"be earth is in danger future cosmic events are going to blast burn for repost assurance universes incredibly violent there are huge events going on all time one day life on Earth will become impossible there will be disasters in the future and one of them" "will destroy to save mankind will have to find other places to call home it really has to be our destiny to move off the earth if we are going to survive it's as simple as that we need an insurance policy must do it must get started now" "will need a lifeboat a new homes amongst the stars and this is how we could do" "0 the earth as far as we know it's the only home to life in the universe birth such an ideal environment for life everything about her body's for biology or chemistry appalled here on earth literally are on the perfect space ship of" "but are perfect space ship is careening through a cosmic minefield" "I'll when every 30 million years old unnatural work cosmic disaster it's the earth so hard that millions creatures go extinct extinction events tend to kill off the dominant species" "10 right now data us certainly true that an extinction event it's the large and powerful to get wiped out" "Diego so you know that if there's an extension on earth we humans are vulnerable were in a category at large and powerful of the only way for humankind to survive global extinction used to spread our genes to more than one planet" "we have no choice the law evolution geology and physics the alternative is death an extension will have to build a giant space craft capable of crossing interstellar space and colonizing distant worlds around other stars duly sensually me a new dole's hard but is going to be a space market has the" "in cab SLE all other divers the Abarth inside this one ship the space arc will have to be huge big enough to house the thousands of people needed to create a healthy gene pool on the new plans too massive to construct on earth the giant Kraft will have to be built in" "space far from the pool hurts gravity but building a shipyard in the sky was no small challenge nasa is tackling it head on generation Eddie with rockets copy sis" "ICDs alas as a capability that's going to allow us to put an industrial base between the earth in the moon after we do that and we're out there routinely working in space that's when we'll assemble the" "craft it'll take us to the stars yo bus johnson's job is to plan the future of space exploration" "today he's observing test-firing mobile one 20 scale model sis real deal takes all" "2032 the SLS will become the most powerful rocket ever launched the SLs is be it's going to give us the capability to take lots of stuff up" "Beachwalk and it can be big for you and you could potentially launch three of these big rockets versus perhaps fifteen or twenty at the other rockets we have available today to get the same amount of material out in space lesson visions" "sis rockets taking prefabricated units beyond rumors were where space engineers will assemble them into a colossal industrial workshop miners will then fly out to different bodies in the solar system to collect the ball materials needed to build the space arc" "will have factories on the moon perhaps even beyond that on China rocks inside the asteroid belt asteroids have a fraction Earth's gravity here it will be much easier to build massive sections lift them to the arc as it begins to take shape" "the inner solar system will provide all we need to make the giant superstructure the space arc but there's something missing colonizing a distant world will require a propulsion system faster than anything we've ever built spaces huge our solar system issued" "I even get to Mars would take almost a year but its that's nothing compared to exploring the distance between start near stars for our on are several light years away even light the fastest thing in the universe take several years to get there" "the Suns closest neighbor is a triple star system called out the Suntory a spaceship burning conventional take tens of thousands of years to get there the crew would die of old age long before the ship arrived sold what fuel to use" "Wed science fiction appears to have the solution but it sounds too good to be true" "0 every chechyan their heart of hearts knows that is anti-matter anti-matter is the fuel for an interstellar chip" "anti-matter Israel we create a few Adams anti-matter every year and high-energy particle colliders it's the mirror image have all the matter that we see around us it has an explosive property it would make it the most efficient rocket fuel ever created" "here's a cool thing about anti-matter with anti-matter and matter meet very a highly charms that means that the matter ceases to exist they convert into pure energy its own 100 percent efficient process scientists have calculated that a rocket" "powered by anti-matter could reach 15 percent speed of light that's fast enough to get to the moon in 8 1/2 seconds I'll we will have almost unlimited power we could travel anywhere in the universe we want" "%uh our space arc could reach office and Tori in just over 28 years on well within the lifetime a bitumen payload now this sounds like a great idea right let's get together a lot anti-matter let's create some anti-matter" "and this combined with regular battery we have this outstanding energy source by anti-matter every while and that is exactly was advantages witness matter is going on I like bakery energy fill a conventional fuel tank with a single pounded anti-matter and you'll get an explosion" "more powerful than thousand Hiroshima bombs 0 anti-matter is just too hot to handle we need a reliable energy source back in power are starship for years at a time and there are only a few Canada's that can do this among them" "fusion power harnessing the power of the Sun itself in the Suns hot day in school hydrogen atoms collide smashing into each other with such force the fuse releasing enormous amounts of energy this is nuclear fusion what we want to do in space travel is miniaturize it" "and put it in a spacecraft and use that as your power system and as your proportion system for deep space exploration perfusion rocket is still two-thirds the speed of one powered by anti-matter a vessel wall its fuel hydrogen gas" "can be found in past clouds in the space between stars it would simply automatically fire in our space using interstellar gas and principled it would never require refueling our fusion powered space are heads for its first target alpha centauri" "at 10 percent the speed of light it will take forty two years to complete the journey and its precious load a few min pioneers must be delivered safe and well but the crossing may be deadly are violent cosmos as a million ways to kill" "on on a giant space arc fires its fusion rockets inside the ship are thousands have human volunteers there on a one-way mission to colonize a distant planet I one day we will have to make this journey it's inevitable that we go off planet I think we're gonna have to do it to" "survive as a species" "York's first target is the closest star system to the Sun alpha centauri and the journey will be long around forty years keeping the crew fit healthy severity but it won't be easy lot of things happen to the human body when you go" "into space the moment you become weightless usually get camp full headed feeling of you get dizzy back and make you feel nauseous where OJ I'll spend six months on the International Space Station long enough to experience the damaging effects in zero gravity and" "your bones are feeling any impact to your body decides it doesn't need bones anymore and it'll begin to demilitarize your bones and then your muscles through tissues or still naturally actually very quickly on the human body evolved to live with Earth's gravity way without it" "bones lose two percent of their mass for every month spent in space when the cardiovascular system suffers to body fluids cooled heart rates blood pressure rise resistance training helps reduce the symptoms were scheduled for two hours of exercise them space station's to keep our" "cardiovascular system fair to keep our muscles and bones fed exercising can hold of the dangers wasting process but a forty two-year journey to office and Tori without gravity would be fatal obviously we need a permanent solution to wait list" "there's nothing to prevent us in the near future from creating artificial gravity the answer is centrifugal force it's the force thats text daredevil bikers to vertical walls it keeps thrill seekers glued to their seats and theme parks" "rotation produces this out workforce and creating it the spaceship would be relatively simple by rotating a space capsule it means at the Azana inside will experience artificial gravity spinning the living quarters just the right speed will hold of bone and muscle" "wasting but as they journey deep into space low gravity is the least have the dangers are pioneers face radiation is probably the biggest challenge we're gonna be exposed to much harsher levels much higher levels of radiation the sun's surface shoots out a constant stream" "dangerous charged particles I'll protons and electrons traveling a close to a million miles an hour these teams will break your DNA bill cause cancer any will kill you the Earth's magnetosphere the atmosphere above our heads for taxes from the worst this radiation but far from the earth" "the Pioneers will face radiation head on that really is the biggest technical barrier to mankind sending people out farther and deeper into space it's not propulsion is that computers are navigation it how we keep people healthy could be on the boundary of our solar system" "the radiation threats gets worse large particles comment you even fast in some cases there are single protons the actual pack as much about punch as a hundred mile-an-hour fastball these cosmic rays were joined by an even deadlier force gamma rays blasted out like violence" "cosmic events no the cosmic phenomena from stars exploding two black holes eating up large parts gallon" "Bruce radiation and particles that are incredibly energetic you've never seen the sparkle before your body's not adapted to them can't they come at you all the time and their very high energy galactic cosmic radiation ripped through the cells in our human cargo" "liquefying their bodies the only hope is to somehow shield spacecraft in science fiction starships create a protective magnetic bubble similar to the magnetic field to protect your but a deflector shield to take a huge amount of energy to sustain and like any electrical device" "it would be prone to failure the safest option is to go low-tech coating the ship with a thick layer a physical shield chilling is not a simple problems not just a matter of bringing a bunch letter anything like that in fact" "what you find is a need to do something like that I it absorbs the radiation and then it redeem its in in a more dangerous form on medals won't work but scientists have come up the brilliant alternative you" "this won the Best shield cosmic breeze something simple water and it actually something you need to bring with you as you venture into interstellar space the hydrogen atoms in water absorb high-energy particles getting sufficient volume water can also block tamarins" "the living quarters at the park will have the Vic outer skin filled with the ship's water and outside that a second skin filled with the ship's hydrogen supply transfusion engines our astronauts are now safe from radiation sickness and with artificial" "gravity their bodies will stay strong the deadliest right now each other" "I'm good a cosmic catastrophe Monday light bus from the face of the earth to save mankind will need to escape to the stars in a giant space arc search other new home its precious human cargo will be kept in top physical condition" "with artificial gravity and hydrogen rich shielding but what about their mental health one of the biggest challenges for people in space or the people taking people putting them in a tin can incredibly dangerous environment having to get along with each other for months" "or years and stay alive through the journey is going to be an enormous challenge we know when people going submarines that they have to be very carefully tested and those submarines are go out for missions that there are done certainly no last year's" "we can start a new civilization with the crew ravaged by cosmic boredom infighting and mental illness it would be better if the entire crew were unconscious one possibility which course again is a possibility in science fiction is to have people be asleep during most of it" "could you put people into an induced coma and then we come up in time to go do their science mission it might be easier thing to do than to say well now you sit still for the next ten years" "reaped the closest we come to suspended animation in today's world is storing human embryos in liquid nitrogen them but could be really save the human race with test-tube babies because of the enormous hurdles facing space travel some people have advanced the idea well why do we have to send humans into outer" "space wanna send embryos or sperm and egg cells in theory we could transport frozen embryos across vast distances space sidestepping the need for food were complicated life-support systems they could withstand the rigors of space travel and weightlessness but how will they be socialized" "you put a baby in a hit single place along the Montgomery they wouldn't survive in fact we're very dependent we are social beings we would have to develop intelligent robots to hatch the embryos and then teach them what it means to be human" "is conceivable that perhaps a hundred years into the future we will have brought by nannies that can incorporate the laws of social interaction a robot really raise child or in our rush to save humanity will we wind up for getting what it means to be human" "raising human embryos maybe too much a damn good sold could we freeze adults instead without affecting their health it's a much bigger challenge but nature has almost solved a lot of animals on earth will go into suspended animation or hibernation" "when conditions get bad is some cases they can stay that way for a long time the alaskan wood frog survives cold winters frozen nice at sub-zero temperatures its metabolism slows effectively shuts down" "when the ice falls the frogs reanimate" "Harbaugh as though nothing happened could humans ever do the same thing when you freeze somebody alive they have are ice crystals which one which begin to expand rupturing the cells and try and sells in too much so how the frog survive the deep freeze" "the answer is they have an antifreeze in their plight and that is glucose so even though their surrounding environment is solid ice inside theirselves are liquid the problem with humans is that amount if any freeze would kill us deep freezing humans isn't going to work" "but to hibernate we may not have to chill that loan" "Pittsburgh surgeons developed a groundbreaking technique using chilled saline solution to rapidly lower their patient's body temperature to just a few degrees above freezing at this temperature cellular activity stocks just like the wood frogs patients are effectively in suspended animation" "weekend in operating rooms we can call people down and put them in artificial common for a while so it sounds good and like everything else is with exploring whether through freezing embryos were putting adults into a cold deep sleep suspended animation may be the best bet" "for keeping our precious human cargo alive on the long trip alpha centauri the new but what if they get there and find there's no place like home be good" "a spaceship filled with human volunteers approaches the triple star system alpha centauri up the crew hopes to find the first many new worlds for mankind to call but which if any of these stars will have the right kind of planets" "we want to buy to hold that a similar or as we can possibly because we're fine too for this plan which 52 for the surface gravity provide time for the atmosphere this radiation environment the stars build the space craft displays and soon" "the outline of planets will be visible 0 the brightest in the trio is alpha centauri okay 0 it slightly bigger and slightly brighter than our signed throwing more heat into the space around well its smaller cooler neighbor Alpha Centauri B" "live so close gravity pulls the two stars into a wide slow binary forbid rotating once every eighty years on that's bad news for pioneers planets rarely form stable orbits around wide binary systems so there's little chance of finding a place to settle you" "but the third star the trio offers hope" "Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf 4 a.m." "work start too small and doomed to be seen from earth with the naked eye yet astronomers have found earth-like planets around this type of star throughout the Milky Way galaxy for finding that red dwarfs are ideal number a ways in particular just they seem to be absolutely teeming with their sites" "planets astronomers have already discovered one earth-sized planet around Proxima Centauri it forbids too close to the stars sustain human life but there's a good chance it may have sister planets that can if we were to look up into the night sky and look at the nearest" "into work stars say Proxima Centauri I would expect to see a system 326 very small planets an extremely compact or its meaning orbital period of only a few days" "Proxima Centauri may well be home to a rocky planets ideal for life by with a thick atmosphere warm liquid oceans and a strong magnetosphere to protect it the perfect refuge for mankind set up our first new home but what if we find the planet" "that's a little less than perfect too cold perhaps with too much gravity or maybe the wrong kind of atmosphere we are genetically programmed to thrive on the planet Earth with a specific amount of oxygen a specific amount of carbon dioxide in a" "certain weight however once we land on a distant planet we're gonna have to change our bodies so that we can thrive in different environments we're gonna have to be able to engineer our sales we're gonna have to be able to" "evolve our cells rap that may mean taking genes from other life forms to give ourselves some property that we need that might just be the best solution scientists have searched high and low find people to the jeans for survival in space" "and they may have found them in a creature no bigger the grain have said right now at nasa we're doing experiments on untangle animals called target greens card a greater tough they can survive a range of temperatures from freezing to boiling point they can live without food or water" "for a decade or more and crucially whether DNA gets damaged by radiation it repairs itself title microscopic thing can survive more radiation them kill her developed somehow the DNA no to repair itself we're trying to figure out how we could modify human DNA" "to do the same thing one day" "DNA from these tiny creatures may allow us to set foot on the planet battered by radiation from its parent star genetic tinkering may hold the key too much more allowing us to colonize a multitude apostol alien worlds if the plan has a larger gravitational field we may have to increase the" "strength of our bones is trying to my muscles so we don't collapse every time we walk under surface are the large planet we could you can adapt different atmospheres who were you on my one planet different oxygen level different carbon dioxide" "level we may have to alter our metabolism rate we are beginning to take control of our own evolution we are designing gene therapies we're finding ways to modifier biology is a wonderful chance here to really take control over" "own destiny and drive ourselves to the stars who knows what the future astronaut will look like but I strongly suspect that they will look like you for me well" "1 if we find habitable worlds around proxima Suntory a shuttle fall genetically-altered pioneers will be dispatched to the surface in order to start a new human civilization but this is just the first stage a much bigger plan we must continue to search" "out more world's traveling ever deeper and faster into the Milky Way" "I'll on" "one day a cosmic event is going to get beer so hard it will wipe out every human on the planet live on a deadly into the future he would be is gonna have to leave player are only hope build the space arc that will take us to new whirls" "around distant stars my is fragile and that's why I believe we should be at least a to plant species the first target was by far the easiest it took forty two years for our space arc to reach Proxima Centauri" "using fusion powered engines but now the arc must move on to find even more distant worlds the crew can be held in suspended animation but they'll still deteriorate with each passing year need to go Baxter closer to the speed of light" "but there's a small problem the laws of physics me what albert Einstein figured out is that if you start traveling near the speed of light things get a little bizarre you get near the speed of light U-mass increases me that he had to have more energy to keep you going" "by the time you getting near the speed of light all the field turns into increasing the mass so all the fuel that before would increase the speed a lot does increase the speed all it just increases the mass eventually" "you don't speed up at all you just get heavier and heavier has issued a propeller physics allows travel through space at the kind of speed but there's a loophole that may allow us to cut through hyperspace reach distant planets a whole lot faster" "the next thing showed us that space itself expand faster than the speed of light space and time is not nothing there's a substance to it fabric if you will and you can stretch it and you could be ended" "and science fiction galactic travelers manipulate the fabric of space-time using work drives crossing the cosmos in minutes not pull any no imagine your room under the carpet and you get to the other side a room one thing you can do is you can take the carpet and" "folded up and bring all up close to you didn't stop over DePaul carpet in the lead on ball behind you and now you've moved across the room really quickly it would take a colossal amount of energy to more all the space between you" "and your destination far more than we could ever hope to generate but modern physics says the warp drive is possible if you only work the space surrounding the ship so we know that space expands space can also contract soap you have a ship" "you can track space in front view expand space behind you hickory a walk boggle n is built directly shoulder to be moved up to ten times feel like this new generation work drive creates we in space-time the travels faster than the speed of light" "carrying the ship along with it like a surfer riding a wave mathematicians have looked at the numbers and a new generation work drive would work on people now nasa wants to get it to work in the lab is an impossible or is a plausible" "I think we're in that category are starting to to think about we've got some possibilities here are let's go see if we can't to do some scientific efforts and see validation up the math and physics" "tara White is planning a future experiment to see if he can workspace on a microscopic scale he hopes to concentrate energy into a single point in space and then measure the progress have laser light crossing if the light completes the journey faster than normal" "he'll have succeeded working space time their body always asks me about when's this going to be ready to bolt on two spacecraft and there's a lot of sites we need to do first not only just now starting to look" "into this we don't know if it's going to work or not we might as well figured out if it does bomb and if it doesn't well we've learned something interesting about math and science in the way the universe works" "warp drive would fire us to Proxima Centauri in just five months and to the 50 stars be on just a few years but that's still just our galactic backyard work trip to the far side of the Milky Way" "would take 10,000 the trip beyond it to the closest galaxies hundreds thousands of years on the scale of the universe even work drive seems pathetically slow but there is one last time another way to go faster than the speed of light" "is to drill a hole in the fabric of space and time this is called a wormhole wormhole is a theoretical tunnel rip through the fabric of space-time connecting to distant points it's created by huge concentrations mass warping space-time ok" "think about is looking glass you put your hand to the looking glass in your hand winds up on the other side of the gals if our spacecraft could enter this hospital shortcut we could jump thousands years and instant you were trouble" "strong numbers have never seen one and attempting to create one on would be fatal on to bend space it either mother the warm all to make a tunnel give to produce huge amounts amass but mass is attractive and we can prove" "that normal masses all you have that either end up the were more will collapse to form a black hole in time skill shorter then we take you to go through the wormhole" "I don't think more moles were ever gonna work that way transportation but you know what typically goals people who say that something could happen in size turned out to be wrong so I take that back things are likely" "but it may happen what drives wormholes distant dreams for now fusion is the likely fuel to take us to the stars but it may take millions who years for a giant space arc to colonize enough planets to guarantee our survival the" "only way to go faster with Fusion is to make our space arc much smaller so small in fact there'd be no room for people inside so is this really game over for could be saved humanity without humans and" "not so long ago astronomers weren't sure if the stars they saw on the night sky at planets orbiting them 0 perhaps the Sun was unique the earth along in the Milky Way ok but over the last twenty years we've revealed" "mind-blowing truth 0 it seems that a large fraction of stars in the galaxy have planets and in fact many of those stars have multiple planets these XO planets range in size from gas giant planets bigger than Jupiter on to rocky worlds like the earth" "there everywhere we look our planet Earth is not unique it's not even rarer their art tons hordes flocks if you will above other earth-like planets out there fluttering around the other stars some stars probably have multiple hurts orbiting them that's how common" "earth-like planets are I'll look into the night sky top 5 stars one of those stars hasn't earth-size planet around maybe our next home apply what we found to the rest of the Milky Way and the results are staggering" "around sun-like stars up to 11 billion warm wet hurts around red dwarf stars another 22 billion and gas giant XO planets may be home to tens of billions more potential" "Earth's in the form up habitable X owns there are many earth-like planets that we're gonna have as options places to go almost for the menus spring up from the bus clearly finding new Earth's is not the problem the problem is getting" "the universe is actually kinda tantalizing us earth-like planets are common to all over the place but they're so far away that the current technology can't imagine how to get there a giant space arc powered by fusion engines and filled with thousands of human volunteers" "should allow us to colonize habitable worlds near our son but to go beyond that to the far reaches the Milky Way we need plan be one radical solution would be to send miniature robots to distant planets instead humans one think about how much we're learning about the human brain and how it works" "and there's still a long way to go it does seem to be fairly inevitable that someday we'll be able to put on hold ourselves into a robot the name it. that's so sad because we want to get humans on those" "plans well one if you really wanna think science fiction why not" "%uh ultimately pic machine adult human gether and home plants spread their genes by selling huge numbers of tiny mobile seeds into the whim many seats will be lost to the elements but those that find warm" "Wed earth come to life imagine firing tiny now months into space like seeds with human genomes burned onto their hard drives if they fall through the atmosphere a wet one planet suitable for humans the spring into action the land and make shelters from the materials they find" "plan and somehow bill also make the humans that live inside maybe wolf and thousands of these man was shipped as their car maybe millions in them like seeds to a nearby star hoping that just a few other a few with them actually reach their destination" "the technology to create a human from scratch is clearly a long way off but it does raise intriguing philosophical questions fight should really save humans 3.7 million species on Earth we the only ones worth saving well and we can send the full gamut of life on Earth" "why not simply send bacteria to distant worlds and let evolution do the rest and who knows maybe an alien species is already done that on the earth may be in your backyard there's another ship from my distance star system and you would" "never know wherever we wind up and whatever we ultimately become the time to start planning for our survival is right now the human imagination is taking us in some truly amazing paths and the main lead us to find a way for interstellar travel could really work" "our feet is in many ways were not dinosaurs we have a space program were smart if we have colonies on other planets the earth can be wiped out and humanity won't be in that sense our future our long-term future" "that in our own"