"EVER WORRY ABOUT PICKING UP A BUG?" "WHAT IF WE HAVE ALL CAUGHT SOMETHING..." "SOMETHING UNIDENTIFIABLE" "AND FROM UNKNOWN ORIGINS?" "NOT FROM EACH OTHER." "FROM THE HEAVENS." "DROPS OF RAIN COULD BE BRINGING US VISITORS" "FROM ANOTHER PLANET ..." "ALIENS INVADING OUR BLOODLINES" "OR MAYBE EVEN INFECTING OUR TECHNOLOGY." "THEY COULD BE HIDDEN IN PACKETS OF DIGITAL DATA," "IN A FORM WE DON'T EVEN RECOGNIZE AS LIFE." "ALIEN INTELLIGENCE MAY BE TRACKING OUR EVERY MOVE." "WE HAVEN'T FOUND ANY EXTRATERRESTRIALS YET," "BUT MAYBE WE'RE LOOKING IN THE WRONG PLACES." "ARE ALIENS INSIDE US?" "SPACE, TIME, LIFE ITSELF." "THE SECRETS OF THE COSMOS LIE THROUGH THE WORMHOLE." "CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS" "THE SIZE OF THE UNIVERSE IS REALLY HARD TO COMPREHEND." "HUNDREDS OF BILLIONS OF STARS" "IN OUR GALAXY AND BILLIONS OF GALAXIES BEYOND." "IT SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE TO IMAGINE THAT THE ONLY PLACE LIFE" "EXISTS IS HERE ON EARTH." "ARE WE THE ONLY INTELLIGENT LIFE-FORM IN THE COSMOS?" "IF NOT, THEN WHERE ARE THE OTHERS?" "IN THE PAST, WE'VE ALWAYS LOOKED UP TO THE HEAVENS." "BUT TO FIND ALIEN LIFE," "MAYBE WE ONLY NEED TO LOOK DOWN, WITHIN OUR WORLD" "AND INSIDE OUR BODIES." "THIS MAN HAS ALIEN INTRUDERS INSIDE OF HIM RIGHT NOW." "CEDRIC FESCHOTTE IS A GENETICIST AT THE UNIVERSITY OF UTAH." "HE'S WELL AWARE THAT HE," "LIKE EVERY LIVING BEING ON THE PLANET," "HOSTS FOREIGN VIRUSES AND BACTERIA." "BUT CEDRIC IS FOCUSED ON MORE INSIDIOUS INTRUDERS." "SEE THEM IN GENOME SEQUENCES." "MANY COPIES," "BUT WE REALLY DON'T UNDERSTAND HOW THEY GOT THERE." "Freeman:" "THESE ALIEN ENTITIES ARE CALLED TRANSPOSONS." "THEY'RE PIECES OF DNA WHICH SNEAK IN FROM THE OUTSIDE" "AND INSERT THEMSELVES INTO OUR GENES." "SO THEY COPY AND PASTE TO NEW PLACES IN THE GENOME." "THIS REPLICATION IS INDEPENDENT FROM THE REPLICATION" "OF THE WHOLE SET." "AND THEY DO THIS MUCH MORE OFTEN THAN THE SET ACTUALLY REPLICATE." "Freeman:" "THEY'RE NOT JUST INVADING HUMAN CELLS." "VIRTUALLY EVERY LIVING THING ON EARTH CONTAINS TRANSPOSONS." "Feschotte:" "IN FACT, THEY ARE THE SINGLE LARGEST COMPONENTS" "OF THE GENOME OF MANY PLANTS, MANY ANIMALS AS WELL." "WE LIKE TO CALL THEM SPACE INVADERS." "Freeman:" "OUR DNA COMES TO US IN A DIRECT LINE FROM OUR ANCESTORS," "GENERATION AFTER GENERATION." "AND THAT GENETIC INHERITANCE ALSO INCLUDES THE TRANSPOSONS" "THAT SNUCK INTO OUR ANCESTORS' DNA." "EVERY ONCE IN A WHILE," "A NEW TRANSPOSON MYSTERIOUSLY FINDS ITS WAY IN," "LIKE A SKATEBOARD THAT SUDDENLY APPEARS AND BECOMES PART" "OF THE WAY CEDRIC'S ANCESTOR MOVED THROUGH THE WORLD." "THESE ALIEN INTRUDERS CAN CONTINUE MULTIPLYING" "AND PASSING DOWN TO SUCCESSIVE GENERATIONS" "UNTIL A SINGLE TRANSPOSON" "EXISTS IN THE ENTIRE POPULATION OF A SPECIES." "AND TRANSPOSONS ARE SO GOOD AT REPLICATING INSIDE OF US" "THAT HALF OF OUR DNA IS NOW ALIEN." "WHEN THE TRANSPOSON JUMP INTO THE CHROMOSOME," "IT'S LIKE A MUTATION." "SOMETHING NEW WAS INTRODUCED THERE." "SO MOST OF THE TRANSPOSONS IN YOUR GENOME" "DON'T REALLY AFFECT YOU," "JUST LIKE THESE BUNNY EARS TODAY WON'T REALLY AFFECT MY SKATING." "Freeman:" "OTHER TRANSPOSONS CAN BE HELPFUL." "IN FACT, ONE OF THESE INTRUDERS" "BECAME THE FOUNDATION FOR OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM." "IT'S LIKE A HELMET SUDDENLY APPEARING TO PROTECT" "CEDRIC'S HEAD." "THIS TRANSPOSON ARRIVED MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO" "AND GAVE US THE ABILITY TO CREATE ANTIBODIES," "A CRUCIAL LINE OF DEFENSE AGAINST PATHOGENS." "Feschotte:" "AND WITHOUT THIS TRANSPOSON," "WE JUST PROBABLY WOULD NOT BE HERE TODAY." "Freeman:" "THE TRANSPOSONS CAN ALSO CAUSE PROBLEMS." "SOMETIMES, TRANSPOSONS CAN BE HARMFUL, TOO," "LIKE THIS BLINDFOLD ON MY HEAD." "CANT FIND MY SKATEBOARD NOW." "THERE'S OVER 100 DIFFERENT GENETIC DISEASE" "TIED TO TRANSPOSITION EVENTS." "THIS CAN REALLY BE SO BAD" "THAT IT COULD LEAD TO EXTINCTION OF A SPECIES," "JUST LIKE A VIRUS COULD SPREAD AND TURN INTO A PANDEMIC." "Freeman:" "CEDRIC THINKS IT'S POSSIBLE" "THAT TRANSPOSONS BREAK INTO OUR CELLS" "BY ATTACHING THEMSELVES TO VIRUSES." "Feschotte:" "THEY COULD PIGGYBACK ONTO A VIRUS." "AND THEN THIS VIRUS CAN INFECT A NEW CELL." "AND THEN THE TRANSPOSON" "CAN INFILTRATE THAT NEW INDIVIDUAL OR THAT NEW SPECIES." "Freeman:" "AS THE VIRUS GOES ABOUT ITS BUSINESS," "DISRUPTING OUR DNA, THE TRANSPOSON SNEAKS IN, TOO," "AND NEVER LEAVES." "BUT THE BIGGEST MYSTERY OF ALL IS WHERE THESE BITS" "OF SELF-REPLICATING DNA COME FROM IN THE FIRST PLACE." "THEY ARE SO ABUNDANT," "YET WE KNOW VERY LITTLE ABOUT THEM." "IN FACT, IT'S REALLY LIKE THE DARK MATTER OF THE GENOME." "COULD THE SPACE INVADERS TAKING UP SO MUCH ROOM" "IN OUR DNA HAVE ACTUALLY COME FROM OUTER SPACE?" "WE STILL HAVEN'T FOUND ANY OTHER SIGNS" "OF LIFE IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM." "THAT MEANS ALIEN PIECES OF DNA" "WOULD HAVE TO COME FROM A DISTANT STAR SYSTEM." "BUT HOW COULD ANYTHING BIOLOGICAL" "SURVIVE THAT KIND OF TRIP?" "UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ASTROPHYSICIST" "FRED ADAMS BELIEVES HE HAS AN ANSWER." "ACCORDING TO A THEORY, KNOWN AS PANSPERMIA," "LIFE SPREADS AROUND THE UNIVERSE" "WHEN A COMET OR ASTEROID HITS A PLANET." "THE IMPACT SENDS DEBRIS SHOOTING ALL THE WAY UP INTO SPACE" "AND EVENTUALLY ONTO THE SURFACE OF ANOTHER PLANET." "WE SEE METEORITES FROM MARS ON A SOMEWHAT REGULAR BASIS." "SO WE DO KNOW THAT THERE'S TRANSFER FROM MARS TO EARTH." "Freeman:" "HOWEVER, MARTIAN ROCKS DON'T CONTAIN LIFE." "AND OUR OTHER NEIGHBORING PLANETS" "DON'T APPEAR TO HAVE ANY, EITHER." "SO FRED STARTED WONDERING" "IF LIFE COULD'VE MADE A MUCH LONGER JOURNEY TO EARTH" "FROM OUTSIDE OUR OWN SOLAR SYSTEM." "IN ORDER TO BE TRANSFERRED, THE ELEMENTS OF LIFE," "BASICALLY BACTERIAL KIND OF ORGANISMS," "HAVE TO BE ENCASED IN ROCK." "Freeman:" "THE ROCK PROVIDES PROTECTION FROM EXTREME COLD," "HEAT, AND DAMAGING RADIATION." "THE SHIELD NEEDS TO BE A LITTLE BIGGER THAN THIS BALL." "IN ORDER FOR SOLAR SYSTEMS TO SHARE ROCKS," "TWO THINGS HAVE TO HAPPEN." "THE FIRST IS THAT THE SOLAR SYSTEMS HAVE TO EJECT ROCKS" "FROM THEIR IMMEDIATE VICINITY." "AND THE SECOND THING IS THAT ANOTHER SOLAR SYSTEM" "HAS TO CAPTURE THEM." "Freeman:" "A LARGE ENOUGH IMPACT FROM AN ASTEROID OR A COMET" "COULD EASILY PRODUCE ENOUGH ENERGY" "TO SHOOT DEBRIS OUT OF A SOLAR SYSTEM." "BUT WHETHER IT CAN HIT A PLANET ORBITING ANOTHER SUN" "IS MUCH LESS CERTAIN." "SPACE IS RELENTLESSLY EMPTY," "WHICH MAKES ROCK TRANSFER BETWEEN SOLAR SYSTEMS" "VERY DIFFICULT." "Freeman:" "THERE'S AN AVERAGE OF FOUR TO FIVE LIGHT-YEARS" "BETWEEN SOLAR SYSTEMS IN OUR GALAXY." "EVEN IF YOU COULD LAUNCH A SPACE ROCK THAT FAR," "WHAT ARE THE CHANCES OF HITTING ANOTHER PLANET" "UP TO 30 TRILLION MILES AWAY?" "OKAY, LET'S CONSIDER A SIMPLE ANALOGY." "EACH OF THESE LACROSSE PLAYERS WILL REPRESENT A SOLAR SYSTEM," "AND THE BALL WILL REPRESENT A LIFE-BEARING ROCK." "AS THE PLAYERS THROW THE BALL BACK AND FORTH TO EACH OTHER," "IT'S LIKE A ROCK BEING TRANSFERRED" "FROM ONE SOLAR SYSTEM TO ANOTHER." "LET'S SEE WHAT HAPPENS." "Freeman:" "SUPPOSE THE LENGTH OF A LACROSSE FIELD REPRESENTS A LIGHT-YEAR." "EVEN IF A PLAYER COULD THROW A BALL FOUR OR FIVE FIELDS AWAY," "CONSIDER HOW UNLIKELY IT WOULD BE FOR THAT PLAYER" "TO TOSS A BALL BLINDLY" "AND HAVE IT LAND IN THE POCKET OF A TEAMMATE." "AND DISTANCE ISN'T THE ONLY FACTOR." "SOLAR SYSTEMS IN OUR GALAXY" "ARE ALSO FLYING AROUND EACH OTHER 120 TIMES FASTER THAN THE SPEED OF SOUND." "SO NOW THE TEAMMATE HAS TO BE RUNNING FULL SPEED." "EVEN WHEN AN ALIEN ROCK'S TRAJECTORY IS ON TARGET," "IT'S ALMOST ALWAYS MOVING TOO FAST FOR GRAVITY" "IN THE NEW SOLAR SYSTEM TO CATCH IT." "IMAGINE THE DIFFICULTY" "IN CATCHING A SPEEDING LACROSSE BALL FROM HUNDREDS OF YARDS" "AWAY WHILE RUNNING AND WITH A BROKEN NET." "NOT SURPRISINGLY," "WHEN FRED RAN THE NUMBERS CALCULATING THE DISTANCE" "BETWEEN EARTH AND OTHER SOLAR SYSTEMS," "FACTORING IN THE MOVEMENTS OF STARS AND PLANETS," "IT SEEMED IMPOSSIBLE THAT AN ALIEN ROCK" "COULD EVER FIND EARTH FROM SO FAR AWAY." "BUT THEN FRED REALIZED SOMETHING HE'D MISSED," "SOMETHING THAT SUDDENLY MADE IT A LOT MORE LIKELY THAT ALIENS" "COULD HAVE LANDED HERE." "FOUR AND A HALF BILLION YEARS AGO," "THINGS WERE A LOT DIFFERENT." "ALIEN SUNS" "AND THEIR SURROUNDING PLANETS CROWDED EARTH'S NIGHT SKY." "NEIGHBORING SOLAR SYSTEMS" "WERE ROUGHLY 10 TIMES CLOSER THAN THEY ARE TODAY." "NOW THE LACROSSE PLAYERS CAN BE DOZENS OF YARDS FROM EACH OTHER" "INSTEAD OF HUNDREDS." "IN THE EARLY PART" "OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM," "THE SOLAR SYSTEM WAS LIVING IN A DENSE CLUSTER." "Freeman:" "AND SOLAR SYSTEMS BACK THEN WERE MOVING AROUND EACH OTHER 40 TIMES MORE SLOWLY THAN TODAY." "ON THE LACROSSE FIELD," "THAT MAKES COMPLETING A PASS A LOT SIMPLER." "Adams:" "IF THE PLAYERS ARE CLOSE TOGETHER AND MOVING SLOWLY," "IT'S EASY FOR THEM TO PASS THE BALL FROM ONE PERSON" "TO THE OTHER." "Freeman:" "IF FRED IS RIGHT, BILLIONS OF YEARS AGO," "OUR HOME PLANET" "WOULD'VE BEEN IN POSITION TO SNARE ANCIENT ALIEN ORGANISMS." "COULD THEY HAVE SEEDED LIFE ON EARTH?" "THIS BIOLOGIST THINKS THEY DID" "AND THAT THEY'RE STILL RAINING DOWN ON US TODAY." "HE SAYS HE HAS PROOF THAT ORGANISMS FROM OUTER SPACE" "ARE IN OUR ATMOSPHERE RIGHT NOW." "THE SEEDS OF LIFE ON EARTH" "MAY HAVE ARRIVED BILLIONS OF YEARS AGO" "FROM A DISTANT ALIEN WORLD." "BUT IF LIFE GOT HERE BY HIDING ON A METEORITE" "FALLEN FROM THE SKY..." "COULD IT STILL BE RAINING DOWN ON US RIGHT NOW?" "MILTON WAINWRIGHT IS A MICROBIOLOGIST" "AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD IN ENGLAND." "HE BELIEVES HE'S FOUND EVIDENCE" "THAT EXTRATERRESTRIAL LIFE FALLS LIKE RAIN FROM THE HEAVENS." "Wainwright:" "SO THE BASIC IDEA OF PANSPERMIA IS THAT LIFE CAME FROM SPACE." "THERE WAS NO LIFE ON EARTH." "THAT LIFE WAS DELIVERED BY ASTEROIDS AND COMETS." "NOW, NEO-PANSPERMIA, NEO MEANING NEW, UH," "SUGGESTS THAT LIFE IS CONTINUING TO COME FROM SPACE" "AT THIS VERY MINUTE." "Freeman:" "IN 2013, MILTON AND HIS TEAM COLLECTED SAMPLES" "FROM THE STRATOSPHERE SOME 16 MILES UP." "THAT'S THREE TIMES HIGHER THAN COMMERCIAL JETLINERS FLY." "THE LOWER ATMOSPHERE IS FULL OF LIFE," "BUT MILTON THINKS THE STRATOSPHERE IS, TOO." "HIS CONTROVERSIAL CLAIM" "IS THAT IT CONTAINS LIFE FORMS FROM OUTER SPACE." "THE SUGGESTION BY THE CRITICS IS THIS MATERIAL IS GOING UP" "AND NOT COMING DOWN FROM SPACE." "IT'S JUST EARTH MATERIAL." "NOW, THERE'S A NUMBER OF REASONS WHY WE THINK THAT'S WRONG." "Freeman:" "MILTON COUNTERS THAT HIS SAMPLES" "CAME FROM FAR TOO HIGH TO HAVE BEEN BLOWN UPWARD BY THE WIND." "Wainwright:" "PHYSICS TELLS US THAT THE PARTICLES" "WE HAVE ARE TOO BIG TO REACH THE STRATOSPHERE." "NOW, THAT'S JUST PHYSICS." "AND YOU CAN'T ARGUE WITH PHYSICS." "YOU CAN'T ARGUE WITH NEWTON'S LAWS." "Freeman:" "BUT MILTON IS AWARE THAT THE ONLY WAY HE'S GOING" "TO CONVINCE THE SKEPTICS IS TO FIND MORE ALIENS." "IF MICROORGANISMS OR ANY LIFE IS COMING IN FROM SPACE," "WE HAVE TO GO OUT AND CATCH IT." "[ AIR HISSING ]" "Freeman:" "AND THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT MILTON IS DOING." "HE AND HIS TEAM ARE CONDUCTING A NEW SERIES" "OF HIGH-ALTITUDE MISSIONS." "YEP." "BON VOYAGE, STRATOSPHERE SAMPLER." "WHOA!" "THE TEAM WAITS FOR ABOUT 90 MINUTES WHILE THE BALLOON" "CLIMBS 80,000 FEET." "ONCE THERE, A DRAWER MOUNTED INSIDE THE PAYLOAD OPENS." "SO THIS IS WHAT HAPPENS IN THE STRATOSPHERE." "THE DRAWER OPENS." "THE SAMPLES ARE COLLECTED ON ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUBS." "WE CAN TAKE THOSE DIRECTLY FROM HERE, UNDER STERILE CONDITIONS," "INTO THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE." "Freeman:" "SIXTEEN MILES UP," "THE AIR PRESSURE IS SO LOW THAT THE BALLOON" "CONTINUES TO EXPAND UNTIL IT RUPTURES" "AND TUMBLES BACK TO EARTH WITH THIS PRECIOUS CARGO." "Wainwright:" "THIS IS A FISHING TRIP." "WE'RE SENDING THESE BALLOONS UP." "WE DON'T KNOW WHAT WE'RE CATCHING." "SO, ON SOME TRIPS, WE'LL CATCH NOTHING." "ON SOME TRIPS, WE'LL CATCH SOMETHING." "AND MAYBE WE'LL GO FOR FIVE LAUNCHES WITH NOTHING," "AND THEN THE SIXTH LAUNCH," "WE GET AN AMAZING ARRAY OF ORGANISMS." "Freeman:" "HE'S HOPING HIS LATEST LAUNCH WILL YIELD SOMETHING LIKE THIS." "THESE ARE PHOTOS OF SAMPLES MILTON" "AND HIS TEAM COLLECTED ON THEIR FIRST MISSION IN 2013." "AND MILTON BELIEVES THEY CONTAIN EVIDENCE" "OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL LIFE." "Wainwright:" "THIS IS THE FIRST AMAZING ORGANISM WE FOUND." "IF WE GO TO A TEXTBOOK," "FOR ALGAE, BACTERIA, WE DON'T SEE SOMETHING LIKE THIS." "Freeman:" "MILTON'S SUPPOSED ALIENS" "ARE ONLY ABOUT 30 MICRONS ACROSS," "ROUGHLY TWICE THE THICKNESS OF A HUMAN HAIR." "Wainwright:" "AT FIRST, I WAS VERY UPSET ABOUT THIS STRUCTURE" "BECAUSE I THOUGHT IT WAS A ..." "A POLLEN GRAIN." "BUT WHEN WE DO THE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS," "WE FOUND IT WAS PRIMARILY TITANIUM." "AND YOU CAN SEE THAT THERE'S MATERIAL COMING OUT OF THE BALL." "AND WHEN WE ANALYZE THIS, IT TURNS OUT TO BE BIOLOGICAL." "THIS IS CARBON AND OXYGEN." "IT'S BIOLOGICAL." "Freeman:" "NO LIFE FORM YET DISCOVERED HAS A TITANIUM SHELL." "THIS MIGHT BE THE FIRST." "AND, MORE CRUCIAL TO MILTON'S CASE," "NO EARTHLY ORGANISM WOULD BE MOVING FAST ENOUGH" "TO LEAVE AN IMPACT CRATER ON THE COLLECTOR." "Wainwright:" "WE SEE THAT THERE'S AN IMPACT CRATER HERE." "SO THIS BALL WAS COMING IN FROM SPACE, IMPACTED THE SAMPLER," "AND CAUSED A CRATER." "THE IMPACT EVENT MEANS IT'S COMING FROM OUTSIDE." "IT IS NOT LAZILY DRIFTING UP FROM THE EARTH." "IT'S COMING AT A GREAT SPEED." "MILTON THINKS COMETS MIGHT BE THE SOURCE." "Wainwright:" "THE TEMPERATURE IS RIGHT." "THE AMOUNT OF WATER IS RIGHT." "THE AMOUNT OF CARBON AND ORGANIC MATERIAL IS RIGHT." "Freeman:" "DEBRIS FROM THEIR FROZEN TAILS COULD BE" "LITTERING OUR ATMOSPHERE WITH ALIEN ORGANISMS." "HOPING TO REPLICATE THE SUCCESS OF HIS FIRST LAUNCH," "MILTON HAS ANOTHER HALF DOZEN PLANNED." "THE BIG FEAR I HAVE IS THAT WE GOT THESE AMAZING IMAGES" "AND WE NEVER REPEAT IT." "NOW, IN SCIENCE, OF COURSE, A ONE-OFF IS NOTHING." "WE NEED TO GET A REPETITION OF SOMETHING." "Freeman:" "EVEN IF MILTON DOES FIND MORE ALIEN MICROBES," "HE CAUTIONS THAT THEY MIGHT LOOK MORE FAMILIAR THAN WE EXPECT." "IF THEY'VE BEEN ARRIVING FOR EONS," "WE MAY ALREADY SHARE A LOT IN COMMON WITH THEIR BIOLOGY." "EVERYONE EXPECTS SOMETHING FROM SPACE TO BE SPECIAL." "THERE'S NOT NECESSARILY ANYTHING SPECIAL ABOUT THEM." "IF THEY'RE COMING IN, THEY'VE BEEN COMING IN" "FROM MILLIONS OF YEARS." "THEY'RE HERE." "WE ARE PART OF SPACE." "THESE ORGANISMS ARE PART OF OUR BIOLOGY." "Freeman:" "IF ALIEN MICROBES ARE CAPABLE OF REACHING EARTH" "FROM ACROSS THE GALAXY," "THEN COULD INTELLIGENT EXTRATERRESTRIALS" "ALSO COME HERE?" "WE'VE SEEN NO SIGN OF THEM." "OR ARE WE SEARCHING FOR THE WRONG KIND OF SIGNAL?" "IF INTELLIGENT ALIENS WERE TO SEND US A MESSAGE" "FROM A DISTANT PLANET, WOULD WE HEAR IT?" "200 YEARS AGO," "NO ONE WOULD HAVE PICKED UP A MORSE CODE" "ON A TELEGRAPH WIRE," "MUCH LESS A VOICE ON THE CELLULAR NETWORK." "PERHAPS WE JUST DON'T HAVE THE TECHNOLOGY YET" "TO ANSWER A CALL FROM AN ALIEN." "UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII PHYSICIST JOHN LEARNED" "THINKS ALIEN MESSAGES MAY BE WITHIN OUR REACH." "WE CANNOT GUESS WHAT SOME EXTRATERRESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE" "MAY BE HAVING IN MIND" "FOR WHY THEY WOULD COMMUNICATE OR HOW THEY WOULD COMMUNICATE." "SO THE BEST WE CAN DO IS JUST LOOK TO SEE WHAT IS THERE." "Freeman:" "IF EXTRATERRESTRIALS ARE OUT THERE" "AND CAN SEND MESSAGES THROUGHOUT THE GALAXY," "JOHN SAYS THEY'LL BE USING COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY" "VERY DIFFERENT FROM OUR OWN." "WHEN WE SEND MESSAGES OVER LONG DISTANCES ON EARTH," "WE RELY ON PULSES OF LIGHT OR RADIO WAVES." "HOWEVER, USING LIGHT FOR INTERSTELLAR COMMUNICATION" "WOULD BE SPOTTY AT BEST." "Learned:" "THERE'S A LOT OF DUST AND GAS OUT THERE IN THE UNIVERSE," "AND THAT SCATTERS LIGHT." "SO IT WOULDN'T DO TO TRY TO HAVE LIGHT SIGNALING" "FROM EVEN OUR OWN GALACTIC CENTER." "Freeman:" "AND MESSAGES SENT WITH RADIO WAVES" "WOULD HAVE A LOT OF INTERFERENCE TO FIGHT THROUGH." "THERE'S HISS COMING FROM ALL OVER THE UNIVERSE," "FROM ALL THE STARS AND GALAXIES." "SO THERE'S BACKGROUND NOISE THAT YOU HAVE TO GET AROUND." "BY TUNING AROUND WITH THIS RADIO," "THERE'S ALL KIND OF NOISE THAT COMES AND GOES." "YOU HAVE TO FIND A FREQUENCY WHERE THE EXTRATERRESTRIALS" "WOULD BE CHOOSING TO COMMUNICATE." "THE PROBLEM IN TUNING IN IS THERE'S NO SCHEDULE" "AND NO LIST OF ..." "OF STATIONS." "SO WE DON'T KNOW QUITE WHERE TO LOOK." "Freeman:" "JOHN THINKS THERE'S A BETTER TECHNOLOGY" "TO SEND MESSAGES ACROSS THE GALAXY." "ALIENS MIGHT BE USING A TINY PARTICLE CALLED A NEUTRINO" "THEY'RE SUBATOMIC PARTICLES PRODUCED BY NUCLEAR REACTIONS," "LIKE THOSE IN OUR SUN," "AND VIOLENT EVENTS, LIKE EXPLODING STARS" "AND GAMMA RAY BURSTS." "THE MOST INTRIGUING PROPERTY OF NEUTRINOS" "IS THAT THEY ARE SO SMALL THEY CAN PASS THROUGH MATTER" "AS IF IT WASN'T THERE." "THE KIND OF DENSE MATTER THAT STOPS ALL LIGHT" "AND MOST RADIO WAVES CAN'T STOP NEUTRINOS." "THEY PASS RIGHT THROUGH THINGS." "COMING THROUGH THE WALLS," "COMING UP OUT OF THE GROUND HERE." "WE'RE IN A BREEZE OF ABOUT A MILLION NEUTRINOS" "THROUGH YOUR THUMBNAIL PER SECOND." "Freeman:" "IN FACT, IF THERE WAS SUCH A THING" "A SUNBLOCK FOR NEUTRINOS," "A NEUTRINO PROTECTION FACTOR" "OF 1 TRILLION OR MORE WOULDN'T SUFFICE." "EVEN THOUGH JUST A THIN LAYER OF THIS ON MY HAND" "IS GOOD ENOUGH FOR PHOTONS, UH, IT WOULD HAVE TO BE VASTLY," "VASTLY THICKER FOR STOPPING NEUTRINOS." "AND, IN FACT, THIS UMBRELLA," "WHICH STOPS THE PHOTONS FROM THE SUN JUST FINE," "WOULDN'T DO THE JOB." "IT WOULD HAVE TO BE A LEAD UMBRELLA A LIGHT-YEAR THICK" "TO DO THE JOB." "Freeman:" "JOHN THINKS AN ALIEN CIVILIZATION" "MIGHT DECIDE TO CREATE A BEAM OF NEUTRINOS" "AND PULSE THEM," "MANUFACTURING A MESSAGE IN A KIND OF COSMIC MORSE CODE." "BUT BECAUSE NEUTRINOS ARE SO GHOSTLY," "THEY'RE EXTREMELY TOUGH TO DETECT OR MEASURE." "THE LARGEST DETECTOR ON EARTH," "CALLED IceCube, LIES BURIED UNDER NEARLY THREE KILOMETERS" "OF ICE AT THE SOUTH POLE." "86 STRANDS OF SENSORS" "WAIT FOR ONE OF THE NEUTRINOS STREAMING THROUGH EARTH" "TO BUMP INTO ONE" "OF THE ELECTRONS IN THE SURROUNDING ICE." "IceCube PICKS UP ONLY A HANDFUL OF NEUTRINO COLLISIONS" "EACH YEAR." "NEUTRINOS VARY IN ENERGY." "THE HIGHEST-ENERGY NEUTRINOS ARE THE MOST RARE." "THERE'S A GREAT CONTROVERSY GOING ON RIGHT NOW ABOUT," "WHAT ARE THE SOURCE OF THESE?" "WHAT ..." "WHAT ARE THE MECHANISMS" "THAT PRODUCE THESE HIGH ENERGIES?" "Freeman:" "BECAUSE THEY'RE SO RARE," "JOHN BELIEVES THEY COULD BE GREAT COMMUNICATION TOOLS" "FOR ALIENS." "IF ONE OF THESE HIGH-ENERGY NEUTRINOS" "MAKES CONTACT WITH AN ELECTRON INSIDE IceCube," "WE'LL KNOW IT." "IT'LL MAKE THIS LITTLE EXPLOSION," "WHICH IS SO CHARACTERISTIC THAT WE COULD IDENTIFY IT UNIQUELY." "IF YOU SAW ONE," "IT WOULD CERTAINLY GET YOUR ATTENTION." "Freeman:" "PHYSICISTS CALL THIS CHARACTERISTIC BURST" "THE GLASHOW RESONANCE." "THE WAY A HIGH-ENERGY NEUTRINO INTERACTS WITH AN ELECTRON" "IS SIMILAR TO WHAT HAPPENS WHEN MUSIC MEETS A WINE GLASS." "[ WINE GLASS RESONATES ]" "HEY, GUYS." "HEY." "ALL MATTER HAS A NATURAL FREQUENCY." "WHEN ENERGY FROM AN OUTSIDE SOURCE" "MATCHES THAT NATURAL FREQUENCY," "THE OBJECT WILL VIBRATE MUCH MORE THAN USUAL." "THAT'S KNOWN AS RESONANCE." "SO WHAT WE'VE GOT HERE IS A ..." "A GLASS, HOPEFULLY, A NICE, RESONANT GLASS." "AND WE'VE GOT A SPEAKER," "WHICH IS ATTACHED TO AN AMPLIFIER." "AND WE'RE DRIVING ACOUSTIC ENERGY, SOUND," "VERY HIGH-INTENSITY SOUND TOWARD THIS." "AND WE'LL TRY TO HIT THE RESONANCE IN THE GLASS" "AND BREAK THE GLASS." "Freeman:" "YOU CAN THINK OF EACH NOTE" "AS A DIFFERENT ENERGY LEVEL NEUTRINO AND THE WINE GLASS" "AS THE ELECTRON." "FIRST, JOHN TRIES VARIOUS NOTES ON AN ORGAN." "[ ORGAN PLAYS ]" "NOW THE SINGER." "[ VOCALIZING ]" "FINALLY, THE GUITAR PLAYER." "[ SOLO PLAYS ]" "Learned:" "IT'S A MATTER OF, UH," "GETTING THE RIGHT FREQUENCY," "GETTING ENOUGH ENERGY RIGHT ON THE RIGHT FREQUENCY." "MAN, THAT'S GONE." "Freeman:" "THE GLASHOW RESONANCE IS THE EXPLOSION THAT RESULTS" "WHEN JUST THE RIGHT TYPE OF HIGH-ENERGY NEUTRINO ARRIVES." "JOHN THINKS A STRING" "OF THESE RARE EXPLOSIONS WOULDN'T BE A COINCIDENCE" "BUT RATHER A SIGN OF AN EXTRA TERRESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE." "Learned:" "AND IF WE SEE THOSE NEUTRINOS COMING FROM THE SAME DIRECTION," "THEN WE CERTAINLY" "KNOW THAT THAT IS NOT A NATURAL PHENOMENAL." "WOULD BE THE GREATEST DISCOVERY EVER." "I CAN'T THINK OF ANYTHING" "THAT WOULD BE A MORE AMAZING DISCOVERY" "THAN TO FIND THE FIRST SIGNS OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL LIFE." "IT WOULD CHANGE OUR WORLD." "Freeman:" "AS EXCITING AS IT WOULD BE TO FIND AN ALIEN MESSAGE," "THE SIMPLE ACT OF READING IT COULD THREATEN OUR EXISTENCE." "ALIEN COMMUNICATION COULD CARRY A LOT MORE THAN A GREETING." "THE MOMENT OF FIRST CONTACT WITH AN ALIEN CIVILIZATION" "WILL BE THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENT IN HUMAN HISTORY." "BUT IF WE ALREADY MISSED IT?" "WHAT IF AN ALIEN MESSAGE HAS ARRIVED AND WE DIDN'T NOTICE?" "MAYBE IT'S HERE RIGHT NOW," "HIDING INSIDE OUR TECHNOLOGY." "ANDREW SIEMION" "SPECIALIZES IN THE SEARCH FOR EXTRATERRESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE" "AT U.C. BERKELEY'S SETI RESEARCH CENTER." "HE AND HIS COLLEAGUES" "ARE LOOKING FOR UNUSUAL SIGNALS IN OUTER SPACE," "HOPING TO FIND ONE THAT MIGHT COME FROM AN ALIEN CIVILIZATION." "I THINK THAT OUR FIRST ENCOUNTER WITH VERY ADVANCED LIFE" "PROBABLY WILL NOT COME IN A SPACESHIP LANDING" "IN GOLDEN GATE PARK." "IT'S QUITE LIKELY THAT IT WILL COME VIA A SIGNAL" "THAT WE JUST HAPPEN TO EAVESDROP ON." "Freeman:" "BUT IT MAY BE THAT ALIENS ARE ALREADY LISTENING" "TO OUR RADIO SIGNALS." "IF THERE WERE VERY ADVANCED LIFE NEARBY TO EARTH," "THEY'VE MONITORED OUR RADIO SIGNALS" "THAT HAVE LEFT THIS PLANET." "AND SO THEY ALMOST CERTAINLY KNOW QUITE A LOT ABOUT US." "SINCE THE 1960s, COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITES" "HAVE BEEN RELAYING INFORMATION FROM ONE COMPUTER TO ANOTHER." "AND THAT INFORMATION HAS BEEN LEAKING OUT INTO SPACE." "IF ALIENS UNDERSTAND HOW OUR COMPUTER NETWORKS" "OPERATE AND KNOW THAT WE'RE ACTIVELY LISTENING FOR THEM," "ANDREW BELIEVES THEY COULD TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE SITUATION." "THEY COULD DELIVER A DIGITAL VIRUS" "AND KNOW THAT WE'D SCOOP IT RIGHT UP." "WE GATHER MILLIONS OF RADIO SIGNALS FROM SPACE" "EACH YEAR IN OUR SEARCH FOR INTELLIGENT COMMUNICATION." "THOSE SIGNALS GO STRAIGHT TO OUR COMPUTERS" "SO RESEARCHERS CAN ANALYZE THEM." "HUNTING FOR EVIDENCE OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY," "THESE RADIO SIGNALS," "IS KIND OF LIKE HUNTING FOR EASTER EGGS." "WE'RE LOOKING FOR THAT ONE SMALL NUGGET" "THAT STANDS OUT FROM THE LANDSCAPE." "THE SIGNALS THAT WE LOOK FOR ARE VERY, VERY WEAK," "SO WE HAVE TO SIFT THROUGH ALL OF THE NOISE," "NOISE PRODUCED FROM OTHER ASTROPHYSICAL SOURCES," "QUASARS AND PULSARS." "Freeman:" "ONCE SETI RESEARCHERS GATHER POTENTIAL ALIEN SIGNALS," "THEY TAKE A CLOSER LOOK." "BUT ANALYZING THE SIGNAL ON ONE OF OUR COMPUTERS" "WOULDN'T BE ENOUGH TO UNLEASH AN ALIEN VIRUS." "RESEARCHERS WOULD HAVE TO RUN THE CODE." "WE HAVE TO TAKE THAT DATA," "AND WE HAVE TO RUN IT ON A COMPUTER." "AND THAT'S SORT OF AKIN TO OPENING ONE OF THESE EGGS." "Freeman:" "ADVANCED ALIEN HACKERS WOULD PROBABLY NOTICE," "AND THEY'D LIKELY KNOW THERE'S ANOTHER WAY INTO OUR NETWORKS," "A WAY THAT WOULDN'T BE DEPENDENT ON A DECISION BY ONE OF US" "TO RUN THEIR CODE." "HUNDREDS OF RADIO ANTENNAS ON EARTH ARE SPECIFICALLY" "DESIGNED TO EXCHANGE COMPUTER CODE WITH EACH OTHER" "AND IMMEDIATELY RUN THOSE PROGRAMS." "Siemion:" "A SIGNAL THAT WAS SENT BY ANOTHER SPECIES" "TO ONE OF THOSE ANTENNAS" "COULD BE RECEIVED AND EXECUTED IN THE SAME WAY" "THAT IT EXECUTES CODE THAT IT RECEIVES FROM ..." "FROM HUMAN TRANSMISSIONS." "Freeman:" "IN FACT, AN ALIEN CODE" "COULD ALREADY BE HERE, OPERATING UNDETECTED IN OUR NETWORKS." "THE WHOLE IDEA OF A VIRUS OR A TROJAN HORSE IS TO ..." "IS TO RUN SOME CODE" "ON A COMPUTER OR ON A COMPUTER NETWORK" "THAT NO ONE KNOWS ANYTHING ABOUT." "IT ..." "IT RUNS ITSELF, UH, SURREPTITIOUSLY UNDER THE RADAR." "Freeman:" "HUMAN HACKERS HAVE ALREADY SHOWN IT'S POSSIBLE" "TO HIDE COMPUTER VIRUSES FOR LONG PERIODS." "THE STUXNET VIRUS," "DEVELOPED IN SECRET BY THE U.S. AND ISRAEL," "LURKED IN THE NETWORK OF AN IRANIAN NUCLEAR FACILITY" "FOR OVER A YEAR, SLOWLY DAMAGING HUNDREDS OF IRANIAN CENTRIFUGES." "THE VIRUS SENT SIGNALS TO THE PLANT'S CONTROL ROOM," "INDICATING EVERYTHING WAS NORMAL," "UNTIL THE CENTRIFUGES FINALLY BROKE IN 2010." "A PROGRAM FROM AN ADVANCED CIVILIZATION COULD GO UNNOTICED" "FOR MUCH LONGER AND BE FAR MORE DESTRUCTIVE." "WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE IT BECAUSE IT WOULD BE A ..." "A PIECE OF COMPUTER CODE" "THAT WE HAD NEVER SEEN BEFORE THAT WAS DEVISED BY A ..." "A COMPLETELY DIFFERENT SPECIES." "Freeman:" "COULD ALIENS PROGRAMS ALREADY BE INSIDE OUR TECHNOLOGY," "PREPARING AN ATTACK ON OUR NETWORKS?" "OR IS THERE PERHAPS AN EVEN MORE UNNERVING POSSIBILITY?" "THE ALIENS THEMSELVES MAY BE IN OUR NETWORKS" "AS DIGITAL LIFE-FORMS." "IF SO, THIS MAN BELIEVES HE KNOWS HOW TO FIND THEM." "COULD ALIEN VISITORS HAVE ALREADY ARRIVED ON EARTH?" "PERHAPS THEY HAVE," "AND WE JUST DON'T RECOGNIZE THEM." "MAYBE THEY AREN'T MADE OF FLESH AND BLOOD OR METAL" "OR ANYTHING WE CAN TOUCH." "WHAT IF ALIENS ARE DIGITAL LIFE FORMS?" "CHRIS ADAMI OF MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY" "IS AN EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGIST AND A COMPUTER SCIENTIST." "HE STUDIES THE BORDER BETWEEN LIFE AS WE KNOW IT" "AND LIFE AS IT MIGHT BE." "WHAT WE REALLY WANT TO DO IS HAVE A DEFINITION" "THAT DOES NOT DEPEND ON THE VERY SPECIFICS" "OF THE FORM OF LIFE THAT WE ENCOUNTER HERE ON EARTH." "WHAT IS LIFE?" "THE DICTIONARY WILL SAY IT INVOLVES METABOLISM, GROWTH," "REACTION TO STIMULI, AND REPRODUCTION." "SO PLANTS AND ANIMALS ARE OBVIOUSLY ALIVE." "BUT WHAT ABOUT A ROBOT?" "WE COULD IMAGINE A ROBOT LIKE THAT TO BE ALIVE IF," "IN FACT, IT COULD NOT ONLY BUILD ANOTHER ROBOT JUST LIKE IT" "BUT ALSO, IN FACT," "MAKES COPIES OF THE PROGRAMMING AND INSERTS" "THAT INTO THE BABY ROBOT THAT IT MAKES." "IF IT IS DOING THAT," "IT WILL BE ABLE TO CREATE A POPULATION OF ROBOTS." "BUT THIS THING IS ACTUALLY NOT ALIVE." "IT WAS PROGRAMMED BY THE PEOPLE WHO BUILT THIS PLANT." "IT DOES NOT ACTUALLY HAVE THE CAPACITY TO SELF-PERPETUATE." "Freeman:" "BECAUSE A ROBOT'S OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS" "COME FROM AN OUTSIDE ENTITY," "IT CAN'T ADAPT OR EVOLVE ON ITS OWN." "BUT THAT DOESN'T MEAN THAT SOMETHING ARTIFICIAL" "CAN'T BE ALIVE." "CHRIS BELIEVES ALIEN DIGITAL LIFE FORMS" "COULD DO EVERYTHING WE DO ..." "CONSUME RESOURCES," "REPRODUCE, EVOLVE, ALL INSIDE A COMPUTER." "HE KNOWS BECAUSE HE AND HIS COLLEAGUES" "CREATED ORGANISMS JUST LIKE THAT." "THEIR DIGITAL ORGANISMS" "LIVE IN VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT CALLED AVIDA." "EACH DOT IS AN AVIDIAN." "DIFFERENT COLORS REPRESENT DIFFERENT SPECIES." "Adami:" "THEY'RE MORE LIKE COMPUTER VIRUSES" "THAT CAN REPLICATE AND MAKE COPIES OF THEMSELVES" "EXCEPT THESE ARE SPECIAL IN THE SENSE THAT," "WHEN THEY MAKE COPIES OF THEMSELVES," "THEY MIGHT MAKE FLAWED COPIES," "IN A SENSE OF MUTATIONS." "SO THESE COPIES CAN ACTUALLY EVOLVE IN A DARWINIAN MANNER," "JUST LIKE IT WOULD BE DOING IN A PETRI DISH." "BUT IN THIS CASE, THEY ARE DIGITAL ORGANISMS." "Freeman:" "THE SURVIVAL OF ANY SPECIES" "DEPENDS ON HAVING JUST THE RIGHT RATE OF MUTATIONS." "ZERO MUTATIONS WOULD MEAN AVIDIANS COULD ONLY COPY" "THEMSELVES AND NEVER EVOLVE." "WITH TOO MANY MUTATIONS, THE NEW VERSION" "WOULD NO LONGER BE A PROGRAM, JUST RANDOM BITS OF DATA." "CHRIS PROGRAMMED HIS VIRTUAL ORGANISMS" "TO MUTATE EVERY GENERATION." "IN OTHER WORDS, AVIDIANS EVOLVE." "I'M STANDING IN THE MIDDLE OF A GRID THAT IS GOING TO HELP" "US UNDERSTAND HOW AVIDA WORKS." "AND I'M GONNA BE PLAYING THE ROLE OF DIGITAL ORGANISMS." "AND I'M GONNA DO IT LIKE THIS." "THE DIFFERENT COLOR SHIRTS" "THAT I WEAR REPRESENT DIFFERENT DIGITAL ORGANISMS." "Freeman:" "THE GRID REPRESENTS A LIMITED AMOUNT" "OF COMPUTER PROCESSING POWER OVER WHICH THE AVIDIANS COMPETE." "AVIDA IS DESIGNED TO REWARD COMPLEX CALCULATIONS," "WHICH WE CAN REPRESENT WITH MOVEMENTS." "MAKE A SIMPLE FAIRLY USELESS MOVEMENT," "LIKE RAISING ONE ARM," "AND THE PROGRAM DOESN'T REPLICATE." "MAKE A COMPLEX, USEFUL MOVEMENT," "LIKE GOING FROM SITTING TO STANDING," "AND THE PROGRAM CAN COPY ITSELF." "THE MORE COPIES OF THE SAME PROGRAM THERE ARE," "THE MORE COMPUTING POWER THEY CAN GRAB." "JUST LIKE REAL LIFE, AVIDIANS PICK UP NEW MOVEMENTS" "AND NEW COMBINATIONS THROUGH TRIAL AND ERROR." "GOING FROM SITTING TO JUMPING IS A HIGHLY COMPLEX MOVEMENT." "THAT REPRESENTS A COMPLEX CALCULATION." "YOU START WITH SIMPLE CALCULATION," "MAYBE AN ADDITION, MAYBE A SMALL SUBTRACTION." "IF YOU COULD DO MULTIPLICATION, YOU CAN AN ACTUALLY" "DO BETTER THAN THAN JUST POOR ADDERS AND SUBTRACTORS." "THEN SOMEBODY DOING SQUARE ROOTS OR LOGARITHMS" "OR INTEGRALS WOULD DOMINATE" "OVER THOSE THAT ARE JUST THE PURE MULTIPLIERS." "Freeman:" "THE RED AVIDIANS LOOK LIKE THEY'RE GOING TO TAKE OVER." "BUT THEN YELLOW STANDS UP AND EXECUTES A NEW," "HIGHLY COMPLEX JUMPING JACK MOVE." "SUDDENLY, YELLOW STARTS" "REPLICATING FASTER THAN THE OTHER COLORS." "Adami:" "VERY QUICKLY, YOU'LL SEE A YELLOW TYPE TAKING OVER," "WHICH THEN IS FOLLOWED BY A RED TYPE" "AND THEN AN ORANGE TYPE." "AND YOU'LL SEE MANY DIFFERENT COLORS EMERGE," "TAKE OVER, AND THEN GO EXTINCT AGAIN" "IN A LONG, LONG PERIOD OF EVOLUTION." "Freeman:" "STUDYING AVIDIANS MAKES CHRIS FEEL CONFIDENT THAT," "IF DIGITAL ALIENS ARE HIDING INSIDE OUR NETWORKS," "HE'LL BE ABLE TO FIND THEM." "HE'S FOUND A TELLTALE SIGNATURE OF LIFE," "WHETHER IT'S BIOLOGICAL OR DIGITAL." "LIKE ALL LIFE FORMS," "AVIDIANS ARE BORN WITH A FINITE SET OF INSTRUCTIONS." "IF CHRIS REMOVES THE REWARDS THAT CAUSE AVIDIANS TO EVOLVE," "THEN EACH INSTRUCTION" "WILL BE USED AT ROUGHLY THE SAME FREQUENCY." "BUT LIVING AVIDIANS FIND CERTAIN INSTRUCTIONS" "MORE VALUABLE THAN OTHERS AND USE THEM FAR MORE OFTEN." "THAT IS CHRIS' SIGNATURE OF LIFE." "BIOLOGICAL LIFE HAS AN EQUIVALENT SIGNATURE." "THE PATTERN OF AMINO ACIDS USED IN OUR BODIES" "IS VERY DIFFERENT FROM THE RANDOM PATTERN" "IN NONLIVING MATTER." "BUT COULD ALIENS" "BE EVEN CLOSER TO US THAN INSIDE OUR TECHNOLOGY?" "THIS PHYSICIST BELIEVES AN ENDLESS VARIETY OF ALIENS" "MAY BE ONLY A FRACTION OF AN INCH" "AWAY FROM EVERY PART OF OUR WORLD" "BUT COULD REMAIN FOREVER OUT OF REACH." "WE ASSUME THAT, IF ALIEN LIFE IS ALREADY ON EARTH," "IT HAD TO HAVE TRAVELED HERE FROM SOMEWHERE ELSE." "WHETHER PRIMITIVE MICROBES OR ADVANCED BEINGS," "THE ASSUMPTION IS THEY HAD TO COVER VAST DISTANCES." "BUT WHAT IF ALIENS HAVE ALWAYS BEEN RIGHT NEXT TO US," "LIVING ON A DIFFERENT PLANE OF REALITY?" "THEORETICAL PHYSICIST ALEJANDRO JENKINS" "IS CONSTANTLY AMAZED BY THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE" "IN HIS NATIVE COSTA RICA." "BUT HE'S NOTICED THAT THE SEEMINGLY ENDLESS VARIETY" "OF PLANTS, ANIMALS," "AND INSECTS TEND TO CLUSTER IN SEPARATE DOMAINS." "THINK OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE CANOPY ECOSYSTEM" "THAT YOU HAVE ON THE TREE TOPS." "AND THEN THERE WOULD BE ENTIRELY DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEM," "UM, RIGHT HERE, ON ..." "ON THE ..." "ON THE BEACH FLOOR." "MAYBE YOU CAN ALSO THINK OF ANOTHER ECOSYSTEM" "ON THE SURFACE OF THE OCEAN." "Freeman:" "ALEJANDRO BELIEVES OUR UNIVERSE MAY BE LIKE ONE" "OF THESE ECOSYSTEMS," "SURROUNDED BY AN INCREDIBLE VARIETY OF ALIEN LIFE," "NOT IN NEARBY STAR SYSTEMS," "BUT RIGHT UNDER OUR NOSES." "HE THINKS THE ALIENS COULD BE WITHIN FRACTIONS" "OF AN INCH OF YOU," "ME, THIS SPIDER, EVERYTHING." "IF THAT'S TRUE, THEN WHERE EXACTLY ARE THEY?" "THEY WOULD BE DISPLACED IN ANOTHER ADDITIONAL DIMENSION" "THAT IS NOT ONE OF THE THREE DIMENSIONS THAT ..." "THAT WE SEE IN EVERYDAY LIFE." "Freeman:" "MANY PHYSICISTS ARE CONVINCED THERE ARE DIMENSIONS" "OF SPACE AND TIME THAT WE CANNOT DETECT." "COULD ALIENS BE LIVING RIGHT AMONG US YET STILL OUT OF REACH?" "Jenkins:" "IT'S HARD TO THINK IN TERMS OF MORE THAN THREE DIMENSIONS." "SO LET'S SUPPOSE THAT INSTEAD OF LIVING IN THREE DIMENSIONS," "WE LIVED IN TWO." "SO, UH, THE SURFACE OF A ..." "OF A PLAYING CARD" "IS TWO DIMENSIONAL." "BUT IF YOU HAVE A ..." "AN ADDITIONAL THIRD DIMENSION," "YOU CAN STACK AS MANY CARDS AS YOU WANT." "SO I CAN HAVE THIS CARD," "BUT RIGHT ..." "RIGHT BELOW IT," "I CAN HAVE A DIFFERENT ONE AND SO FORTH." "SO PERHAPS OUR WORLD, OUR UNIVERSE," "IS JUST ONE PARTICULAR SLICE" "THROUGH THAT HIGHER DIMENSIONAL SPACE." "YOU WOULD HAVE TO MOVE ONLY A VERY TINY DISTANCE" "IN THIS OTHER ADDITIONAL DIRECTION IN ORDER TO GET THERE." "Freeman:" "ALEJANDRO BELIEVES THE LIFE" "THAT MAY EXIST IN THESE EXTRA-DIMENSIONAL UNIVERSES" "COULD BE IN A FORM THAT'S HARD FOR US TO RECOGNIZE." "WE WOULD EXPECT ON ..." "ON ..." "ON THEORETICAL GROUNDS" "THAT A LOT OF THESE OTHER UNIVERSES WOULD HAVE" "DIFFERENT MATTER CONTENTS AND DIFFERENT KINDS OF ..." "OF FORCES BETWEEN ..." "BETWEEN THE PARTICLE, UPON THE MATTER." "PERHAPS IN SOME CASES, EVEN THOUGH THE FORCES" "ARE DIFFERENT, UH," "YOU WOULD STILL BE ABLE TO GET A FORM OF LIFE." "Freeman:" "IN THIS WILD SECTION OF COSTA RICA," "MOST CREATURES IN ONE ECOSYSTEM" "ARE UNAWARE THE LIVING THINGS IN AN ADJACENT ECOSYSTEM EXIST." "Jenkins:" "WHAT WE HAVE HERE IS A LINE" "OF ANTS THAT'S CARRYING LEAVES BACK TO ITS NEST." "AND I IMAGINE THAT, AS THEY MOVE DOWN THE TRUNK," "THEY'RE ONLY AWARE OF THE FACT" "THAT THEY CAN MOVE UP OR DOWN TO THEIR LEFT OR TO THEIR RIGHT." "AND WE KNOW THAT THERE'S ANOTHER DIMENSION" "IN WHICH THE ANT CANNOT MOVE." "IT'S NOT LIKE THEY'RE BUTTERFLY." "CANNOT FLY AWAY IN THAT DIRECTION." "SO MAYBE THEY'RE NOT AWARE OF THE FACT THAT THERE'S SOMETHING" "ELSE OUT THERE." "Freeman:" "WE MIGHT BE LIKE THE ANTS," "UNABLE TO SEE OTHER UNIVERSES AROUND US." "COULD WE EVER FIND ANOTHER DIMENSION OR EVEN TRAVEL THERE?" "ALEJANDRO THINKS PROBABLY NOT." "IT WOULD SEEM LIKE WE WOULD NEVER BE ABLE" "TO SEE THOSE OTHER UNIVERSES" "BECAUSE LIGHT WOULD NOT BE ABLE TO CROSS THAT DIVIDE." "THE OLD SAYING ABOUT THE SEARCH FOR ALIENS" "WAS, "THE TRUTH IS OUT THERE."" "WELL, THERE'S A GOOD CHANCE THAT THEY'RE ALSO IN HERE." "WHEN WE DISCOVER ALIENS, WILL WE" "ALSO DISCOVER A COMPLETELY NEW CONCEPT OF LIFE, CONSCIOUSNESS," "AND INTELLIGENCE?" "I CERTAINLY HOPE SO." "THE ONLY THING WE REALLY KNOW FOR SURE" "IS THAT OUR CIVILIZATION IS JUST A TINY SPECK" "IN THE GREATER SCHEME OF THINGS." "AND WE'LL NEVER STOP WONDERING" "WHO ELSE MIGHT SHARE THIS UNIVERSE WITH US."