"In association with present" ""It is not the literal past that rules us:" ""It is images of the past." George Steiner" "THE LAST BOLSHEVIK" "PART 1" "A KINGDOM OF SHADOWS" "FIRST LETTER" "We made this mask in 88 for a party." "It's an exact replica of the masks he used in Happiness." "Only Medvedkin could come up with this idea." "Alexander Ivanovich had..." "a certain quality." "A rare individual extravagance..." "Whatever project he was working on, he always approached it from an angle different to ours." "As an artist, he was quite typical, a product of his time, even." "But his destiny wasn't typical at all." "His biography is full of blank pages." "When the Civil War was on, he took part in the Civil War." "During the period of building, he'd be on the building sites, or reclaiming virgin lands." "Whatever happened in our country, he'd always be at the epicentre." "On the one hand, Medvedkin, the man, is outside time." "On the other hand, his own time has left very distinct marks on him." "He's like a big tree with its growth rings and its bark marked by the carvings of passers-by." "That's why he's so dear to me." "We always assumed, having been shaped by Brezhnev, that talent and ideology didn't mix." "And that's what first shocked me on meeting Medvedkin:" "Realising that talent and ideology could co-exist." "In this, Medvedkin was unique." "I can assure you of one thing:" "He was the favourite of film-makers of the old generation:" "Dovzhenko," "Pudovkin," "Raizman..." "Medvedkin had a tragic career." "His very first film was never shown." "Every film he made since then was admired by fellow film-makers but was never screened publicly." "Because of this legend," "Medvedkin was to be rediscovered time and again." "And each time, the discovery was a sensation because everything he did was so unusual for his time, stepping beyond all the rules." "His film-making was utterly original, yet deeply rooted in folk culture." "It was this combination which produced a sense of shock." "That's the usual reaction to his work:" ""It was a shock."" "I'd never heard of Medvedkin when I was a student at the Film School." "One day, our lecturer, Yureniev, simply showed us a film:" "It was Happiness by Medvedkin." "None of us had ever heard about it." "We were spellbound from the start." "We were really elated, laughing and talking away all through the projection." "By the end of the screening, we were completely dazzled by it." "It didn't tally at all with our idea of films in the 30's." "After a reel or two, I felt my mind was refusing to take it in." "Everything was mixed up, topsy-turvy." "It was very strange." "And then I saw something that I'd never seen before." "I'd never believed it possible in Russian movies of the 30's." "It was this scene..." "There's never been in Soviet cinema such an intensely erotic scene." "That was the moment I realised that I loved this film." "When we came out of the film, we were Medvedkin's enthusiasts." "And we were convinced of two things:" "That he was a genius and that he must have been shot after this film." "Only later did I understand his tragedy." "The tragedy of a pure communist in a world of would-be communists." "He was a harmonious man." "There was this group of film-makers." "And as usual among film-makers, they were forever moaning:" "About freedom of expression, about censorship, etc." "And here was this man who'd been continuously smeared, always censored, abused, hindered..." "Yet he just laughed at his troubles." "He always emanated such a... such a life-force." "After every discussion with him," "I'd feel as if I had little wings." "Now, when I'm studying his letters, as I'm going through his archives," "I'm driven on by one question:" "What was he like?" "Who was he?" "My father:" "A Russian peasant." "My grandfather:" "A peasant." "My great-grandfather:" "A peasant." "I am a peasant by blood." "This may explain... touch wood!" "...how I managed to survive 84 years." "And I intend to go on living for as long as possible." "I don't mean until the 21st century, but another 5 years would be nice." "This cross had been since 1894 in the Assumption Cathedral in the Kremlin." "Lenin ordered its destruction." "But the plinth was saved and the cross restored." "Their Imperial Highnesses..." "(Alexander Ivanovich's daughter)" "The village people were amazed." "They couldn't believe it." "They pleaded: "Be our priest!"" ""But I'm a communist", he said." ""We forgive you", they anwsered." "I may be wrong, but this is my theory:" "In his youth, or maybe as a child," "Medvedkin was very religious." "And after the Revolution, he abruptly exchanged one religion for another." "My assumption is that he believed in the ideals of October." "And behind theses ideals was the wish to bring happiness to all mankind." "Not today, not tomorrow, but in a not-too-distant future." "In 1919, I found myself in the 1st Cavalry Army under Budyenny." "It was a romantic army and quite possibly, it was the most fantastic period of my life." "The Red Cavalry of the Revolution, poorly clothed, poorly shod, but awesome!" "He was a Civil War man, so for him, the Civil War period was sacred." "Later on, that attitude underwent some changes." "But that was his youth, that was the foundation of his life." "That's how he saw it." "A horse would mount the podium." "He'd be wearing a burka..." "That's a Caucasian cape." "The hall is bursting at the seams." "And the podium is made up of horses, only horses." "The speaker is a horse." "In front of him, instead of a jug, there is a stable bucket." "As he gets nervous, he dips his head into it." "He drinks and resumes his speech." "The military crowd the hall." "The horses report on the men." "The speaker says:" ""My master is merciless." ""At night," ""the platoon leader, Ivanov," ""jumps on the saddle" ""and off he rides to visit his girlfriend." ""He spends the night having fun" ""while I shiver" ""in the chilly wind." ""Isn't it true, Comrade Ivanov?"" "Comrade Ivanov is in the hall:" ""No..." "I mean, yes..."" "We had planted accomplices, that is actors, who helped get Comrade Ivanov deeper and deeper into trouble." "It provided a whole interlude:" ""Did you really?" "How?" ""Who was she, then?"" ""Er..." "Eudoxia."" ""Eudoxia?" "But she's mine!" ""How dare you!" "You'll pay for this!"" "That's the spirit Medvedkin was to try and infuse into films all his life." "He'd remained great friends with many of his old cavalry comrades." "(Isaac Babel's wife)" "When we went to Kiev, he insisted we went to see the Great Lavra monastery and its caves." "We were escorted by a cavalry veteran." "The man was working for the NKVD and was one of Babel's "battle mates"." "He was showing us round telling us how they'd come across a whole hoard of diamonds." ""How did you find it?" I asked." ""Did you tap the walls to find hollow hiding places?"" ""No", he said." ""We tapped the friars!"" "They would detain the monks, take them to the NKVD and make them reveal where the diamonds were hidden." "Woe betide Russia" "Weep, weep" "Russian people" "Weep, hungry people" "SECOND LETTER" "Medvedkin's voice (1985)" "People now forget that around 1921-22, things were quite different from the way they are now." "The country was in ruins, people were worn out, the male population had been decimated by the Civil War." "There was no bread." "Industry had been destroyed." "The transport system didn't work." "On top of that, the First World War had brought up a generation of illiterate people." "We got recruits who were illiterate." "We taught them to read." "His theatre was popular with the army." "As a result, he was made a member of the Red Army leadership" "in charge of Propaganda." "He was in charge of Propaganda for the whole Soviet Army." "Today, his rank would be equivalent to that of colonel or even general." "They stuck two diamonds on my epaulettes, a general rank, but I ditched it for the cinema." "He wanted to make films for the soldiers." "They were simple, straightforward, 10 or 20 minutes long, intended to be shown with a feature film." "He had to give up his high rank but that didn't stop him." "He told me that when he was developing the negative, he burst into tears when the first two shots he stuck together appeared on the screen and made meaningful and eloquent sense." "I saw Battleship Potemkin in Germany when I was about 10." "Preserving the past is a moral duty." "We live in filthy times but life may improve in 20-30 years." "And then people may want to know how we used to live." "Then they'll have these relics which I've so carefully preserved." "And I, with my little contraption..." " That's enough now!" " No, a real shot!" "That's a lovely shot!" "It felt as if a great big wave like a gigantic torrent had knocked down the ramparts and swept the Soviet Union as the Revolution erupted." "The Civil War was hardly over and already we saw the birth of a new kind of theatre and a new kind of theatre artist." "People like Meyerhold, like Vakhtangov, or Eisenstein." "He was all for Meyerhold's style." "The spontaneity of folk theatre, of farce, of the circus." "Both were true communists and passionate about propagating new ideas." "But that by no means stopped them from using satire and feeding it to their audience by the trough." "Come right in, tovarich!" "Vertov used to say:" ""When you are shooting..."" "He saw fiction film as the enemy." "He always said:" ""You have to show life as it is."" ""The truth of life."" "That was the term he used, "the truth of life."" "He used to say:" ""You capture news in 3 stages."" "The event itself:" "That's one!" "Absorbing it mentally in a flash:" "Two!" "Pressing the button:" "Three!" "If you can, within 2-3 seconds, execute this triangle, then, you have the know-how of a true "chronicler"." "What the Bolshevik regime leaves behind" "THIRD LETTER" "Sasha really liked me." "We'd started together in the same studio, the Army studio." "Then he told me:" ""I must travel across the country," ""the better to show it, and know it."" "And so he set up his train." "He'd always had the idea of a train, he said." "What's the film-train?" "It's something unique in film history." "That's Alexander Ivanovich's desk and his photograph, taken in France in 1971." "It wasn't easy setting up a film studio inside train carriages." "But... we were young and we were intrigued by the idea of pulling the studio off its stone foundations and resetting it in a train car." "This is a reproduction of the train made to the exact specifications of Alexander Ivanovich's blue-print." "Every detail follows his instructions to the letter." "He'd been a railwayman in his youth, so it was all very precise." "We took three passenger carriages, we removed the seats and all the fittings, to free as much space as possible, and then we installed the essential equipment." "The essential thing in a film studio is the laboratory." "So half the carriage... (our carriages were larger than the French ones)" "Half the carriage was turned into a film laboratory." "Here, the films were developed and here, they made prints." "The other half of the carriage was turned into an editing room." "Next to the editing table, there was an animation stand which was used for captions" "and animated cartoons." "The garage with the van and a folding door to let the van out." "This attached van offered the camera crews great mobility." "It could take them to any location they wanted to shoot." "We could get anywhere we wanted." "We would stop the train, shoot our film, process it on the spot and show it immediately to the people we'd just filmed." "It was an official project run and managed by a single man under a very strict socialist economy." "An amazing feat." "I asked him once how he did it." ""Kolya, I just went to the Central Committee and demanded it."" "The main thing was we were a bunch of enthusiasts." "We were young and romantic." "We were ready to tackle anything." "He defies the old bourgeois music, its sentimental lyre, its melodramatic impulses, its bitter laments about personal grievances." "Honegger remains nevertheless an ideologist of capitalist society." "Despite his talent, the author is guilty of fetishism of technique." "One day, Naum Kleiman asked me:" ""Kolya, do something for me," ""see if there is any film-train material in the archives."" ""Haven't they been preserved?" I asked." ""Of course not." "No one has seen them since they were made."" "I dived into the archives without any data or information whatsoever." "Yet on the very first day, I came across two films." "LETTER TO THE KOLKHOZ WORKERS" "We filmed the people and we'd juxtapose on the screen the good and the bad practices." "After the projection, we'd address them:" ""What are you up to, comrades?" ""How can anyone abuse" ""his own livelihood and labour in this way?" ""You won't get anywhere like this."" "It was as if the dam had suddenly burst." "Everyone was talking with unaccustomed force." "We had given the people's anger an outlet." "This raised the question of unwanted members." "We weeded them out ruthlessly." "There was a revolution going on and we were very strict." "Nowadays, we tread softly, but we weren't afraid then of hurting anyone." "Babel, of course, was horrified by it." "In the Ukraine, ordinary peasants were convicted and executed for one simple reason:" "Because their farms made profit." "They were by no means exploiters." "He believed that the Russian muzhik didn't go willingly to the kolkhoz which was so ingeniously designed for him." "Today, we know why he was so reluctant." "Because he was bullied into it at gunpoint, he wasn't given a choice." "If he had a say, he'd probably have chosen other forms, maybe even a co-operative, but under a different form." "We know today that Stalin's total collectivisation achieved... very little." "It was effective only in breaking the will of the people." "Collectivisation led to famine and rationing in the cities." "We all know now that right from the start, the kolkhoz produced ten times less than individual farms." "But Medvedkin didn't know it then." "He was wrong but he was sincere." "He believed that working together was best." "He adopted the argument which was applied to city workers." "A worker on his own cannot produce much, but if we all work together in a factory, we'll do better." "Except that land isn't a factory." "The man who works alone from dawn to dusk can achieve much more than 40 men who do nothing." "But that didn't concern Stalin." "What mattered to him was that the imperialist regime had the power to commandeer crops." "Everything the kolkhoz produced was requisitioned." "That's what the kolkhoz was admirably suited for." "Medvedkin, who knew nothing of this, was sincerely puzzled:" ""Why would people do such a bad job in the kolkhoz?" "Why?" "HOW DO YOU LIVE, COMRADE MINER?" "End of Part 1" "INTERMISSION" "CAT LISTENING TO MUSIC" "THE LAST BOLSHEVIK" "PART 2" "SHADOWS OF A KINGDOM" "FOURTH LETTER" "Good Heavens!" "Moscow, where are you going?" "The house is moving!" "Medved means "bear"." "He loved bear figurines." "He loved animals." "Not just cats, but all animals." "Dogs, horses, everything." "As a veteran cavalryman, he loved horses." "Nastasia, a mischevious cow..." "All these constructions were commissioned by Stalin!" "Totalitarian art seeks to level everything." "But Medvedkin, given his temperament and artistic sense, would try and escape the prevailing reality." "The nobility of his fine mind inspired the nobility of his films." "That immediately got him into trouble with the authorities, who, even then, were less concerned with ideology than with bureaucracy." "Creative people always find it hard to understand the logic of the bureaucrat who is responsible for creative projects." "Bureaucrats have developed a sixth sense which makes them very aware of any ambiguous detail that could be misinterpreted." ""Who could possibly misinterpret this?" asks the artist." "To which the bureaucrat's usual answer is:" ""We're not exactly short of morons."" "And if the artist says:" ""I made this film for intelligent people, not for morons!"" "The bureaucrat would reply:" ""It's still not clear for whom you made this film!"" "That's why he got his knuckles rapped for Happiness, despite the support of Eisenstein, Pudovkin, Dovzhenko and Tisse." "That's why his next film was banned." "There are about 30 variations on this theme." "Some muzhiks arrive in Hell and settle down." "Since they've already endured every possible trial before, they end up feeling at home in Hell." "On the first day of shooting, they stormed into the set, it was 1936, and told him it was all over, that there was to be no more shooting." "Why?" "Because somewhere in Stalingrad or in Saratov, I forgot where, some paper came out with a review of his film Happiness." "The critic claimed the film was pro-Bukharin, anti-Stalin, against the Party line and openly siding with the kulak." "Two of his films had already been banned." "He was being persecuted by Shumyatsky himself because he had openly defended Eisenstein's banned film:" "Bezhin Meadow." "It was a difficult theme for him." "It was an ordeal for Babel:" "A son betraying his father..." "Babel couldn't condone such a thing." "Medvedkin once said to me about Shumyatsky:" ""He was an old Bolshevik, a party member," ""but he did such stupid things!"" "He didn't realise that Shumyatsky had done these stupid things because he was an old Bolshevik." ""Anyone can be master of his country."" "That's the moral given at the end of many films of that period." "There's always some kolkhoz man or girl who ends up on the platform, speaking as the master of the country to a cheering audience." ""Master of the country", that, of course, was an illusion." "An illusion which was carefully maintained to serve a purpose:" "To conceal the real masters, or rather the real master, the only real one, the only one who held the power to run the country and the people." "Suddenly, I saw Stalin coming out into the Kremlin's courtyard and I was completely overwhelmed." "But we loved Dziga Vertov so much that we all followed our motto:" ""Die but shoot!"" "I had to sit down." "My legs were shaking so badly, and so were my hands." "I deserved an entry in the Guiness Book of Records because I had my boots on, I wasn't wearing sports shoes." "So I had to run in my boots, camera in hand." "That was the last time that I did filming of that kind." "It had become too dangerous." "A cameraman mate was killed when he was filming like that." "After that I always tried to avoid that kind of camera work and I never filmed Stalin again." "It's nothing, just the sparkplugs!" "Instead of wasting time on these old things, get new ones from America." "They'd be cheaper and better." "Greetings, Comrade Bukharin." "Bukharin, Rykov, Yagoda," "Whatever the name, it's still the Fifth Column, the POUM, it's still the Ku-Klux-Klan." "Fascists, warmongers and agitators operating in the international arena." "An then, there was the fear." "If Chiaureli, who portrayed Stalin... who glorified Stalin in his films... if he was scared of Stalin," "then I was scared of Chiaureli, because he was telling me things he shouldn't be telling me:" "How Stalin would stare at him when he had to go to the toilet." "He'd tell me: "It's most terrifying when the Chief..."" "In those days, we used this term." "How would you translate it?" ""Chief and Guide."" ""...when He follows me with his eyes."" "At that time it was hard to follow our cinematic activity." "Stalin used to watch every film." "One could never predict what would cross his mind." "He watched every documentary, every newsreel." "(Medvedkin's editor)" "No film escaped Stalin's scrutiny." "Even documentaries?" "Every single one!" "He loved documentaries." "He also loved feature films but he watched every documentary." "Following instructions by Trotzky, the "Block" leaders decided, in 1934, to kill the great Maxim Gorky." "The man behind this heinous crime:" "Nedyochevo had been checking a certain newsreel which the NKVD took away for viewing." "Well, you see, on the platform... the platform up there, on the mausoleum, you could see a nose sticking out, just a nose." "It was Yagoda's nose." "They confiscated the newsreel and we never saw Nedyochevo again." "There were some film-makers, very few, but still, whose films were designed to pander to his taste." "These were Chiaureli," "Alexandrov, Pyriev..." "At that time, almost all of Vertov's projects were denied production," "and his films hardly ever got screened." "So he tried to compromise and stifle his theoretical conceptions." "He even tried in one film, to follow Stalin's personality cult." "And he made Kolybelnaya (Lullaby)," "In Kolybelnaya, in the shot of children bringing flowers to Stalin, there's a black bar on the right, which means that someone had been erased out of the frame." "Who was it?" "I really don't know." "And now..." "Now, we'll never know..." "There was this awful business when he was accused of being a cosmopolitan." "And there was Vertov, a proud man, weeping, beating his breast, confessing to being a cosmopolitan." "You heard him, he pleaded guilty." "I heard too much." "The testimonies, the confessions..." "It's a sham." "They were reciting, like a lesson." "I don't believe in this trial." "Why would the Party try them if it wasn't the truth?" "There were precedents, remember?" "That's just it!" "For three hours the charge is being read before a silent hall." "They film us and we'll soon be displayed on the screen." "Hard to imagine that a man like him, such a brilliant artist, the creator of such amazing works, is suddenly arrested and accused of being a Japanese spy." "I often went on expeditions then." "When, on my return... my God!" "I saw the magazine Ogonyok." "There it was, a great headline." "It was printed in red:" ""Sentence carried out!"" "Well, I am a placid man by nature but when I saw that, I sat and cried." "It was terrible, as if they'd killed something within me." "It made me realise that a person's existence was utterly meaningless." "One could do with it what one liked." "It was monstrous and horrible." "Now, I must stop for a moment." "Maybe Medvedkin did manage to escape all this horror by taking refuge in his work, in his thoughts about art..." "Art was a haven." "He didn't like discussing the 30's." "He admitted they'd been terrible years, cruel, intolerable and unjust, but he didn't like talking about it." "They conducted a search... that is, they took all his manuscripts." "I didn't see how it happened." "We just sat side by side holding each other's hand in silence." "As we were taken out, as we got in the car, he asked me to make sure André knew about it." "He meant André Malraux." "Then he said:" ""They didn't let me finish."" "He meant the book of stories he was working on and intending to complete in the autumn." "We didn't talk much during the drive but he did say to me:" ""I must beg you to make sure" ""the little one wants for nothing."" "Our child, Lydia, had just turned two." "I said: "Of course, but I don't know where I'll be."" "I knew that wives were arrested too." "So the one seated next to Babel said:" ""We have nothing against you."" "We finally arrived." "It was the big Lubyanka building." "Babel hugged me tight and said:" ""We'll see each other again."" "He got out of the car and walked towards a door, flanked by two guards." "They opened the door and he vanished." "As for me, they drove me home, to our Moscow flat." "I asked if I was allowed to go to work." "They answered: "Of course, you are."" "So I changed my clothes and went to work." "FIFTH LETTER" "I was so happy" "when the Munich agreement was signed." ""Thank God, there'll be no war!"" "Then came the pact with the Soviet Union..." "Not only does the Soviet-German pact bond together two great powers, it strengthens world peace as a whole." "We all wondered:" ""Where are we going?"" "We never guessed it would be Russia." "We thought we'd cross over to Persia to attack the English from the rear." "The Bolsheviks burn everything down!" "Here are a few specimens of those Bolshevik sub-humans who, on Stalin's orders, were to plunge Europe in fire and blood." "He was amazing, like lightning." "And he was afraid of nothing." "We weren't ready for a winter campaign." "We had only lightweight clothes." "We'd already been through the mud, now, we had the freezing winter." "Our vehicles couldn't go forward." "So as the whole thing collapsed, our blankets got smaller and smaller." "The Byelorussian plains are swept by the Soviet offensive." "Our cameraman enters the town." "This may be the only working example of Medvedkin's camera which he invented while working at the front." "He'd had this extraordinary idea." "He needed soldiers who'd agree to serve as cameramen." "He chose volunteers from the disciplinary battalions." "Choosing these battalions was a shrewd move since, like Stalin's camps, they recruited mostly educated people:" "Civil engineers, teachers, lecturers... people who already had the basics of technical knowledge." "Teaming up in twos or threes, they would sneak up the rear of the German lines and achieve some incredible feats:" "Two men would capture a German as the third would film the operation." "I was really scared of being taken prisoner by the Russians." "I knew certain things had happened during the war which weren't quite regular." "They were shooting a scene:" "The steppe in flames." "But as it happened, the female extras, who were supposed to look anxious and serious, noticed a big hole in my trousers and everybody started to laugh." "So I'd spoiled the whole scene." "Then Alexander approached me and seeing how upset I was, he put his arm around me and said:" ""Albert... don't be sad." ""I know what it's like, to be a prisoner of war."" "He was so happy when I came over." "He would hold my hand:" ""We've been friends for 42 years." ""It must last till the end of our days."" "He wasn't just saying it..." "It wasn't blah-blah..." "It came from here." "And I can tell you quite sincerely that when I heard of Alexander's death, I cried." "There's nothing to eat!" "Go sober up!" "I don't drink, you bitch!" "I worked all my life!" "Ruining the country is easy, but to do it in 5 years, that's really something." "We came out of Afghanistan as if recovering from a long illness, leaving behind the folly of frozen dogmas." "And so, Afghanistan has decided to forge ahead towards democracy and progress." "This is what I was told in so many words by comrade Brezhnev." "There are only women here!" "One August night, in 1991, people rallied to defend the White House." "The only ones out in the streets at night are criminals, rogues, prostitutes, thieves and homeless tramps." "Any normal person would be in bed, fast asleep, between midnight and 8 a.m." "Why was I not called to the White House?" "Why were you called?" "Who called you?" "Our conscience!" "Their conscience called on your grandparents to storm the Winter Palace in 1917." "We've seen the result!" "Look, guys, Felix hanged himself!" "LAST LETTER" "He was due to get the Stalin Award for one of his documentaries." "But during the night, one of his friends... as we say: "There's always a friend on guard"... one of his friends managed to leak out just in time that Medvedkin had almost been expelled from the Party," "that he had dissenting opinions, that he often voted against the district committee and slammed the door at the drop of a hat." "In short, doomed by the bell." "They'd taken his photo and told him to read the paper the next day." "Next day, he opens the paper:" "Nothing, no photo, no award." "Come, you indomitable youth!" "Stand united as one man!" "In the history of mankind, there has never been a generation like ours." "To take an example from astronomy, it's like those "black stars"." "They measure only a few cubic inches, and weigh several tons." "One such "black hole"" "could represent my life." "Medvedkin defended all his life his convictions of the 20's." "Was that good or bad?" "I can't judge." "I believe there are some documents in the archives which do not show him in a favourable light." "But Medvedkin never lied either to others or to himself." "And if he's done things which seem now, even to me," "politically damning, it's because he was true to himself." "I can't blame him for it but I can't praise him either." "It's a matter of life's circumstances." "He was what he was." "The will of Lenin's Party has welded his men into a monolithic army which is also entrusted with the protection of wildlife." "As we take measures to advance scientific and technical progress, we must do all we can to ensure that they conform to a responsible treatment of natural resources." "All these people were aware at the time of the full scope of the horror, the tragedy." "All that they told us on TV, every word they uttered over the video pictures which were filmed by me or by my colleagues, were a monstrous lie!" "This is just another aspect of this atrocious system that regarded human life, whether one or millions, as utterly worthless." "To the memory of Jacques Ledoux and the happy moment when we first saw HAPPINESS" "THE LAST BOLSHEVIK" "Subtitling by TVS" " TITRA FILM"