"Dirty Wars (2013)" "Kabul, Afghanistan, 4:00 in the morning." "As an American journalist," "I was used to filing stories in the middle of the night." "But there's always something eerie driving through the deserted streets." "A city of 3 million- barely a streetlight on." "It was a familiar routine:" "Waiting for the crew to light up the night sky so you could see something in the background." "But could we really see?" "Well, Keith, greetings from Kabul, Afghanistan, where the U.S. Ambassador Karl Eikenberry..." "This is a story about the seen and the unseen..." "And about things hidden in plain sight." "It's hard to say when this story began." "I'd been working as a war reporter for more than a decade in Yugoslavia, Iraq, and now Afghanistan." "After nearly ten years, the war here wasn't exactly breaking news." "I think there's, like- there's, like, eight rakes." "One, two, three..." "We haven't been out here." "What's the name of this village out here?" "Oh, I have no idea." "They all blend in for me." "Yeah." "What's the focus of your campaign here?" "In southern Nangarhar, we're dealing with the Ashkar" "Ashkael- uh, Asherkeil tribe." "You know, the wording, uh, I'll get right probably when we leave next year, but..." "This was supposed to be the front line in the war on terror." "From Kabul out on an exercise with the military and back to Kabul, the Afghan Press Corps was locked in a bubble." "We were told that the battle for hearts and minds was being won as soldiers dug wells or drank tea with tribal elders." "But I knew I was missing the story." "There was another war, hinted at in press conferences and detailed in each morning's press release." "December 14th, Zabul Province, a night raid." "Four Taliban killed, three detained for questioning." "No civilians injured." "No one at NATO would give us anything more than the lists of nighttime raids." "No one even seemed to know who was doing the raids." "And I wasn't going to find out if I stayed in Kabul." "So what you're saying is that the Americans will come into a district where you're the police commander, and they won't inform you that they're gonna carry out this kind of action in your district." "So there's the two- the two men in the guesthouse were the first people killed." "And then..." "The farmer from here." " Yeah." " And then another farmer." "Two." "Two of his sons." "Two." " Mm-hmm." " Two of his sons." "So there's, I think- so seven." "Or two" " Two, two---four." "One farmer---five." "Two these--- seven." "Two..." "The list of raids from NATO press releases read like a map of a hidden war." "The military divided the roads in Afghanistan by color." "Green was safe." "Red was dangerous." "And black?" "Don't even try it." "Most of the raids were happening far beyond the green zone in what the military called "denied areas"..." "Places where journalists never show up to ask questions." "NATO, the U.S. Embassy, and my own better judgment all advised against traveling there." "But I'd read about a raid in Gardez, half a day's drive in Paktia Province." "I pushed as far as I could into the gray area on the fraying edge of NATO's control, past rusting Russian tanks and bombed-out NATO supply convoys." "Two other journalists had been kidnapped on this road, and after weeks in the military's armored vehicles, our Toyota felt thin-skinned and fragile." "I knew I had to be back in Kabul before sunset, when the Taliban took control of the roads." "But I had no idea how far my visit to Gardez would lead me." "Was Mr. Daoud killed immediately, or did he live for a while after he was shot?" "They pulled out the bullets from their body." "You saw the U.S. Forces take the bullets out of the body?" "So he had just seen his wife killed by the American forces, and then he himself was taken prisoner by the Americans." "What was going through his head when they took him?" "The family had no idea what led the Americans to their home." "They had long fought against the Taliban, and Daoud was a police commander who'd been through dozens of U.S. training programs." "As we prepared to leave," "Daoud's granddaughter spoke to us, but only later would I know the meaning of her words." "Daoud's family told me it was time to go." "The sun sets early in the mountains, and the night belongs to the Taliban." "The gunfire continued, and it was now obvious how dangerous, maybe even reckless the trip had been." "Mm-hmm." "NATO wasted no time issuing a report." "They claimed that the women killed in Gardez were the victims of a Taliban honor killing, bound and gagged by their own murderous families." "You saw the U.S. Forces take the bullets out of the body?" "I believed the family, but that wasn't enough for me or anyone else." "[Speaking indistinctly]" "Who were these men that stormed into Daoud's home?" "And why would they go to such horrifying lengths to cover up their actions?" "All right." "Ready?" "Yeah." "One, two, three." "Good morning." "The subcommittee will come to order." "The subject is national security." "If my esteemed friend, the gentleman from Michigan, wishes to continue with this hearing," "I think that's fine." "He is the chairman." "But next year, when this committee is under new management, we won't be looking at the calendar of last year or two years ago." "Thank you." "Far from discussing the distant past," "I'd like to share with this committee part of my investigation into deadly U.S. night raids..." "Sensenbrenner walked out, but no one else even bothered to show up..." "Just Chairman Conyers and his staffers." "In closing, Mr. Ohairman, I told these families that I'd bring their cases before the U.S. Congress and ask that they be investigated and that those responsible be held accountable." "On behalf of those families..." "It didn't surprise me that Washington wasn't interested in Gardez." "As an investigative reporter, you rarely have people's attention." "More often than not, you work alone, and the stories you labor over fall on deaf ears." "But sometimes a story strikes a nerve, and you're thrown into the public arena." "It happened to me once before." "During its time in Iraq," "Blackwater has regularly engaged in firefights and other deadly incidents..." "It was 2007, and I was reporting on Blackwater, a shadowy mercenary company, and suddenly it was front-page news." "A frequent contributor to The Nation magazine, his new book is called Blackwater." "Jeremy Scahill, who authored the book Blackwater..." "Who's come to us from London..." "Joining me now is Jeremy Scahill." "I quickly discovered that the world of talk show television is less a meeting place for ideas and more like a boxing ring." "That is hooey." "$700 million for a colonial fortress in Pakistan." "The whole thing feels like a game." "But every time you step into the ring, there's a chance your story can have an impact." "Journalists have done nothing to hold the White House accountable now," "Chuck, or under Bush." "Let me get to the story" " Why are you still alive?" "Are you paranoid?" "No, I'm serious." "I'm serious." "I mean, it's an amazing book that you've written, and I'm curious that- "Oh, that guy had a"" ""Remember that guy we did Maher with?"" ""Oh, he's dead." "What happened?"" ""He had an accident." I mean..." "And here are the" "Residents are being picked up, abducted..." "Congress wasn't going to investigate the raid in Gardez." "And my Freedom of Information requests were bounced all over the military, ending up in an unnamed agency awaiting review." "I reached out to everyone I could in Washington- the CIA, State Department, former military officials- but no one would speak openly about Gardez..." "Until I met with General Hugh Shelton," "Chairman of the Joint Chiefs on 9/11." "One incident that I looked into in Afghanistan, where an Afghan police commander and two pregnant women were killed- but the question I wanted to ask you is, in that kind of case- let's say that's true" "how would something like that be handled or investigated or reviewed?" "If they go flying in and meet any kind of resistance at all" "I mean, shots are fired- then I'm sorry if they got killed, but they're in the wrong place at the wrong time, and I don't think it ought to be investigated." "I think you write it off as one of those damn acts of war." "But one of the victims was a senior police commander who had been trained by the U.S." "And two of them were pregnant women." "Now, just 'cause he's a police chief- he could've been a terrorist as well." "You know, he could've been working both sides, so that piece of it, although it sounds bad- but two pregnant women?" "The fact that they were pregnant is very, very unfortunate, but it's also unfortunate that they were women." "But on the other hand," "I've been shot at by women myself, so that doesn't" "And I mean shot at." "That doesn't excuse 'em." "They die just like men do if they shoot at us, so..." "Congress wasn't interested." "I was being stonewalled by the military." "And General Shelton told me there should be no investigation." "And back in Afghanistan, the reporter who first broke the Gardez story had been publicly attacked by NATO." "Yeah, we went to print on a Saturday." "By Saturday afternoon," "I was getting information from other journalists in Kabul who are my friends that NATO was briefing against me." "NATO was trying to discredit me, trying to say that the story was inaccurate, and effectively trying to kill it dead." "To my knowledge, that was the only time that they've named a journalist and sort of singled out a journalist so specifically in a denial." "NATO accused Starkey of lying." "It could have been enough to end a journalist's career." "But information about Gardez kept leaking out." "A secret UN investigation confirmed many of the details the family had told us, and an Afghan police inquiry was under way." "I didn't realize what the family was showing me." "It was just a grainy cell phone video from the morning after the attack... [indistinct conversation]" "Until the voices began." "When I get to here..." "Two Americans, their hands visible for a moment filming the corpses while they piece together their version of that night's killings." "NATO phoned me up, and they said," ""Jerome, we're just calling to let you know" ""we're about to put out a press release." "We are changing our version of events."" "They admitted that they were responsible for killing the three women and that the men they said were Taliban were not, in fact, Taliban." "They admitted they'd got it wrong." "Again, they were hoping it was gonna go away." "Well, it wasn't." "Like yourselves, we set off very early one morning from Kabul through Logar to Gardez..." "When up rolls a huge convoy of countless Afghan officers and soldiers." "And among them is a man wearing a uniform that I recognize as sort of U.S. Marines, but it says U.S. Navy on his lapel." "But I didn't know who he was." "They off-loaded a sheep, and three Afghan soldiers knelt on this sheep in exactly the same place where these soldiers had been when they started the raid." "They were offering to sacrifice the sheep." "The soldiers tried to stop Starkey's photographer," "Jeremy Kelly, but the family insisted." "Otherwise, there'd be no evidence that this extraordinary event occurred, no proof of who the killers were." "Like so much about this war, they would have remained unseen." "He said that, "My soldiers were responsible for the deaths of these members of your family,"" "and for that, he apologized." "I returned home and tried to put the story of Gardez behind me." "But coming home is never easy." "I didn't want to admit it, but life back home was dull after being in a war zone." "Ordinary life was just that." "I tried to forget about Gardez but couldn't." "We pulled everyone out, okay?" "Now, at that point," "I'm watching what's going on here." "I see it all go down." "Now..." "The video was chilling, but I couldn't see their faces." "All I had were images of their hands and the sound of their voices." "Okay, the blood trail." "This is it." "This is the last room." "This is where the engagement was." "He comes in here." "There's" "There's a woman crying in the doorway." "None of these clues were supposed to exist- the cell phone video, the photos of the admiral and his sheep." "The killers were meant to disappear without a trace." "The family had called them "American Taliban."" "But who were they, these American soldiers with beards?" "As a reporter, you learn that every story has conflicting points of view." "You try to understand all of them without letting your own get in the way." "But there was something about this story and the way it was covered up." "The photo of the admiral had seemed to answer our questions about the raid." "But the longer I looked at it, the less sense it made." "I could read the name and rank, but who was this man delivering the sheep?" "Vice Admiral William McRaven wasn't from NATO Headquarters in Kabul, and he wasn't from the Eastern Regional Command that owned that battle space." "I'd never seen the R01 insignia on his shoulder." "And it was hard to find mention of him in the press, much less a photograph." "But I found an old DoD press briefing from 2008 that mentioned McRaven's nomination to lead an obscure unit within the military called JSOC, the Joint Special Operations Command." "After more than a decade as a war reporter," "I thought I knew most of the players involved, but I'd never heard of JSOC." "There was little official record, but JSOC was formed in 1980 after the failed hostage rescue mission in Iran." "It was designed as the most covert unit in the military and the only one that reports directly to the White House." "So why would the President's elite force be kicking down the doors on a family in Gardez?" "I knew Gardez wasn't an isolated incident and went back to NATO's daily press releases with their lists of killed and captured." "I expected the list to be long, but I had no idea how long." "Every week, the tempo of raids increased." "In the last three months, there had been 1, 700 night raids in Afghanistan." "It was a staggering figure and meant that stories like the one in Gardez were unfolding nearly 20 times each night." "An endless list of raids but not a single name." "I could see that Gardez was part of a bigger story- much bigger." "But the very thought of it was overwhelming." "With 1, 700 raids, who would compile the list of the dead?" "The surge of night raids was clearly changing the war in Afghanistan." "It didn't take long for JSOC's actions to ricochet." "Matthew Hoh has become the first U.S. official to resign in protest over the Afghan war." "Hoh is a former marine who spent five months working for the State Department in Afghanistan and is, by all accounts, well-respected." "A lot of times, yeah, the right guys would get targeted, and the right guys would get killed." "And then plenty of other times, the wrong people would get killed, sometimes innocent families." "And then that sets you back so far." "You know, nothing like going into a village in the middle of the night, knocking a door down, and, like, killing a woman or a child to just undo everything that infantry battalion command had been trying to do for, like, the last nine, ten months." "You were in a position where you were trying to vet lists to make sure that the wrong people weren't being killed by these task forces." "Were there 500 people on this list, 1,000?" "No, I can't- I can't tell you." " Oh, you can't?" " Yeah." "You can't tell me because..." "I can't tell you 'cause I can't tell you that stuff." " You can't talk about it?" " Yeah." "I saw the list." "I saw how big they are." "Yeah, everything else, yeah." "I mean, that's- I can't tell you." "I was just..." "The Joint Special Operations Command had never numbered more than a few thousand." "But under William McRaven," "Afghanistan had become JSOC's war." "How had such a small covert unit taken over the largest conventional war on the planet?" "Andrew Exum had experienced the change firsthand when he served as part of McRaven's high value targeting campaign, not in Afghanistan but in Iraq." "He led a company of rangers in 2003 as part of JSOC's Iraq task force." "I watched the way things began to change." "You know, kind of the iron rule was, you don't go anywhere unless you've got, you know, a company of Army Rangers in reserve." "In 2003, nobody was in reserve." "I mean, people were hitting targets every single night in a very dispersed way and just-bam, bam, bam." "I mean, you remember the deck of cards." "We kind of had this poster of all these guys, and we went out looking for them every night." "So we would, you know, kick down a door and pull somebody out of their home in the middle of the night, and the next morning, you know, people would be rioting in the streets." "I'm in!" "Clear!" "Come out!" "On your fuckin' face." "On your face." "Yeah, I remember one night going out." "You know, we found out later that we were on two-weeks-old intelligence." "Two Iraqis started shooting at us." "We killed them." "And, you know, we kind of realized later that these guys were just out guarding the- you know, the neighborhood generator." "Now, I didn't lose any sleep over it, 'cause these guys were shooting at me, but, you know, you start thinking about it from a strategic perspective- that's a loss." "You start out with a target list, and maybe you got 50 guys on it;" "maybe you got 200 guys on it." "But you can work your way through those 50 or 200 guys, and then suddenly, at the end of that target list, you've now got a new target list of, you know, 3,000 people on it." "And how did this grow?" "What Exum told me about Iraq was a revelation." "I thought JSOC's rise had happened later in Afghanistan." "I'd worked in Baghdad for years and had written countless stories there, many from the front lines of the war." "It was there that I first started reporting for The Nation magazine." "But I'd never heard of JSOC." "The budget for the Joint Special Operations Command, you can't get it through a FOIA request." "We've tried that." "I'd missed the most important story." "In Iraq, the U.S. had fundamentally changed the way it fought war." "The real story, JSOC, was hidden in the shadows, out of sight." "What was hidden in the shadows right now?" "...That I propose represent a new direction from the last eight years." "What was I missing today?" "We are embracing more oversight of our actions, and we're narrowing our use of the state secrets privilege." "I discovered that, over the past decade, a series of secret presidential orders had given JSOC unprecedented authority." "The battlefield was expanded, and JSOC could now hit at will in countries beyond Iraq and Afghanistan." "I began to research strikes against al-Qaeda outside the declared battlefields." "I looked for patterns among the lists." "And then I found one." "In December 2009, five strikes with over 150 casualties in a country without a declared war." "[Man singing in native language]" "Aden." "Yemen's ancient port city was nothing like Kabul." "In Afghanistan, life was defined by the war." "Everything revolved around it." "But in Yemen, there was no war, at least not officially." "The strikes seemed to have come out of the blue, and most Yemenis were going about life as usual." "It was difficult to know where to start." "The Yemeni government claimed responsibility for the strikes, saying they'd killed dozens of al-Qaeda operatives." "But it was unclear who the targets really were or who was even responsible." "I arranged to meet the most powerful man in southern Yemen," "Sheikh Saleh Bin Fareed." "When was the first time that you heard about someone being al-Qaeda in that area?" "How did you first hear of the strikes that had happened on December 17th?" "What was the news saying?" "The echoes of Gardez were everywhere..." "So many of the details repeating themselves." "But there was one important difference." "In Gardez, the American soldiers went to obscene lengths to cover up the killings." "Here in al-Majalah, despite the official denial, they'd left their fingerprints strewn across the desert." "Why would they deny something so obvious when anyone who visited the bomb site would see the truth?" "But maybe that was the point." "There was no declared war in Yemen." "Out here, in the middle of the desert, no one was looking." "And the one local reporter investigating the bombing had disappeared." "Abdulelah Haider Shaye had traveled to al-Majalah immediately after the strike, and his reporting sparked national outrage." "Soon after, his house was raided by Yemen's American-trained counterterrorism forces." "Abdulelah was thrown in prison." "Posters demanding his return were hung around the capital." "I met Abdulelah's lawyer at a teahouse because his office was under attack." "My understanding was that President Ali Abdullah Saleh was going to pardon Abdulelah Haider." "I'd heard the story many times in Yemen" "President Obama personally intervening to keep a respected Yemeni journalist in prison." "It sounded farfetched to me." "But then I found this on the White House's own website, a readout from a phone call between Obama and the Yemeni president." "They badly misspelled Abdulelah's name, but Obama's point was clear." "He wanted him kept in jail." "Al-Majalah was the first reported strike inside Yemen in seven years." "It was clearly a U.S. Cruise missile that struck the Bedouin camp." "Since there was no declared war in Yemen," "I knew the strike was either JSOC or the CIA." "And then I found this photo." "The U.S. would have never released it, but Yemen's president posted it on his personal website- a presidential meeting with an important American guest, the head of the Joint Special Operations Command," "Admiral William McRaven." "Joining us now is Jeremy Scahill, national security correspondent for The Nation magazine." "His latest article is all about the U.S. relationship with Yemen." "Jeremy, thank you for joining us." "Thank you." "Back in New York," "I started writing stories about JSOC, their rise to lead force in Afghanistan, their covert strikes in Yemen, and it felt as though" "I had crossed an invisible tripwire." "The reality is that" "U.S. counterterrorism obsession with Yemen trumped concern for human rights." " That's not true." " And it's" "Well, it is true." " It's not true." "Yup, back there." "Does the Pentagon have any comment on a report in The Nation today?" "And my question is" " Yeah, I guess" " I-I" " The question is- you keep denying covert operations." "Isn't this yet more evidence of one?" "Okay." "Despite whatever conspiratorial theories that, you know, magazines or broadcast outlets may want to cook up, there's nothing to it." "So, Jeremy, let me ask you, have we been going into all of these countries over the past decade with drone attacks, dropping bombs in countries where we haven't declared war?" "The lack of response from the major media and the CIA and all the rest of it suggests they're dismissing what you've done." "I receive a call, unprompted, from a Captain James Kirby, who is the spokesperson for Admiral Mike Mullen." "Calls me on my cell phone." "Wouldn't tell me how he got my cell phone number." "Wouldn't tell me who told him about the story." "This is hours from publication." "And told me that if we published this story in The Nation that I would be "on thin ice."" "That was a direct quote." "And I said, "Well, I want to know" ""how you heard about this story, and I want to know how you got my number."" "And he said, "Let's just say that I heard about it."" "I wasn't sleeping well, and insomnia fueled my anxiety." "My computer had been hacked and part of my hard drive copied." "It was difficult not to feel a creeping sense of paranoia." "And then I got another strange phone call." "I had no idea why he called me or how he got my number." "I thought it might be a setup." "Every story I worked on seemed to trace back to JSOC." "And now, out of the blue, someone from the inside was reaching out to me." "I had met operators before in my research on Blackwater but no one as close to the heart of JSOC's covert operations." "He sent me photos of his DoD badges." "But I still couldn't help wondering, was I investigating JSOC, or were they investigating me?" "Explain what JSOC is." "[Distorted voice]" "What has JSOC been doing in Yemen?" "Targeted killings inside the borders of Yemen?" "Were there ways that JSOC was being used that you found objectionable?" "Torture?" "So you're saying JSOC is able to hit harder under President Obama than they were under President Bush?" "On my last day in Sana'a, a file had been left for me at my hotel..." "A leaked investigation into the strike of al-Majalah." "It included a list of the dead." "In Iraq, they had a deck of cards, a list of 55 names." "But the cards were not enough." "New lists were needed." "Longer lists." "At the end of each list, another and another, an endless list of names." "In al-Majalah, the list numbered 46." "14 of the names were women." "21 were children." "Who were they trying to kill?" "A week after al-Majalah, there was another strike." "And this time, the Yemeni government issued a press release naming the intended targets, but none of them had been killed." "For the first time, I had names on the kill list of people who were still alive." "Two of them were publicly known leaders:" "Shihiri and Waheshi." "But the last name gave me a chill:" "Anwar al-Awlaki." "I knew the name, but I couldn't believe I was seeing it here on this list." "Awlaki was an American citizen." "The Christmas Day bombing attempt has everybody on alert tonight." "Investigators connecting the dots, and a key focus in the investigation is a radical Islamic cleric." "That man is Anwar al-Awlaki, an exiled American who was..." "Just as I was investigating the expanding war in Yemen, it seemed Awlaki's name was everywhere." "The War on Terror suddenly had a new face." "Radical cleric Anwar al-Awlaki may now be as grave a threat as Osama bin Laden himself." "Awlaki, Holder says, is a clear and present danger." "He's an extremely dangerous man." "Does the U.S. have a preference in terms of al-Awlaki:" "Dead, captured, or prosecuted?" "Well, we certainly want to neutralize him, and we will do whatever we can in order to do that." "An American was on the kill list." "It felt to me like we'd walked off a cliff." "Awlaki had been sentenced to death without even being charged with a crime." "Awlaki's father filed a lawsuit with the help of the Center for Constitutional Rights and the ACLU." "He demanded that the government provide whatever evidence they had against his son." "But the government refused." "They had ordered the assassination of a U.S. citizen but said the evidence itself was too dangerous to be made public." "What kind of protections does this American have against being assassinated by his own government?" "Yeah, it almost sounds kind of funny in an ironic way when you say that." "You know, you have the right not to be assassinated." "A bill was introduced in Congress to ban the extrajudicial assassination of Americans, but only six congressmen signed on." "And the people who should have known what was happening, the members of the intelligence committees, couldn't tell me anything." "When there is a lethal operation and a high-value person is killed, the president, of course, acknowledged that we killed" " He can't" " Huh?" "Has there been any legal review of the potential for lethal operations against American citizens?" " Not to our knowledge." " Is that classified?" "It's important for the American people to know when the President can kill an American citizen and when they can't." "And yet it is almost as if there are two laws in America, and the American people would be extraordinarily surprised if they could see the difference between what they believe a law says and how it has actually been interpreted in secret." "You're not permitted to disclose that difference publicly." "That's correct." "I wasn't surprised when Washington ignored the killings in Gardez." "But this was an American citizen." "The country was now targeting one of its own." "Even John Walker Lindh, who'd taken up arms with the Taliban, was given a trial." "What had Awlaki done?" "And why was the U.S. willing to cross such a dangerous line to have him killed?" "I read everything I could about Awlaki." "It was obvious that he was an immensely popular preacher with a large following among young English-speaking Muslims around the world." "On his blog, he openly praised some of the attacks against the U.S." "But this in itself was clearly not a crime." "I spoke with former CIA and military officials." "They argued that Awlaki's speeches were inspiring domestic terrorists." "There were a lot of words from both Awlaki and the U.S. Government but no concrete piece of evidence that he was an operational figure in any attacks." "I remembered seeing him on TV nearly a decade earlier, just after 9/11." "And it was difficult to reconcile the image of a new bin Laden with Awlaki's earlier sermons condemning terrorism." "The fact that the U.S. has administered the death and homicide of civilians in Iraq does not justify the killing of one U.S. Civilian in New York City or Washington, D.C." "For a short time, Awlaki seemed like the go-to imam for journalists trying to understand the experience of American Muslims in the wake of the attacks." "He was even profiled by the Washington Post for a piece about Ramadan." "After September 11th..." "All of the feelings of the American Muslims were similar to everybody else in America:" "Feelings of sympathy for the families of the victims and a sense of..." "That whoever did this needed to be brought to justice." "A decade after this video was filmed," "Awlaki had become Public Enemy Number One, his name at the very top of the kill list." "It felt like the War on Terror was turning on itself." "I was now investigating the planned assassination of a U.S. Citizen- a watershed event." "For the first time," "I had the name of someone on the kill list who had not yet been killed." "Anwar al-Awlaki was now a wanted man hiding somewhere in the mountains of Yemen." "I knew I wouldn't be able to speak with Awlaki directly..." "But through a series of intermediaries," "I managed to set up a meeting with his father." "I expected him to be reluctant to speak about his son, but he seemed happy to reminisce about an earlier time." "Anwar was an all-American boy." "This is in Disneyland, you know, in 1984, I think." "This is in San Diego when he was already an imam with a big beard, you know." "At that time, he was asking Muslims to participate in the democratic process in America." "In fact, during the presidential campaign of George Bush, he thought the conservative Republicans will be better than the liberal Democrats, and he encouraged the Muslims there to elect George Bush." "Didn't he even, at one point, attend a luncheon at the Pentagon?" "Yes." "You see, he liked America, and he wanted to stay and really-his life in America, but things came differently." "Can you explain to me why your son went into hiding?" "After the incident of al-Majalah and Anwar was all over the news, the drones started to fly over Shabwah." "So, you know, Anwar was really concerned." "And so we took his family with us, and he left to the mountains." "Hmm?" "Myself, at this age in my life," "I really cannot ever replace, you know, the role of my son as he was doing for his family." "From my reading of the history of your son, from his writing, it seemed as though there was a transformation that happened politically for him from 9/11 to the invasion of Iraq." "Something started to change in his tone." "Yes." "Anwar became popular before September 11th because his sermons and his tapes, you know, were very popular all over the English-speaking world." "And then the invasion came in 2003, and they invaded Iraq and destroyed Iraq, so Anwar really started to be more vocal in his speeches against what the Americans were doing against Muslims all over the world." "There's no doubt that your son praised some of the attacks against the U.S." "And for many Americans, it was enough to say," ""Anwar al-Awlaki is a terrorist."" "But also, I want decent American lawyer to tell me that it is right for the United States government to kill an American citizen on the basis that he said something against the United States or against American soldiers." "I mean, I-I don't understand." "I don't understand 100% the American Constitution, but I don't believe American law will allow the killing of an American citizen because he said something against the United States." "Anwar's father may have been calling for justice under American law, but American drones were already flying overhead." "The fact that they were trying to kill an American citizen was shocking enough." "But there was another reason Awlaki's story haunted me." "We are against evil, and America as a whole has turned into a nation of evil." "How can your conscience allow you to..." "Awlaki seemed to have embraced the very identity he once opposed:" "The military jacket, the black flag, the unequivocal call for armed jihad." "I specifically invite the youth to either fight in the West or join their brothers in the fronts of jihad." "The all-American boy was gone and so was the moderate imam." "But why?" "Awlaki was deeply affected by the War on Terror both abroad and at home." "The day after September 11th, a woman stumbled into his mosque in Virginia after being beaten with a baseball bat." "More than 1,200 Muslims were detained across the country." "You have Muslims who are locked up in jail and are left to rot in there." "There are no charges brought against them." "What have you done for them?" "Awlaki resigned from the mosque soon after and left the country." "But the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq followed." "And, well, this is a new kind of- a new kind of evil." "And this-this-this-this- this crusade..." "Is gonna take a while." "Awlaki began to see the expanding wars as part of a global attack against Islam, and his sermons reflected a growing anger." "We are watching one Muslim nation fall after another, and we're watching, sitting back, doing nothing." "After 9/11," "Awlaki was put under surveillance, detained at airports, and repeatedly interrogated by the FBI." "When he returned to Yemen, local officials arrested him on orders from Washington." "He was locked up for a year and a half without charge and spent 17 months in solitary confinement." "When he was finally released," "Awlaki was a changed man." "And after JSOC tried to kill him, his transformation was complete." "Eventually came to the conclusion that jihad against America is binding upon myself..." "This is not a war of choice." "Just as it is binding on every other able Muslim." "This is a war of necessity." "They seemed like mirror images of one another, strangely distorted," "America's wars and Awlaki's words." "This will not be quick..." "War against Islam and Muslim..." "Nor easy." "Like a self-fulfilling prophecy, the United States had helped create the very man it was now trying to kill." "America was my home." "Those who attacked America on 9/11 are plotting to do so again." "Awlaki's journey, from a voice of moderation to one of retribution, cut to the heart of the larger story" "I was investigating." "[Indistinct conversations]" "Anybody..." "Anybody belongs to al-Qaeda..." "I'd seen the same pattern repeatedly." "America was trying to kill its way to victory." "Now got a new target list..." "But the War on Terror was producing new enemies wherever it spread." "How did this grow?" "How does a war like that ever end?" "Good evening." "Tonight, I can report to the American people and to the world that the United States has conducted an operation that killed Osama bin Laden, the leader of al-Qaeda." "Again, for those just joining us," "Osama bin Laden is dead, and one confirmation we're getting indicates that this is a special operations raid." "And I think an organization we're gonna hear a lot about in the coming days is JSOC, the Joint Special Operations Command." "So much for secrecy." "So much for cover-ups." "The forces I'd been trying to unmask since Gardez were suddenly national heroes." "The operation was called Neptune Spear." "To capture or kill bin Laden." "It felt like the world had turned upside down." "JSOC, long shrouded in secrecy, was becoming a household name." "But what did it really mean?" "The White House circulated a photo from the night of the raid, perhaps as a picture of transparency." "Everyone was in the room:" "Secretary of State," "Secretary of Defense," "Vice President," "Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the President himself." "But it was the seating arrangement that interested me." "The man at the head of the table wasn't the commander in chief." "It was McRaven's assistant at JSOC," "General Webb." "McRaven himself was running the operation from Afghanistan." "USA!" "USA!" "USA!" "USA!" "I wasn't mourning bin Laden's death, but I wasn't celebrating either." "After ten years, I understood that people wanted closure." "But it didn't feel like V-E Day to me." "Didn't feel like victory at all." "The leader of al-Qaeda is dead, but a new one has taken his place." "Your mission will be to ensure he meets the same end." "Hearing JSOC mentioned on television was jolting enough, but when I saw the admiral in front of the cameras, it felt like I'd walked through the looking glass." "I am deeply honored that the President has nominated me to serve as the next SOCOM commander." "And if confirmed..." "William McRaven was now the toast of Washington." "Admiral McRaven, by leading the mission that killed Osama bin Laden, you and your men won an enduring place in American military history." "Like all of my colleagues," "I salute you and your colleagues' and the SEALs' extraordinary operations." "Thank you for your service." "Thank you, sir." "When the congratulations subsided, the senators turned to the real purpose of the hearings." "Are you prepared and capable to expand your operations at a moment's notice worldwide?" "As we look out from Iraq, Afghanistan, and, frankly, across the globe, as we look at hot spots in Yemen where you have al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula or Somalia where you have East African al-Qaeda" "and al-Shabaab, now, these are clearly areas of concern..." "People in the streets may have hoped the War on Terror was finally over." "But in Washington, in the corridors of power, a new chapter had just begun." "Right now, it's kinetic." "Hard kill." "If it's not hard kill, doesn't get played." "Soon after the bin Laden strike," "I met Malcolm Nance, a legend in the world of covert ops who'd trained countless Navy SEALs and other JSOC operators." "I'm a firm believer in targeted assassination." "If they are too strong for your ability to negate their capacity in the battlefield, then you're just gonna have to put a hellfire in." "If they're- if they are dangerous on a strategic scale like Anwar al-Awlaki from Yemen- definitely has a missile in his future." "No longer cloaked in secrecy, special ops seemed to be enjoying their moment in the sun." "You know, we went in, we did the drone strike, and-or hellfire strike, and we blasted the individual car of a known guy who was known to be in that vehicle." "And we flew in, and we snatched his body- we confirmed it- got the intelligence, went away." "That's the way we should be doing it." "The first time we met, he'd called me out of the blue." "This time, it was me who called." "JSOC may no longer have been a secret, but that didn't mean we knew the truth." "But, in theory, Congress is supposed to have oversight of these operations." "Bin Laden's death had given the War on Terror new life." "After 9/11, there were seven people on the kill list." "In Iraq, 55 on the deck of cards." "By Afghanistan, there were thousands." "But now the list itself was changing." "Signature strikes," "TADS, crowd killing- a target list was no longer needed to justify a strike like al-Majalah." "All boys over the age of 15, all men under the age of 70 were now fair game in targeted areas." "Like a flywheel, the global War on Terror was spinning out of control." "When I began this story, the U.S. was at war in Iraq and Afghanistan." "The bombing in al-Majalah brought me to Yemen." "But the list of countries where U.S. Special Forces were operating had grown, just as the kill list had." "Algeria, Indonesia," "Thailand, Panama, Jordan- the world was now a battlefield." "It was hard to know where to go next." "In Pakistan, the U.S. was launching weekly drone strikes." "In Mali, they were hunting al-Qaeda." "In Latin America, targeting drug cartels." "I decided to go to Somalia, where an escalated kill/capture program was under way." "Just as McRaven had testified, the war was erupting in East Africa." "Drone strikes were increasing." "There were suicide bombings in Kampala and Mogadishu." "And JSOC was on the ground, snatching bodies and flying them back to ships in the Arabian Sea." "Almost as soon as I arrived," "I sensed that things weren't going to go well." "Mogadishu was seeing its worst fighting in years, and there were no foreign journalists left in the city." "My local contact, Bashir Osman, was worried about my safety." "Okay?" "It's okay." "All right." "It was a strange feeling, traveling with a dozen armed men in a decoy car." "I still had my reporter's notebook, but what could I learn in conditions like these?" "Before arriving in Somalia, I had read reports that the U.S. was outsourcing the kill lists to local warlords." "Among the most powerful in Mogadishu was Yusuf Mohamed Siad, known by everyone as Indha Adde," ""White Eyes."" "In an earlier life, Indha Adde had been America's enemy, offering protection to people on the U.S. kill list." "But the warlord had since changed sides." "He was now on the U.S. payroll and assumed the title of general." "So he's saying that the fiercest fighting that they're doing right now is happening right here." "Okay." "The men fired across the rooftops, but it didn't make sense to me what we were doing here..." "Or what the Americans were doing here in Somalia, arming this warlord-turned-general for what seemed like a senseless war." "We got to move." "So these were Shabaab fighters you buried here?" "Yes, two, uh-huh." "If you capture a foreigner alive, you execute them on the battlefield?" "[Indistinct conversations]" "How did the Americans find men like Indha Adde?" "And to what end?" "After a decade of covert war," "Somalia was in ruins." "Half the country was ruled by the local al-Qaeda affiliate, the other half by men like the general, wandering the streets with an endless kill list and a band of men." "[Indistinct conversations]" "Every time we stopped, people looked at us nervously, and I was told that my very presence was endangering them." "Bashir would insist we leave moments after we arrived." "Okay, we go." "I wanted to see beneath the surface of the war to understand what it meant to ordinary Somalis." "[Indistinct conversations]" "But I was passed from warlord to warlord and soon realized the only people" "I'd be able to meet were men with guns." "For years, Mohamed Qanyare was Washington's man in Mogadishu." "His methods were extreme, but Washington insisted Qanyare's services were vital to their kill campaign." "Who were the people that the Americans wanted your help tracking?" "You don't want to talk about that." "Did they offer to fund any operations?" "You don't want to comment on that." "But you're targeting people for the Americans." "And when these American operations kill innocent people, what's the impact?" "They're all being taken to Madina Hospital?" "For over a decade," "JSOC and the CIA had free rein in Somalia." "All their tactics were on display- drone strikes, night raids, mercenaries." "As the War on Terror entered a second decade," "Somalia seemed like a laboratory of the future, and the future looked bleak." "I was ready to leave Somalia and decided to call my editor." "But the news from home what not what I expected." "Anwar al-Awlaki was dead, killed in a drone strike authorized by the President himself." "Another name struck from the list." "I wanted to go home, to be done with it all." "But I couldn't." "I got another call, and this one left me stunned." "Two weeks after al-Awlaki's death, the U.S. had launched another strike in Yemen." "Another American had been killed." "But this time, it was a teenage boy." "They had killed Anwar al-Awlaki's 16-year-old son," "Abdulrahman." "I returned to Sana'a, but I wasn't sure why." "Was it to file another story?" "To investigate another crime?" "Or was it to apologize?" "Abdulrahman left without telling us." "He said in a small note that he's going to look for his father." "He left from the kitchen window, and he took a bus to the governorate of Shabwah." "Then when his father was killed, his grandmother told him," ""There is no use for you to stay anymore."" "And he said, "Yes, I will come back in two days."" "On the morning of October 15th, we got a telephone call, and they told us he was blown up to pieces by the drone." "And they saw only the back of his hair." "You know, his relative, his cousin, he knew his hair from the back, and he recognize it, and he knew that Abdulrahman really was dead." "But they could not recognize his face or anything else." "I always teased with him about his, you know, big- his hair, you know, that he should cut it, because I thought that he should do that." "The drone had not just killed the boy, it vanished him." "I asked to see photos of Abdulrahman and suddenly realized why I was here." "It wasn't to investigate another death." "I wanted to see him when he was still alive." "[Indistinct conversations]" "Abdulrahman's grandmother was in mourning but sat down with me for a moment to talk." "What did Abdulrahman do?" "Who ordered the killing of Abdulrahman?" "He was sitting, having dinner with his friends." "How come he was killed?" "What did he do?" "You know, Abdulrahman was..." "He was a very, very gentle boy, and he never hurt anybody." "I tried to make sense of Abdulrahman's death." "His father's could at least be explained." "But a teenager with a Facebook page and a group of adolescent friends, why would his name have been put on the list?" "What could he possibly have done?" "The Americans said" "Abdulrahman was collateral damage, but they offered no explanation for the strike." "And unlike Gardez, they made no apology." "It seemed an impossible coincidence." "They killed the father and then the son." "But maybe it was as simple as that." "Like a tale from Greek mythology," "Abdulrahman was killed not for what he'd done but for who he might one day become..." "A twisted logic, a logic without end." "Nasser had lost his firstborn son and his first grandson." "But what did we lose when the drone struck" "Abdulrahman and his teenage friends?" "When I first visited Gardez," "I had no idea where the story would lead me." "I didn't know just how much the world had changed..." "Or how much the journey would change me." "But I realize now the story has no end." "Somehow, in front of our eyes, undeclared wars have been launched in countries across the globe, foreigners and citizens alike assassinated by presidential decree..." "The War on Terror transformed into a self-fulfilling prophecy." "How does a war like this ever end?" "And what happens to us when we finally see what's hidden in plain sight?" "END"