and that is the importance of speaking, talking, and telling the world." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪" "DR. MICHAEL BERENBAUM:" "Yehuda Bauer, who is the greatest Israeli scholar of the Holocaust, has said three commandments have emerged from the shadow of the Holocaust:" "Thou shalt not be a perpetrator, thou shalt not be a victim, and thou shall not be a bystander." "♪ [MUSIC] ♪"